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不同梨品种避雨栽培生长发育、产量与果实品质比较

曾少敏 黄新忠 陈小明

曾少敏,黄新忠,陈小明. 不同梨品种避雨栽培生长发育、产量与果实品质比较 [J]. 福建农业学报,2020,35(8):837−844 doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2020.08.004
引用本文: 曾少敏,黄新忠,陈小明. 不同梨品种避雨栽培生长发育、产量与果实品质比较 [J]. 福建农业学报,2020,35(8):837−844 doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2020.08.004
ZENG S M, HUANG X Z, CHEN X M. Growth, Development, and Fruit Quality and Yield of Varieties of Pear under Rain-shelter Cultivation [J]. Fujian Journal of Agricultural Sciences,2020,35(8):837−844 doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2020.08.004
Citation: ZENG S M, HUANG X Z, CHEN X M. Growth, Development, and Fruit Quality and Yield of Varieties of Pear under Rain-shelter Cultivation [J]. Fujian Journal of Agricultural Sciences,2020,35(8):837−844 doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2020.08.004

不同梨品种避雨栽培生长发育、产量与果实品质比较

doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2020.08.004
基金项目: 福建省科技计划公益类专项(2019R1028-2)、福建省农业科学院科研计划项目(A2017-18)、福建省农业科学院果树创新团队基金项目(STIT2017-1-4)
详细信息
    作者简介:

    曾少敏(1987−),男,助理研究员,主要从事落叶果树育种及其生理生化与栽培技术研究(E-mail:zengshaomin1@163.com

    通讯作者:

    黄新忠(1962−),男,研究员,主要从事落叶果树育种及其栽培研究(E-mail:hxz0117@163.com

  • 中图分类号: S 661.2

Growth, Development, and Fruit Quality and Yield of Varieties of Pear under Rain-shelter Cultivation

  • 摘要:   目的  增强南方湿热梨产区避雨栽培推广应用的针对性。  方法  以露地栽培为对照,采取定树跟踪调查方法,探讨了避雨栽培条件下,不同类型梨品种的生长发育及产量与果实品质变化趋势。  结果  与露地栽培相比,避雨栽培果实发育期与营养生长期延长、花序与花朵坐果率提高、枝叶生长弱化、果实外观改善及果实硬度降低、总糖含量增加、总酸含量减少趋势明显。易发生早期落叶的3个早熟品种的花芽比例、百花芽重、单株产量、单果质量显著或极显著增加;可溶性固形物含量除新玉无差异外,翠玉、翠冠显著提高。不易发生早期落叶的2个中熟品种花芽比例、百花芽重、单果质量显著或极显著降低或减少;单株产量晚翠无差异,黄花降低22.42%;可溶性固形物含量晚翠无差异,黄花显著降低。3个绿皮梨品种感锈程度减轻,其中翠玉感锈果率、感锈面比、花脸果率均极显著降低;翠冠、晚翠感锈果率无差异,感锈面比极显著降低,花脸果率则极显著增加。  结论  易发生早期落叶、果实抗锈的早熟品种适宜采用常年覆膜避雨栽培;易发生早期落叶、果实感锈早熟品种采用常年覆膜避雨栽培时,应配之果实套袋措施;不易发生早期落叶的中熟品种应以露地栽培为宜,若采用避雨栽培应选择生长发育中前期覆膜、采果后揭膜的阶段性避雨栽培模式。
  • 表  1  梨避雨栽培与露地栽培枝叶生长差异分析

    Table  1.   Growth of leaves and shoots of pear plants under rain-shelter or open field cultivation

