2011 Vol. 26, No. 6
Display Method:
2011, 26(6): 919-924.
Abstract:
Siniperca chuatsi serum Ig was purified by affinity chromatography for prepared polyclonal antibody against Siniperca chuatsi serum Ig.Twenty-five fish's sera were collected and purified the serum Ig by euglobulin precipitation.Serum Ig could react with polyclonal antibody that against Siniperca chuatsi serum Ig were screened.The polyclonal antibody could recognize Siniperca chuatsi,Micropterus salmoides,Trachinotus ovatus,Oreochromis niloticus,Lateolabarax japonicus,Oreochromis sp., Epinephelus awoara,Pseudosciaena crocea, Sebastiscus marmoratus, Sciaenops ocellatus, Sparus macrocephalus, Scophthatmus maximus, Paralichthys olivaceus, Sebastiscus marmoratus, serum Ig heavy chain and light chain.The polyclonal antibody reacted with many protein bands from purified serum of five species Cypriniformes, four species fish of Siluriformes, purified serum of Anguilla anguilla and Muraenesox cinereus.Oreochromis niloticus were immunized intraperitoneally with aeromonas hydrophilla ZN1 outer membrane proteins immune stimulating complexes(ISCOM).The antibody in the serum was detected by ELISA, the polyclonal antibody against Siniperca chuatsi from rabbit was used as second antibody.The result showed that the antibody from immunized group was higher than that from control group.
Siniperca chuatsi serum Ig was purified by affinity chromatography for prepared polyclonal antibody against Siniperca chuatsi serum Ig.Twenty-five fish's sera were collected and purified the serum Ig by euglobulin precipitation.Serum Ig could react with polyclonal antibody that against Siniperca chuatsi serum Ig were screened.The polyclonal antibody could recognize Siniperca chuatsi,Micropterus salmoides,Trachinotus ovatus,Oreochromis niloticus,Lateolabarax japonicus,Oreochromis sp., Epinephelus awoara,Pseudosciaena crocea, Sebastiscus marmoratus, Sciaenops ocellatus, Sparus macrocephalus, Scophthatmus maximus, Paralichthys olivaceus, Sebastiscus marmoratus, serum Ig heavy chain and light chain.The polyclonal antibody reacted with many protein bands from purified serum of five species Cypriniformes, four species fish of Siluriformes, purified serum of Anguilla anguilla and Muraenesox cinereus.Oreochromis niloticus were immunized intraperitoneally with aeromonas hydrophilla ZN1 outer membrane proteins immune stimulating complexes(ISCOM).The antibody in the serum was detected by ELISA, the polyclonal antibody against Siniperca chuatsi from rabbit was used as second antibody.The result showed that the antibody from immunized group was higher than that from control group.
2011, 26(6): 925-929.
Abstract:
In this study, we report the cloning and sequencing of M gene of porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus Fujian strain (TGEV-FJ), and analyze the homology, signal peptide, glycosylation sites, phosphorylation sites, secondary structure of M protein by using bioinformatics software. The complete M gene in TGEV-FJ strain was successfully amplified which has 789 bp, encoding 262 amino acids and then constructed into the recombinant plasmid pGEM-T-M. Sequential analysis and phylogenetic studies demonstrated that the TGEV M gene has highly conservative and consanguineous between TGEV-FJ strain and HN2002 strain. The prediction results showed that M protein in TGEV-FJ strain had a signal peptide cleavage site (ACG16-17ER), and 3 potential N-glycosylation sites,6 serine phosphorylation sites,1 threonine phosphorylation sites and 5 tyrosine phosphorylation sites. The secondary structure of M protein prediction showed that alpha helix, beta sheet and random coil were 11.59%, 44.93% and 43.48%, respectively. The results of the present study would lay some basic molecular biological foundation for prokaryotic expression of M gene in TGEV-FJ strain, which would subsequently facilitate further research for molecular diagnosis and gene engineering vaccines development.
In this study, we report the cloning and sequencing of M gene of porcine transmissible gastroenteritis virus Fujian strain (TGEV-FJ), and analyze the homology, signal peptide, glycosylation sites, phosphorylation sites, secondary structure of M protein by using bioinformatics software. The complete M gene in TGEV-FJ strain was successfully amplified which has 789 bp, encoding 262 amino acids and then constructed into the recombinant plasmid pGEM-T-M. Sequential analysis and phylogenetic studies demonstrated that the TGEV M gene has highly conservative and consanguineous between TGEV-FJ strain and HN2002 strain. The prediction results showed that M protein in TGEV-FJ strain had a signal peptide cleavage site (ACG16-17ER), and 3 potential N-glycosylation sites,6 serine phosphorylation sites,1 threonine phosphorylation sites and 5 tyrosine phosphorylation sites. The secondary structure of M protein prediction showed that alpha helix, beta sheet and random coil were 11.59%, 44.93% and 43.48%, respectively. The results of the present study would lay some basic molecular biological foundation for prokaryotic expression of M gene in TGEV-FJ strain, which would subsequently facilitate further research for molecular diagnosis and gene engineering vaccines development.
2011, 26(6): 930-934.
