Effect of Straw Utilization Methods on Japonica Rice Production in Northern China
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摘要:
目的 研究秸秆直接还田和秸秆炭化（即生物炭）还田对北方粳稻物质生产和产量的影响。 方法 以北方超级粳稻沈农265为试材, 采用育苗移栽的种植方式, 设置常规生产、秸秆直接还田（6 t·hm-2）、低量生物炭还田（2 t·hm-2）和高量生物炭还田（40 t·hm-2）等4个处理, 分析沈农265的物质生产及产量差异变化。 结果 与常规生产相比, 秸秆直接还田后粳稻干物质积累不足, 叶输出率和贡献率分别显著降低了41.19%和34.69%, 每穗实粒数、千粒重和有效穗数都呈现出负向效应, 致使产量下降; 高量生物炭还田下干物质积累有下降趋势, 叶和茎鞘输出率分别显著降低了21.41%和17.43%, 每穗实粒数下降; 低量生物炭还田使干物质积累量增加, 叶贡献率显著提高11.68%, 水稻每穗实粒数、千粒重和有效穗数产生正向效应, 有提高产量的潜力。 结论 适宜的秸秆生物炭还田（2 t·hm-2）, 有利于促进北方稻区的水稻生产。 Abstract:Objective Effect of various means to utilize straws after rice harvest on production and yield of Japonica rice in northern China was evaluated for optimal farm waste management. Method Seedlings of Shennong 265 were transplanted for the experimental cultivation using the conventional fertilization method, a direct straw reclamation in soil at a rate of 6 t·hm-2, the application of straw biochar at a rate of 2 t·hm-2, or the application of straw biochar at a rate of 40 t·hm-2. Rice production and grain yield at harvest were recorded for analysis. Result Adding the cut straws directly back to the field lowered the dry matter accumulation in the grains in the following season that significantly decreased the material output and contribution rates by the leaves by 41.19% and 34.69%, respectively. The grain count per panicle, 1 000-grain weight, panicle number, and grain yield of the rice plants were all negatively affected under the direct straw addition method. The biochar application at the higher rate also reduced dry matter accumulation in the grains with significantly decreased material output by the leaves (21.41% reduction) and stems/sheaths (17.43% reduction). The grain count per panicle was lower than the conventional method as well. On the other hand, when the biochar application was implemented at a lower rate, i.e., 2 t·hm-2 rather than 40 t·hm-2, the dry matters increased 11.68% on the material contribution rate by the leaves, along with the positive effects observed on the grain count per panicle, 1 000-grain weight, panicle number, and yield of the rice grown by using the method. Conclusion The waste utilization by adding straw biochar at 2 t·hm-2 to the soil appeared plausible for rice production in northern China. -
Key words:
- straw /
- biochar /
- Japonica rice /
- material production
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图 2 秸秆及生物炭还田对茎鞘干物质积累的影响
Figure 2. Effect of straw or biochar addition on dry matter weight of stems and sheaths
图 3 秸秆及生物炭还田对穗干物质积累的影响
Figure 3. Effect of straw or biochar addition on dry matter weight of panicle
表 1 秸秆及生物炭主要理化性质
Table 1. Major physical and chemical properties of straws and biochar used in this study
原料
Material氮
N/%磷
P/%钾
K/%碳
C/%pH 秸秆Straw 0.87 0.45 2.04 50.36 6.93 生物炭Biochar 1.28 0.73 1.46 63.27 9.02 
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表 2 秸秆及生物炭还田下抽穗期到成熟期干物质增量(×102 kg·hm-2)差异
Table 2. Dry matter increases from heading stage to maturity of rice grains with straw or biochar addition in soil
处理
Treatment干物质增量Dry matter increase 叶Leaf 茎鞘Stem and sheath 穗Panicle 总量Total CK -6.35bc -5.12a 81.81ab 70.34ab S -3.80a -5.44a 74.96c 65.72c C1 -7.24c -5.09a 83.52a 71.19a C2 -5.09ab -4.46a 74.82c 65.27c 注：同列数据后不同小写字母表示在各处理间存在显著差异(P＜0.05)。表 3~4同。
Note：Different lowercase characters in single column indicate differences (P＜0.05) between treatments. The same as Table 3-4.
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表 3 秸秆及生物炭还田下器官输出率和贡献率差异
Table 3. Rates of output and contribution by rice organs with straw or biochar addition in soil
处理
Treatment输出率Output rate/% 贡献率Contribution rate/% 叶L 茎鞘SS 叶+茎鞘L+SS 叶L 茎鞘SS 叶+茎鞘L+SS CK 21.10a 9.03a 13.21a 7.76ab 6.26a 14.02a S 12.41c 9.89a 10.79b 5.07c 7.26a 12.32b C1 21.54a 8.59ab 13.28a 8.67a 6.09a 14.76a C2 16.58b 7.45b 10.55b 6.80bc 5.98a 12.75b
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表 4 秸秆及生物炭还田下水稻产量及其构成因素差异
Table 4. Rice yield and yield components with straw or biochar addition in soil
处理
Treatment穗长
Panicle
length/cm着粒密度
Spike lets density
/(粒·cm-1)总粒数
Spike lets
/(个·穗-1)结实率
Seed setting
rate/%实粒数
Filled grains/
(粒·穗-1)千粒重
103-grain
weight/g有效穗数
Effective panicles
/(穗·穴-1)产量
Grain yield/
(kg·hm-2)CK 16.87±0.32a 7.87±0.21a 132.77±2.65a 85.40±1.67b 113.30±1.95ab 24.87±0.21a 12.33±0.47a 8318.33±134.28ab S 16.53±0.15a 7.93±0.15a 131.13±2.57ab 85.93±2.50b 112.73±2.34ab 24.67±0.40a 12.00±0.46a 7933.13±126.93c C1 16.93±0.52a 7.60±0.20a 128.90±3.56ab 90.03±3.06a 115.93±1.53a 25.30±0.36a 12.67±0.15a 8494.87±191.88a C2 16.23±0.32a 7.77±0.12a 125.87±2.76b 88.00±1.61ab 110.70±1.77b 25.13±0.51a 12.57±0.35a 8216.10±105.96b
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