    品种
    Variety
    处理
    Treatment
    叶片生长指标 Leaf growth index 骨干枝延长枝生长指标 Elongated shoot growth index
    单叶面积
    Single leaf area/cm2
    单叶厚
    Single leaf thickness/mm
    SPAD值
    SPAD value
    早期落叶率
    Rate of early-defoliation/%
    长度
    Length/cm
    粗度
    Diameter/cm
    节间长度
    Internode length/cm
    翠玉 Cuiyu 避雨 Rain-shelter 78.68 aA 0.235 bB 57.45 bA 0.00 bB 80.88 aA 1.17 bB 4.54 aA
    露地 Open field 72.87 bB 0.262 aA 60.91 aA 45.51 aA 74.61 bA 1.32 aA 4.17 bB
    新玉 Xinyu 避雨 Rain-shelter 61.09 aA 0.205 bB 55.62 bA 0.00 bB 95.74 aA 1.30 bA 4.41 aA
    露地 Open field 56.88 bB 0.232 aA 58.79 aA 83.82 aA 83.25 bB 1.37 aA 4.14 bA
    翠冠 Cuiguan 避雨 Rain-shelter 77.64 aA 0.228 bB 54.59 bA 0.00 bB 104.56 aA 1.25 bA 4.60 aA
    露地 Open field 72.34 bA 0.258 aA 57.90 aA 72.41 aA 94.35 bB 1.42 aA 4.38 bA
    晚翠 Wancui 避雨 Rain-shelter 103.62 aA 0.277 bB 56.17 bA 0.00 98.31 aA 1.37 bB 5.45 aA
    露地 Open field 96.14 bA 0.306 aA 59.44 aA 0.00 90.20 bB 1.54 aA 5.07 bB
    黄花 Huanghua 避雨 Rain-shelter 81.52 aA 0.238 bB 54.39 bB 0.00 110.64 aA 1.34 bB 4.68 aA
    露地 Open field 73.68 bB 0.278 aA 59.43 aA 0.00 95.95 bB 1.54 aA 4.35 bA
    注:表中相关指标数据为2017—2019年连续3年加权平均值;不同大小写字母分别表示同一品种的不同处理在0.01和0.05水平差异极显著或显著;表25同。
    Note: All indices are weighted averages from 2017 to 2019. Data with different uppercase letters represent extremely significant difference at 0.01 level, and lowercase letters significant difference at 0.05 level, of one variety under different treatments. Same for Tables 2-5.
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  2  梨避雨栽培与露地栽培花芽发育差异分析

    Table  2.   Development of flower buds of pear plants under rain-shelter or open field cultivation

    品种
    Variety
    处理
    Treatment
    花芽比例
    Flower bud ratio/%
    百花芽重
    Weight of 100 flower buds/g
    二次萌动率
    Rate of second germination buds/%
    花序坐果率
    Fruit setting rate of inflorescence/%
    花朵坐果率
    Fruit setting rate of single flower/%
    翠玉 Cuiyu避雨 Rain-shelter71.34 aA16.45 aA24.29 bB67.14 aA38.58 aA
    露地 Open field45.63 bB13.21 bB61.37 aA42.26 bB22.52 bB
    新玉 Xinyu避雨 Rain-shelter42.68 aA10.52 aA0.00 bB76.74 aA56.31 aA
    露地 Open field25.89 bB8.94 bB76.44 aA52.50 bB32.14 bB
    翠冠 Cuiguan避雨 Rain-shelter49.29 aA12.20 aA0.00 bB66.38 aA45.02 aA
    露地 Open field31.65 bB9.45 bB65.25 aA43.57 bB25.11 bB
    晚翠 Wancui避雨 Rain-shelter27.32 bA14.14 bA0.0054.22 aA33.18 aA
    露地 Open field35.48 aA15.55 aA0.0040.38 bB22.74 bB
    黄花 Huanghua避雨 Rain-shelter39.85 bB11.06 bA0.0043.66 aA30.18 aA
    露地 Open field48.30 aA12.80 aA0.0033.07 bB18.95 bB
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  3  梨避雨栽培与露地栽培物候期差异分析

    Table  3.   Phenology of pear plants under rain-shelter or open field cultivation

    品种
    Variety
    处理
    Treatment
    花芽萌动期
    Date of flower bud sprouting/(M/D)
    盛花期
    Date of bloom/(M/D)
    果实成熟期
    Date of maturite/(M/D)
    果实发育期
    Days of fruit development/d
    大量落叶期
    Date of defoliation/(M/D)
    营养生长期
    Days of vegetative growth/d
    翠玉 Cuiyu避雨 Rain-shelter2/23~2/253/20~3/237/7~7/9109~11111/29~12/5280~286
    露地 Open field2/26~2/283/23~3/267/2~7/4101~10311/4~11/8252~256
    新玉 Xinyu避雨 Rain-shelter2/23~2/253/20~3/237/10~7/11112~11011/29~12/5280~286
    露地 Open field2/26~2/283/23~3/267/6~7/8105~10711/3~11/5251-253
    翠冠 Cuiguan避雨 Rain-shelter2/21~2/243/15~3/187/10~7/12117~11911/30~12/6283-289
    露地 Open field2/24~2/263/17~3/207/8~7/10113~11511/8~11/17257~264
    晚翠 Wancui避雨 Rain-shelter2/19~2/213/14~3/167/28~7/30136~13812/5~12/7289~291
    露地 Open field2/22~2/243/16~3/187/23~7/25127~12911/12~11/15263~266
    黄花 Huanghua避雨 Rain-shelter2/20~2/233/15~3/197/29~7/31136~13812/8~12/12291~295
    露地 Open field2/23~2/253/17~3/217/25~7/27130~13211/15~11/19269~273
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  4  梨避雨栽培与露地栽培产量与果实外观品质差异分析