Abstract:
In order to study the metabolism and elimination of norfloxacin (NFX) in hybrid tilapias (Oreochromis aureusO.niloticus), single oral administration at dose of 20 mgkg-1 had been investigated in healthy tilapia at (252)℃.The result demonstrated: Plasma concentration-time datas of NFX were best fitted using a two-compartmental open model.Absorption, distribution and elimination half-life were 1.30,1.97 and 26.36 hours, respectively.The maximal plasma concentration was 0.546 gmL-1, peaking at 2.715 hour.Area under the plasma drug concentration-time curve was 14.491 ghmL-1.As an edible tissue, muscle was selected as target tissue in this experiment.The maximum residue limit (MRL) is 10 gkg-1 in muscle, the withdrawal time should not be less than 55 days under this experiment condition.
In order to study the metabolism and elimination of norfloxacin (NFX) in hybrid tilapias (Oreochromis aureusO.niloticus), single oral administration at dose of 20 mgkg-1 had been investigated in healthy tilapia at (252)℃.The result demonstrated: Plasma concentration-time datas of NFX were best fitted using a two-compartmental open model.Absorption, distribution and elimination half-life were 1.30,1.97 and 26.36 hours, respectively.The maximal plasma concentration was 0.546 gmL-1, peaking at 2.715 hour.Area under the plasma drug concentration-time curve was 14.491 ghmL-1.As an edible tissue, muscle was selected as target tissue in this experiment.The maximum residue limit (MRL) is 10 gkg-1 in muscle, the withdrawal time should not be less than 55 days under this experiment condition.
2011, 26(6): 935-940.
Abstract:
The genetic diversity and genetic differentiation of honeybees (Apis cerana cerana) from 6 samplings in Wuyi Mountain nature reserve were studied with five microsatellite markers. The results were as follows: total 23 alleles were detected, mean polymorphic information content (PIC) was from 0.402 9 to 0.497 8 and mean heterozygosity (He) was from 0.452 5 to 0.561 3.Through Fisher's exact text, there were significantly difference genetic structures among honeybees from the six sampling points (P0.01) and the genetic differentiation was occurred. Genetic differentiation coefficients (FST) were from 0.020 0 to 0.143 5. Especially there was significant honeybee population genetic differentiation between honeybees from Masu and others, and between the peak and the west foot of mountain, forming independence populations. The gene flow interrupted by surrounding high mountains.
The genetic diversity and genetic differentiation of honeybees (Apis cerana cerana) from 6 samplings in Wuyi Mountain nature reserve were studied with five microsatellite markers. The results were as follows: total 23 alleles were detected, mean polymorphic information content (PIC) was from 0.402 9 to 0.497 8 and mean heterozygosity (He) was from 0.452 5 to 0.561 3.Through Fisher's exact text, there were significantly difference genetic structures among honeybees from the six sampling points (P0.01) and the genetic differentiation was occurred. Genetic differentiation coefficients (FST) were from 0.020 0 to 0.143 5. Especially there was significant honeybee population genetic differentiation between honeybees from Masu and others, and between the peak and the west foot of mountain, forming independence populations. The gene flow interrupted by surrounding high mountains.
2011, 26(6): 941-946.
Abstract:
The probes and primers were designed according to the nucleotide sequence of porcine circovirus type 2(PCV2) available in GenBank, and real-time TaqMan fluorescence quantitative PCR for detection of PCV2 was established successfully.Clinical diagnosis of PCV2 samples and the 30 suspected samples were detected by using the established quantitative PCR which was compared with that of routine PCR.The results indicated that the established quantitative PCR assay could detect 4.5103 copysL-1 of plasmid DNA.Sensitivity and positive rate for clinical samples of TaqMan fluorescent quantitative PCR were higher than routine PCR, and its sensitivity was 10 times higher than that of the routine PCR.The 30 suspected samples were detected by TaqMan fluorescence quantitative PCR and routine PCR, respectively, the positive detection rate were 66.7% and 56.7%, the coincidence rate was 90%.Classical swine fever virus(CSFV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus(PRRSV) and pseudorabies virus(PRV) were detected by using the established quantitative PCR and the result indicated that CSFV, PRRS and PRV were negative, and had no cross reaction.The real-time TaqMan fluorescence quantitative PCR assay which is specific,sensitive and accurate can be used for the clinical diagnosis and epidemiological investigation of PCV2.
The probes and primers were designed according to the nucleotide sequence of porcine circovirus type 2(PCV2) available in GenBank, and real-time TaqMan fluorescence quantitative PCR for detection of PCV2 was established successfully.Clinical diagnosis of PCV2 samples and the 30 suspected samples were detected by using the established quantitative PCR which was compared with that of routine PCR.The results indicated that the established quantitative PCR assay could detect 4.5103 copysL-1 of plasmid DNA.Sensitivity and positive rate for clinical samples of TaqMan fluorescent quantitative PCR were higher than routine PCR, and its sensitivity was 10 times higher than that of the routine PCR.The 30 suspected samples were detected by TaqMan fluorescence quantitative PCR and routine PCR, respectively, the positive detection rate were 66.7% and 56.7%, the coincidence rate was 90%.Classical swine fever virus(CSFV), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus(PRRSV) and pseudorabies virus(PRV) were detected by using the established quantitative PCR and the result indicated that CSFV, PRRS and PRV were negative, and had no cross reaction.The real-time TaqMan fluorescence quantitative PCR assay which is specific,sensitive and accurate can be used for the clinical diagnosis and epidemiological investigation of PCV2.
