Effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Organic Fertilizer on Key Microbial Carbon-cycle Genes in Rhizosphere Soil at Sweet Corn Field
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摘要:
目的 研究丛枝菌根真菌（Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, AMF）与有机肥配施对甜玉米根际土壤微生物群落碳循环功能基因的影响，揭示AMF与有机肥配施对甜玉米根际土壤碳循环的生物学机制，为AMF配施有机肥在农田土壤碳转化方面的应用提供理论参考。 方法 设置7个处理：（1）CK，不施氮肥；（2）OF，优化施肥；（3）ORF10，有机肥替代10%化学氮肥；（4）ORF20，有机肥替代20%化学氮肥；（5）ORF10+AMF，有机肥替代10%化学氮肥+变形球囊霉菌（Glomus versiforme）；（6）ORF20+AMF，有机肥替代20%化学氮肥+变形球囊霉菌（Glomus versiforme）；（7）CK+AMF，不施氮肥+变形球囊霉菌（Glomus versiforme）；每个处理3个重复。利用基因芯片（GeoChip5.0）技术，对7个处理甜玉米根际土壤关键碳循环功能基因进行分析。 结果 AMF与有机肥配施对甜玉米产量具有显著的增产效果，在CK、ORF10、ORF20施肥水平下增施变形球囊霉菌后，甜玉米的鲜苞产量分别较不增施变形球囊霉的处理提升32.6%、8.6%、8.9%。测序结果显示，AMF与有机肥配施显著改变了甜玉米根际土壤微生物碳循环功能基因的结构特征。在关键碳循环基因水平上，与碳循环有关的碳分解、碳固定和甲烷代谢3个过程总体上表现为CK+AMF与ORF20+AMF两个处理的基因相对信号强度均高于其他处理。关键碳循环功能基因与环境因子的冗余分析显示，土壤呼吸、全氮、pH、全钾、有机质、速效磷、全磷等土壤养分是影响碳循环功能基因的主要因素。 结论 AMF与有机肥配施能显著提高甜玉米的鲜苞产量，同时也改变了甜玉米根际土壤碳循环功能基因的结构特征，不同程度提高了碳分解、碳固定、甲烷代谢等过程的功能基因的相对信号强度。 Abstract:Objective Effect of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and organic fertilizer applied in sweet corn field on the microbial genes relating to the carbon (C) cycling in the rhizosphere was studied to decipher the biological mechanism and the soil C-transformation. Method Seven treatments with triplicates each were applied on the sweet corn fields including (1) no N fertilizer (CK), (2) optimized fertilization (OF), (3) organic N fertilizer to replace 10% of chemical N fertilizer (ORF10), (4) organic N fertilizer to replace 20% of chemical N fertilizer (ORF20), (5) ORF10 with added Glomus versiforme (ORF10+AMF), (6) ORF20 with added G. versiforme (ORF20+AMF), and (7) CK with added G. versiforme (CK+AMF). Genes related to C-cycling in the treated rhizosphere soils were analyzed using GeoChip 5.0 technology. Result Addition of AMF in fertilizing the sweet corn plants significantly increased the yield. By adding AMF to CK, ORF10, and ORF20, the treatments increased the number of fresh buds on the plants by 32.6%, 8.6%, and 8.9%, respectively. The results of gene sequencing on the soil samples showed that the AMF/organic fertilizer combinations significantly altered the structure of the microbial C-cycle genes. The signal strength of key functional genes associated with C-cycling, such as C-decomposition, C-fixation, and methane metabolism, were generally stronger under CK+AMF and ORF20+AMF than the other treatments. According to the redundancy analysis, the respiration, total nitrogen, pH, total potassium, organic matter, available phosphorus, and total phosphorus in rhizosphere soil were the major environmental factors affecting the functions of the C-cycle-related genes. Conclusion The application of organic fertilizer and G. versiforme in sweet corn field significantly increased the fresh bud count on the plants. It changed the structure of the microbial C-cycle genes in rhizosphere soil positively affecting the decomposition and fixation of C as well as the methane metabolism of the ecosystem. -
Key words:
- Sweet corn /
- arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi /
- rhizosphere soil /
- soil microbe /
- functional genes /
- carbon-cycle
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图 2 不同处理下碳降解的关键功能基因标准化相对信号强度
Figure 2. Normalized relative signal strength of key functional genes relating to C-degradation under different treatments
图 3 不同处理下碳固定与甲烷代谢的关键功能基因标准化相对信号强度
Figure 3. Normalized relative signal strength of key functional genes relating to C-fixation and
图 4 碳循环基因与理化性质的冗余分析
注：TN，总氮；AP，有效磷；TP，全磷；OM，有机质；TK，总钾；AK，速效钾；SR，土壤呼吸。
Figure 4. Redundant analysis on carbon cycle genes and physicochemical properties
Note: TN- total nitrogen; AP- available phosphorus; TP- total phosphorus; OM- organic matter; TK- total potassium; AK- available potassium; SR- soil respiration.
表 1 不同处理施肥方案
Table 1. Fertilization treatments
处理 Treatment 施肥用量 Fertilization dosage/（kg·hm-2） N P2O5 K2O 有机肥 Organic fertilizer CK，不施氮肥 0 150 225 OF，优化施肥 330 150 225 ORF10，有机肥氮替代10%化学氮肥 297 150 225 1650 ORF20，有机肥氮替代20%化学氮肥 264 150 225 3300 ORF10+AMF，有机肥氮替代10%化学氮肥+增施变形球囊霉菌（G. versiforme） 297 150 225 1650 ORF20+AMF，有机肥氮替代20%化学氮肥+增施变形球囊霉菌（G. versiforme） 264 150 225 3300 CK+AMF，不施氮肥+增施变形球囊霉菌（G. versiforme） 0 150 225 
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表 2 不同施肥下甜玉米产量与理化性质分析
Table 2. Yield and physicochemical properties of sweet corn under different treatments
处理 Treatment 产量 Yield/（kg·hm−2） 有机质含量 Organic content/（g·kg−1） 土壤呼吸 Soil respiration/（kg·hm−2·h−1） CK 7288.00±288.79 d 21.98±0.15 b 38.58±2.60 c OF 14246.20±469.13 b 22.06±0.60 b 54.64±5.68 b ORF10 14651.00±275.12 b 23.16±1.69 b 40.25±0.96 c ORF20 14925.00±855.37 b 24.03±2.06 ab 47.76±4.17 bc ORF10+AMF 15911.00±325.41 a 22.88±1.21 b 53.39±4.26 b ORF20+AMF 16250.00±630.72 a 25.97±2.57 a 74.66±10.02 a CK+AMF 9663.00±764.32 c 21.86±0.19 b 45.05±8.42 bc 显著性Significance P值 P Value AMF ＜0.001 ＜0.476 ＜0.001 有机无机配施（OCF） ＜0.001 ＜0.018 ＜0.001 AMF×ORF ＜0.191 ＜0.380 ＜0.029 注：同列数据后不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著性（P＜0.05）。数据为均值 ± 标准误。
Note: Data with different lowercase letters on the same column indicate significant differences at P＜0.05. Data presented as mean±standard error, n=3.
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