    Table  4.   Yield and exterior quality of fruits born on pear plants under rain-shelter or open field cultivation

    品种
    Variety
    处理
    Treatment
    单株产量
    Yield per plant/kg
    单果重
    Weight per fruit/g
    果形指数
    Fruit shape index
    果点
    Fruit dot
    果面光滑度
    Degree of fruit skin smoothness
    感锈果率
    Rate of russet-sensitive fruit/%
    感锈面比
    russet-sensitive surface ratio/%
    “花脸”果率
    Rate of painted-face fruit/%
    翠玉 Cuiyu 避雨 Rain-shelter 48.96 aA 279.1 aA 0.88 aA 小、不明显
    Small and obscure
    光滑 Smooth 38.65 bB 8.45 bB 38.65 bB
    露地 Open field 14.35 bB 251.8 bB 0.84 bA 小、不明显
    Small and obscure
    较光滑 Medium smooth 91.15 aA 29.56 aA 91.15 aA
    新玉 Xinyu 避雨 Rain-shelter 49.7 aA 298.5 aA 0.89 aA 较小、不明显
    Smaller and obscure
    光滑 Smooth 0.00 0.00 0.00
    露地 Open field 8.73 bB 245.8 bB 0.84 bA 大、明显
    Large and conspicuous
    较粗 Medium rough 0.00 0.00 0.00
    翠冠 Cuiguan 避雨 Rain-shelter 51.5 aA 283.3 aA 0.91 aA 小、不明显
    Small and obscure
    光滑 smooth 100.00 aA 68.52 bB 56.73 aA
    露地 Open field 12.38 bB 245.8 bB 0.86 bB 小、不明显
    Small and obscure
    较光滑 Medium smooth 100.00 aA 93.33 aA 13.26 bB
    晚翠 Wancui 避雨 Rain-shelter 64.03 aA 392.6 bB 0.88 aA 较小、不明显
    Smaller and obscure
    光滑 Smooth 100.00 aA 48.54 bB 87.65 aA
    露地 Open field 60.18 aA 432.8 aA 0.83 bA 较大、明显
    larger and conspicuous
    较粗 Medium rough 100.00 aA 89.39 aA 23.72 bB
    黄花 Huanghua 避雨 Rain-shelter 45.05 bB 276.8 bB 0.92 aA 较小、不明显
    Smaller and obscure
    光滑 Smooth 0.00 0.00 0.00
    露地 Open field 58.07 aA 309.5 aA 0.85 bB 较大、明显
    larger and conspicuous
    较粗 Medium rough 0.00 0.00 0.00
    下载: 导出CSV

    表  5  梨避雨栽培与露地栽培果实内在品质差异分析

    Table  5.   Interior quality of fruits born on pear plants under rain-shelter or open field cultivation

    品种M
    Variety
    处理
    Treatment
    硬度
    Firmness/(kg·cm−2
    总糖
    Total soluble sugar content/(mg·g−1
    总酸
    total titratable acidity/(mg·g−1
    可溶性固形物
    Total soluble solids content/%
    固酸比
    Total soluble solids/ titratable acidity
    翠玉 Cuiyu避雨 Rain-shelter15.33 bB92.86 aA1.72 bB11.45 aA66.84 aA
    露地 Open field18.38 aA91.71 aA1.89 aA11.11 bA58.86 bB
    新玉 Xinyu避雨 Rain-shelter15.86 bB95.23 aA1.47 bA11.34 aA77.14 aA
    露地 Open field18.55 aA91.02 aA1.53 aA11.43 aA74.40 bA
    翠冠 Cuiguan避雨 Rain-shelter15.86 bA96.47 aA1.56 bA11.49 aA73.65 aA
    露地 Open field16.94 aA92.05 bA1.69 aA11.04 bB65.32 bB
    晚翠 Wancui避雨 Rain-shelter14.10 bB97.38 aA1.33 bA12.09 aA90.09 aA
    露地 Open field17.01 aA97.76 aA1.40 aA12.35 aA88.21 bA
    黄花 Huanghua避雨 Rain-shelter16.47 bB91.40 bA2.11 bA11.67 bB55.31 aA
    露地 Open field18.73 aA95.51 aA2.26 aA12.05 aA53.32 bA
    下载: 导出CSV
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出版历程
  • 收稿日期:  2020-04-16
  • 修回日期:  2020-05-26
  • 刊出日期:  2020-08-19

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