2011, 26(6): 947-951.
Abstract:
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) FJ-11A strain was isolated from piglets suffering from a severe diarrhea in a pig farm of Fujian Province using Vero cell.The PEDV ORF3 gene was obtained using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method according to the sequence download from the GenBank.The results showed that the ORF3 gene of the FJ-11A strain was 675 bp, encoding an open reading frame (ORF) with 224 amino acids.Compared with the ORF3 gene published previously in GenBank by DNAstar software, the ORF3 sequence of FJ-11A strain had the highest nucleotide homology at 99.3% with CPF1074 and PFF513, isolating in South Korea, and also had 97.8% homology with vaccine strain CV777. Based on genetic evolutionary, the PEDV strains which isolated in China were in the same phylogenetic relationship, whereas the candidate vaccine strains (attenuated DR13 and CV777) were in the other phylogenic lineage.
Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) FJ-11A strain was isolated from piglets suffering from a severe diarrhea in a pig farm of Fujian Province using Vero cell.The PEDV ORF3 gene was obtained using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method according to the sequence download from the GenBank.The results showed that the ORF3 gene of the FJ-11A strain was 675 bp, encoding an open reading frame (ORF) with 224 amino acids.Compared with the ORF3 gene published previously in GenBank by DNAstar software, the ORF3 sequence of FJ-11A strain had the highest nucleotide homology at 99.3% with CPF1074 and PFF513, isolating in South Korea, and also had 97.8% homology with vaccine strain CV777. Based on genetic evolutionary, the PEDV strains which isolated in China were in the same phylogenetic relationship, whereas the candidate vaccine strains (attenuated DR13 and CV777) were in the other phylogenic lineage.
2011, 26(6): 952-956.
Abstract:
In breeding a new silage variety for Fujian, various maize germplasms were introduced, screened and selected according to the specific climatic and ecological requirements.The resultant combination, Minqingqingzhu 1, had passed the provincial evaluation in 2011.The crossing test showed that its parents, Min 4779 and Qing 2, displayed a high combining ability with good complementary effect on the crop characteristics.During the 2008-2009 regional field trials, Minqingqingzhu 1 exhibited an average biological yield of 57 532.5 kghm-2, as well as desirable properties on yield, quality, stability and adaptability.
In breeding a new silage variety for Fujian, various maize germplasms were introduced, screened and selected according to the specific climatic and ecological requirements.The resultant combination, Minqingqingzhu 1, had passed the provincial evaluation in 2011.The crossing test showed that its parents, Min 4779 and Qing 2, displayed a high combining ability with good complementary effect on the crop characteristics.During the 2008-2009 regional field trials, Minqingqingzhu 1 exhibited an average biological yield of 57 532.5 kghm-2, as well as desirable properties on yield, quality, stability and adaptability.
2011, 26(6): 957-960.
Abstract:
This paper reports the breeding process of the new potato variety, Fuke 212, from the progenies of the cross combination of YanziKexin 2. The growth and development period of the variety was approximately 89 days.The plant had green leaves, brownish green stem, 6-8 tubers per plant, oblate tubers, yellow and smooth skin, yellow flesh, shallow eyes, 18.5% dry matter and appealing eating quality.Its dormancy was about 60 days, and the yield was between 25 500 kghm-2 and 27 000 kghm-2.The variety had been certified by the Fujian provincial authority in March 2011. To obtain high yield, the following cultivating measures were recommended: use healthy tuber seeds, hasten germination properly, plant with adequate density, apply appropriate fertilization, control the late blight disease and harvest tubers timely.
This paper reports the breeding process of the new potato variety, Fuke 212, from the progenies of the cross combination of YanziKexin 2. The growth and development period of the variety was approximately 89 days.The plant had green leaves, brownish green stem, 6-8 tubers per plant, oblate tubers, yellow and smooth skin, yellow flesh, shallow eyes, 18.5% dry matter and appealing eating quality.Its dormancy was about 60 days, and the yield was between 25 500 kghm-2 and 27 000 kghm-2.The variety had been certified by the Fujian provincial authority in March 2011. To obtain high yield, the following cultivating measures were recommended: use healthy tuber seeds, hasten germination properly, plant with adequate density, apply appropriate fertilization, control the late blight disease and harvest tubers timely.
2011, 26(6): 961-965.
Abstract:
Split-plot design with two experimental factors was used to study the effects of four cultivation modes and planting density on potato cultivar Zhongshu 3 in Southern China.Results showed that the yield and commodity quality of potato were significantly different with four cultivation modes or planting density.Comparatively, the highest potato yield was 47 925.0 kghm-2 obtained by the mode of straw mulching as sandwich plus density in 75 000 plants per hectare.Based on the yield, commodity rate and quality of the potato comprehensively, the best cultivation pattern were the mode of straw mulching as sandwich with planting density of 67 500 to 75 000 plants per hectare.
Split-plot design with two experimental factors was used to study the effects of four cultivation modes and planting density on potato cultivar Zhongshu 3 in Southern China.Results showed that the yield and commodity quality of potato were significantly different with four cultivation modes or planting density.Comparatively, the highest potato yield was 47 925.0 kghm-2 obtained by the mode of straw mulching as sandwich plus density in 75 000 plants per hectare.Based on the yield, commodity rate and quality of the potato comprehensively, the best cultivation pattern were the mode of straw mulching as sandwich with planting density of 67 500 to 75 000 plants per hectare.
2011, 26(6): 966-970.
Abstract:
A total of 11 traits, including 4 agronomical traits and 7 physi-biochemical traits that measured in 12 cabbage genotypes under high temperature stress, were analyzed using gray decision and cluster analysis method. The results of gray correlative analysis showed that the index were ranked according to their gray correlation degree to seedling index as follows: GSH content,SOD activity, POD actitvity, plant weight, dry weight of above-ground/dry weight of under-ground,MDA content,Vc content,relative membrane permeability, Pro content and fresh weight of above-ground / fresh weight of under-ground. The comprehensive measure values of Qiangxia-1-2 was 1.465 1, has greatest integrated performance, followed by Kangre50-1. The comprehensive measure value of 77-2 was 1.217 3, has the poorest performance. Cluster analysis showed that 12 situ accessions were classified into 3 categories. The first category was the most heat resistance situ accessions including Qiangxia-1-2, Kangre50-1 , Zhonggan17-2 and 118-1, the second category was the intermediate heat resistance situ accessions including ZaohengzhuQiulv, Qiulv-1, 97-4 and Zaohengzhu97-4, and the third category was the sensitive to heat stress situ accessions including 135-4-1 , Zhonggan16-3, 106-H and 77-2.
A total of 11 traits, including 4 agronomical traits and 7 physi-biochemical traits that measured in 12 cabbage genotypes under high temperature stress, were analyzed using gray decision and cluster analysis method. The results of gray correlative analysis showed that the index were ranked according to their gray correlation degree to seedling index as follows: GSH content,SOD activity, POD actitvity, plant weight, dry weight of above-ground/dry weight of under-ground,MDA content,Vc content,relative membrane permeability, Pro content and fresh weight of above-ground / fresh weight of under-ground. The comprehensive measure values of Qiangxia-1-2 was 1.465 1, has greatest integrated performance, followed by Kangre50-1. The comprehensive measure value of 77-2 was 1.217 3, has the poorest performance. Cluster analysis showed that 12 situ accessions were classified into 3 categories. The first category was the most heat resistance situ accessions including Qiangxia-1-2, Kangre50-1 , Zhonggan17-2 and 118-1, the second category was the intermediate heat resistance situ accessions including ZaohengzhuQiulv, Qiulv-1, 97-4 and Zaohengzhu97-4, and the third category was the sensitive to heat stress situ accessions including 135-4-1 , Zhonggan16-3, 106-H and 77-2.
2011, 26(6): 971-976.
Abstract:
Using the traditional processing technology, the green tea, black tea and white tea were processed with the leaves from the newly bred Baiyun-tezao tea variety.Suitability of the tea for processing was determined by sensory evaluation and aroma analysis on the resultant teas.GC-MS were used to detecte the aromatic components.The results showed that the new variety was suitable for making green tea,blacktea and white tea, as the sensory scored 90.2 to 94.9 points.The tea samples were found to have 43 aromatic components, including 8 alcohols, 11 aldehydes, 6 ketones, 5 esters, 2 alkanes, 8 vinyls, and 3 nitrogen compounds.The compounds in the highest concentrations in the green tea, black tea and white tea were all alcohols, at 47.41%, 58.79% and 76.03%, respectively.The aldehydes, ketones, esters and vinyls were also high.Specifically, -linalool, trans-Geraneroli, -trans-Ocimene, cis-Jasmine, salicylic acid, methyl eater, and nonanal and -lonol were the aromatic components found in the Baiyun-tezao.
Using the traditional processing technology, the green tea, black tea and white tea were processed with the leaves from the newly bred Baiyun-tezao tea variety.Suitability of the tea for processing was determined by sensory evaluation and aroma analysis on the resultant teas.GC-MS were used to detecte the aromatic components.The results showed that the new variety was suitable for making green tea,blacktea and white tea, as the sensory scored 90.2 to 94.9 points.The tea samples were found to have 43 aromatic components, including 8 alcohols, 11 aldehydes, 6 ketones, 5 esters, 2 alkanes, 8 vinyls, and 3 nitrogen compounds.The compounds in the highest concentrations in the green tea, black tea and white tea were all alcohols, at 47.41%, 58.79% and 76.03%, respectively.The aldehydes, ketones, esters and vinyls were also high.Specifically, -linalool, trans-Geraneroli, -trans-Ocimene, cis-Jasmine, salicylic acid, methyl eater, and nonanal and -lonol were the aromatic components found in the Baiyun-tezao.
2011, 26(6): 977-980.
Abstract:
Polymorphisms of the hybrid bitter gourd, Minyan 2, and its parents lines were analyzed by using RAPD markers.Selected from 200 RAPD primers, the specific primer, S115, was found to be capable of differentiating the hybrid Minyan 2 from its parents.Genetic purity of Minyan 2 was further tested with S115 to agree with the field test results.
Polymorphisms of the hybrid bitter gourd, Minyan 2, and its parents lines were analyzed by using RAPD markers.Selected from 200 RAPD primers, the specific primer, S115, was found to be capable of differentiating the hybrid Minyan 2 from its parents.Genetic purity of Minyan 2 was further tested with S115 to agree with the field test results.
2011, 26(6): 981-984.
Abstract:
Papaya, Carica papaya L., is one of the major fruits in the tropical and subtropical regions.Hermaphroditic variety is generally preferred for commerce as its more desirable fruit shape and quality can bring higher profitability.However, the plants gender expression can be affected by ambient temperature.At elevated temperatures, the plant tends to produce male flowers with intermittent fruiting, resulting in decreased yields.In order to search for remedy to overcome the problem, four treatments were tested on hermaphroditic papaya trees during the months of July and August in the years from 2007 to 2009. The treatments included (1) mulching under the tree with wet straw or fresh grass, (2) pruning inflorescence, (2) ring-girdling on trunk, and (4) combining the above three methods.The results showed that all treatments significantly repressed the gender alteration, decreased the numbers of male flowers and intermittent fruiting, and increased the number of fruits on the trees, as compared with the control.However, among the 4 treatments, the combination of 3 methods appeared to be the best, as it was most effective in completely suppressing the intermittent fruiting at high temperature.
Papaya, Carica papaya L., is one of the major fruits in the tropical and subtropical regions.Hermaphroditic variety is generally preferred for commerce as its more desirable fruit shape and quality can bring higher profitability.However, the plants gender expression can be affected by ambient temperature.At elevated temperatures, the plant tends to produce male flowers with intermittent fruiting, resulting in decreased yields.In order to search for remedy to overcome the problem, four treatments were tested on hermaphroditic papaya trees during the months of July and August in the years from 2007 to 2009. The treatments included (1) mulching under the tree with wet straw or fresh grass, (2) pruning inflorescence, (2) ring-girdling on trunk, and (4) combining the above three methods.The results showed that all treatments significantly repressed the gender alteration, decreased the numbers of male flowers and intermittent fruiting, and increased the number of fruits on the trees, as compared with the control.However, among the 4 treatments, the combination of 3 methods appeared to be the best, as it was most effective in completely suppressing the intermittent fruiting at high temperature.
2011, 26(6): 985-988.
Abstract:
Early determination of tea quality has been a concern in tea breeding, as it constitutes an important factor in the long tea breeding process.The quality of Oolong tea is generally determined by sensory evaluation with the traditional small-sampling procedure.However, the method requires a considerable amount of fresh leaves from an individual plant with 7-8 years of pre-cultivation.In this study, a micro-sampling method was used.It required only 100-150 g of fresh leaves from a 3 to 4-year-old plant.The sensory evaluation on aroma, taste and over-all quality of the tea samples collected using this new method indicated that they were basically consistent with those obtained by the traditional small-sampling methodology.It suggested that the newly developed micro-sampling procedure could be satisfactorily used for early quality determination of the tea.By adopting this new method, it was conceivably that the workload, breeding period, land use and potential for errors could be drastically reduced for the tea breeding operation.
Early determination of tea quality has been a concern in tea breeding, as it constitutes an important factor in the long tea breeding process.The quality of Oolong tea is generally determined by sensory evaluation with the traditional small-sampling procedure.However, the method requires a considerable amount of fresh leaves from an individual plant with 7-8 years of pre-cultivation.In this study, a micro-sampling method was used.It required only 100-150 g of fresh leaves from a 3 to 4-year-old plant.The sensory evaluation on aroma, taste and over-all quality of the tea samples collected using this new method indicated that they were basically consistent with those obtained by the traditional small-sampling methodology.It suggested that the newly developed micro-sampling procedure could be satisfactorily used for early quality determination of the tea.By adopting this new method, it was conceivably that the workload, breeding period, land use and potential for errors could be drastically reduced for the tea breeding operation.
2011, 26(6): 989-993.
Abstract:
Agaricus Blazei Murrill was cultivated in sequential cultivation with the unfermented waste from Agaricus bisporus cultivation.The results suggested that the method was applicable.The yield of A.Blazei Murrill cultivated on April 15 was 3.41 kgm-2, which increased about 8.20% and 3.31% as compared to those cultivated on March 15 and April 1, respectively.Formulation of the culture medium significantly affected the growth vigor and color of the hypha.The medium consisting of 1.0 kg soybean powder, 0.25 kg yeast powder and 0.2 kg ammonium sulfate resulted in the fastest growing white hypha.On the other hand, the greatest yield was found with the mushrooms grown on the medium containing 1.5 kg soybean powder, 0.75 kg yeast powder and 0.2 kg ammonium sulfate, with an average of 3.76 kgm-2, which was a 9.62% increase over the control.There were significant differences on the yields among different strains of A.Blazei Murrill.For instance, A5 and A6 grew the fastest, averaging a daily growth rate of 0.29 cm; and, A8 had the highest yield of 3.42 kgm-2.This cultivation practice appeared to have a potential for wide application that could lessen the burden of competing for raw materials between A.Blazei Murrill and A.Bisporus cultivations, reduce the cost of cultivating edible fungi, improve the biological efficiency of composting and waste recylcling, and improve the profibility of the mushroom farming.
Agaricus Blazei Murrill was cultivated in sequential cultivation with the unfermented waste from Agaricus bisporus cultivation.The results suggested that the method was applicable.The yield of A.Blazei Murrill cultivated on April 15 was 3.41 kgm-2, which increased about 8.20% and 3.31% as compared to those cultivated on March 15 and April 1, respectively.Formulation of the culture medium significantly affected the growth vigor and color of the hypha.The medium consisting of 1.0 kg soybean powder, 0.25 kg yeast powder and 0.2 kg ammonium sulfate resulted in the fastest growing white hypha.On the other hand, the greatest yield was found with the mushrooms grown on the medium containing 1.5 kg soybean powder, 0.75 kg yeast powder and 0.2 kg ammonium sulfate, with an average of 3.76 kgm-2, which was a 9.62% increase over the control.There were significant differences on the yields among different strains of A.Blazei Murrill.For instance, A5 and A6 grew the fastest, averaging a daily growth rate of 0.29 cm; and, A8 had the highest yield of 3.42 kgm-2.This cultivation practice appeared to have a potential for wide application that could lessen the burden of competing for raw materials between A.Blazei Murrill and A.Bisporus cultivations, reduce the cost of cultivating edible fungi, improve the biological efficiency of composting and waste recylcling, and improve the profibility of the mushroom farming.
2011, 26(6): 994-996.
Abstract:
To investigate the effect of mulberry leaf (Folium Mori) in feeding for eggs' quality, the hens received mulberry leaf supplement in various levels, the amino acid composition and texture profiles of egg protein were evaluated.The additive level of mulberry leaf showed no significant effect in the amino acid composition of egg protein but to the texture profiles significantly.The optimal texture of egg protein was observed when hens fed diet with 7% in Folium Mori, the hardness value of the egg decreased by 12.12% compared with that without supplementation.
To investigate the effect of mulberry leaf (Folium Mori) in feeding for eggs' quality, the hens received mulberry leaf supplement in various levels, the amino acid composition and texture profiles of egg protein were evaluated.The additive level of mulberry leaf showed no significant effect in the amino acid composition of egg protein but to the texture profiles significantly.The optimal texture of egg protein was observed when hens fed diet with 7% in Folium Mori, the hardness value of the egg decreased by 12.12% compared with that without supplementation.
2011, 26(6): 997-1002.
Abstract:
Nutrients in the seaweeds, Enteromorpha, Gracilaria lemaneiformis, Sargassum fusiforme and Laminaria japonica, that were collected from the coastal waters of Fujian were analyzed.The results indicated that the contents of polysaccharide dietary fibers and crude fibers in the seaweeds were more than 50%.Contents of crude protein in Enteromorpha and G.lemaneiformis were 15.6%-38.2%,which were higher than in other seaweeds.The ratios of TAA/protein were 79.8%-91.4%.The essential amino acid compositions of the 4 seaweeds were balanced, i.e., 35.4%-40.0% for EAA/TAA and 0.55-0.67 for EAA/NEAA.The crude fat contents were low for all, but the fatty acids and the ratio of n-3 PUFA/fat were rich.The mineral contents were high as well, especially for Ca, Mg, K, Na and Fe.The contents of Mg, Fe, Zn and Cu in Enteromorpha were higher than other seaweeds.On the other hand, the contents of harmful elements including Pb, Hg, Cd and As were all below the tolerance limits stipulated for fish meal by GB 13078 standard.Therefore, the seaweeds, especially Enteromorpha and G.lemaneiformis, could be considered a safe, natural feedstuff resource rich in dietary fibers, minerals, and proteins, but low in calories.
Nutrients in the seaweeds, Enteromorpha, Gracilaria lemaneiformis, Sargassum fusiforme and Laminaria japonica, that were collected from the coastal waters of Fujian were analyzed.The results indicated that the contents of polysaccharide dietary fibers and crude fibers in the seaweeds were more than 50%.Contents of crude protein in Enteromorpha and G.lemaneiformis were 15.6%-38.2%,which were higher than in other seaweeds.The ratios of TAA/protein were 79.8%-91.4%.The essential amino acid compositions of the 4 seaweeds were balanced, i.e., 35.4%-40.0% for EAA/TAA and 0.55-0.67 for EAA/NEAA.The crude fat contents were low for all, but the fatty acids and the ratio of n-3 PUFA/fat were rich.The mineral contents were high as well, especially for Ca, Mg, K, Na and Fe.The contents of Mg, Fe, Zn and Cu in Enteromorpha were higher than other seaweeds.On the other hand, the contents of harmful elements including Pb, Hg, Cd and As were all below the tolerance limits stipulated for fish meal by GB 13078 standard.Therefore, the seaweeds, especially Enteromorpha and G.lemaneiformis, could be considered a safe, natural feedstuff resource rich in dietary fibers, minerals, and proteins, but low in calories.
2011, 26(6): 1003-1006.
Abstract:
Five hundreds indica varieties were analyzed to evaluate their cooking and tasting quality.The results showed that differences in the averages of alkali spreading value,amylose content and gel consistency were not remarkable for rice between three seasons.However, by the coefficient variation of the traits in various seasons, the differentiation was found greater in early-and middle-season than it in late-season varieties.More than 90% of the rice varieties were qualified with the super-excellence standard rice by three traits.With comprehensive evaluation for the traits in season, high quality rate in super-excellence rice were 69.8%、78.9% and 91.8% for early-season、middle-season and late-season indica rice,respectively.For the rest, about 34.6% of it was short in amylose contents.With combination of three traits, 87.6% of the varieties were fit into 6 types out of 18 groups.Results suggest that, in high-eating quality rice breeding,it is important to select varieties that with amylase content in 15.0%-24.0%.
Five hundreds indica varieties were analyzed to evaluate their cooking and tasting quality.The results showed that differences in the averages of alkali spreading value,amylose content and gel consistency were not remarkable for rice between three seasons.However, by the coefficient variation of the traits in various seasons, the differentiation was found greater in early-and middle-season than it in late-season varieties.More than 90% of the rice varieties were qualified with the super-excellence standard rice by three traits.With comprehensive evaluation for the traits in season, high quality rate in super-excellence rice were 69.8%、78.9% and 91.8% for early-season、middle-season and late-season indica rice,respectively.For the rest, about 34.6% of it was short in amylose contents.With combination of three traits, 87.6% of the varieties were fit into 6 types out of 18 groups.Results suggest that, in high-eating quality rice breeding,it is important to select varieties that with amylase content in 15.0%-24.0%.
2011, 26(6): 1007-1015.
Abstract:
More than three hundred Bacillus spp.were isolated from the soil samples in China, and there were four strains that had effective in suppression Fusarium oxyspomm f sp.cubense on PDA agar plates.These four strains were identified as Paenibacillus polymyxa based on 16S rRNA sequence.There were similar biological characterics, and main fatty acid type was 15∶0 ANTEISO among those strains.There are correlation between the inhibitory effect and some fatty acid based on DPS soft analysis.The characterization, such as different account, temperature, pH and UV time, were studied,and the effect of 4 Paenibacillus polymyxa against Fusarium oxyspomm f sp.cubense were also studied in this study.The results showed that the effect of four Bacillus species were decreased by concentration, and sensitive to temperature.And four strains had strong inhibitory effect at pH9, and not sensitive to UV.The results showed that that strain FJAT-4539 was the strongest strain to inhibit banana wilt disease among the four Bacillus spp.
More than three hundred Bacillus spp.were isolated from the soil samples in China, and there were four strains that had effective in suppression Fusarium oxyspomm f sp.cubense on PDA agar plates.These four strains were identified as Paenibacillus polymyxa based on 16S rRNA sequence.There were similar biological characterics, and main fatty acid type was 15∶0 ANTEISO among those strains.There are correlation between the inhibitory effect and some fatty acid based on DPS soft analysis.The characterization, such as different account, temperature, pH and UV time, were studied,and the effect of 4 Paenibacillus polymyxa against Fusarium oxyspomm f sp.cubense were also studied in this study.The results showed that the effect of four Bacillus species were decreased by concentration, and sensitive to temperature.And four strains had strong inhibitory effect at pH9, and not sensitive to UV.The results showed that that strain FJAT-4539 was the strongest strain to inhibit banana wilt disease among the four Bacillus spp.
2011, 26(6): 1016-1020.
Abstract:
In order to obtain a reasonable explanation of the phenomenon that there are different virulence between Ralstonia solanacearum typeⅠand typeⅡon the sweetpotato variety Jinshan57, morphological and genome DNA polymorphism were studied in this study.The results were as follows: 1,vaccination results shows jinshan57 high resistance to typeⅠand high sensitive to typeⅡ;2, There was no difference in morphological structure of the two strains based on microscopy and electron microscopy; 3, The DNA which were extracted from the two strains were bacterial 16S rDNA, Polymorphism was found between the two strains by analysis of genome DNA using RAPD markers, and the ratio of polymorphic bands up to 24.04%.The results showed that the genetic diversity maybe contribute to the different virulence between the typeⅠ and typeⅡ strains.
In order to obtain a reasonable explanation of the phenomenon that there are different virulence between Ralstonia solanacearum typeⅠand typeⅡon the sweetpotato variety Jinshan57, morphological and genome DNA polymorphism were studied in this study.The results were as follows: 1,vaccination results shows jinshan57 high resistance to typeⅠand high sensitive to typeⅡ;2, There was no difference in morphological structure of the two strains based on microscopy and electron microscopy; 3, The DNA which were extracted from the two strains were bacterial 16S rDNA, Polymorphism was found between the two strains by analysis of genome DNA using RAPD markers, and the ratio of polymorphic bands up to 24.04%.The results showed that the genetic diversity maybe contribute to the different virulence between the typeⅠ and typeⅡ strains.
2011, 26(6): 1021-1026.
Abstract:
In order to determine the sensitivity of metalaxyl-resistant strains of Phytophthora infestans to fungicides flumorph, azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, dimethomorph and cymoxanil, the toxicity of fungicides to metalaxyl- sensitive and metalaxyl-resistant strains of P.infestans were tested by measuring radial growth on agar medium amended with fungicides. The results showed that the five tested fungicides had high inhibitory activity against mycelium growth and sporangia formation of metalaxyl-resistant and metalaxyl-sensitive isolates of P.infestans. Flumorph exhibited the strongest toxicity to metalaxyl-resistant strains with the mean EC50 of 0.037 6 gmL-1.There was obvious difference in sensitivity of tested isolates to cymoxanil, which EC50 values ranged from 0.008 4 gmL-1 to 0.868 1 gmL-1,the mean EC50 value was 0.386 6 gmL-1 in inhibiting the mycelium growth of metalaxyl-resistant strains. There is high correlation of tested results between in vitro method and the floating-leaf-disk method, and showed that the tested fungicides had no cross-resistance with metalaxyl. These fungicides maybe substitute metalaxyl for controlling potato and tomato late blight disease.
In order to determine the sensitivity of metalaxyl-resistant strains of Phytophthora infestans to fungicides flumorph, azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin, dimethomorph and cymoxanil, the toxicity of fungicides to metalaxyl- sensitive and metalaxyl-resistant strains of P.infestans were tested by measuring radial growth on agar medium amended with fungicides. The results showed that the five tested fungicides had high inhibitory activity against mycelium growth and sporangia formation of metalaxyl-resistant and metalaxyl-sensitive isolates of P.infestans. Flumorph exhibited the strongest toxicity to metalaxyl-resistant strains with the mean EC50 of 0.037 6 gmL-1.There was obvious difference in sensitivity of tested isolates to cymoxanil, which EC50 values ranged from 0.008 4 gmL-1 to 0.868 1 gmL-1,the mean EC50 value was 0.386 6 gmL-1 in inhibiting the mycelium growth of metalaxyl-resistant strains. There is high correlation of tested results between in vitro method and the floating-leaf-disk method, and showed that the tested fungicides had no cross-resistance with metalaxyl. These fungicides maybe substitute metalaxyl for controlling potato and tomato late blight disease.
2011, 26(6): 1027-1033.
Abstract:
Nested-PCR detection of Shunchang citrus Huanglongbing pathogen was carried out in this study.Phylogenetic tree based on rDNA sequencing was built to find out the evolutionary between different parts citrus HLB pathogens.Digesting the target DNA fragment of 16S rDNA with restriction enzyme XbaI was carried out to confirm the species of Shunchang Huanglongbing pathogen.The results showed that there were 7 positive detections in 12 selected samples, and the rate of positive detections was 58.33%,and four were dominant character,three were recessive character.The results showed that Shunchang citrus Huanglongbing pathogen belong to Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus based on the 16S rDNA phylogenetic analysis and restriction enzyme XbaI digestion analysis.And 16S rDNA sequence gap analysis showed that the difference between Ca. L.asiaticus and Ca. L.africanus, Ca. L.africanus and Ca.L.americanus, Ca.L.americanus and Ca.L.asiaticus were 2.75%,3.90%, 3.44%, respectively.
Nested-PCR detection of Shunchang citrus Huanglongbing pathogen was carried out in this study.Phylogenetic tree based on rDNA sequencing was built to find out the evolutionary between different parts citrus HLB pathogens.Digesting the target DNA fragment of 16S rDNA with restriction enzyme XbaI was carried out to confirm the species of Shunchang Huanglongbing pathogen.The results showed that there were 7 positive detections in 12 selected samples, and the rate of positive detections was 58.33%,and four were dominant character,three were recessive character.The results showed that Shunchang citrus Huanglongbing pathogen belong to Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus based on the 16S rDNA phylogenetic analysis and restriction enzyme XbaI digestion analysis.And 16S rDNA sequence gap analysis showed that the difference between Ca. L.asiaticus and Ca. L.africanus, Ca. L.africanus and Ca.L.americanus, Ca.L.americanus and Ca.L.asiaticus were 2.75%,3.90%, 3.44%, respectively.
2011, 26(6): 1034-1038.
Abstract:
The characterization of adsorption and desorption of soil phosphorus is investigated in the 26th year of long-term fertilization south yellow soil. The result indicated that there is good fitness between the adsorbed curves of the Langmuir equation phosphorus and the Langmuir equation(P0.01). Compared with single fertilization, long-term applying of both fertilizer and dairy manure or straw can decrease K、MBC and crease DPS. However, there is a crosscurrent between Xm. P which will be desorbed more easily under the combined application of fertilizer and dairy manure when its concentration is low, and that will be opposite as the concentration ascends. Under the combined application of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer, P acts as a headstream with a low concentration while it acts as a sea with a high concentration.
The characterization of adsorption and desorption of soil phosphorus is investigated in the 26th year of long-term fertilization south yellow soil. The result indicated that there is good fitness between the adsorbed curves of the Langmuir equation phosphorus and the Langmuir equation(P0.01). Compared with single fertilization, long-term applying of both fertilizer and dairy manure or straw can decrease K、MBC and crease DPS. However, there is a crosscurrent between Xm. P which will be desorbed more easily under the combined application of fertilizer and dairy manure when its concentration is low, and that will be opposite as the concentration ascends. Under the combined application of organic fertilizer and chemical fertilizer, P acts as a headstream with a low concentration while it acts as a sea with a high concentration.
2011, 26(6): 1039-1044.
Abstract:
This article through the cultivation experiment, studied the dynamic change of absorption-desorption ratios coastal wind sandy soil on the two kinds of calcium fertilizer under room temperature and 85% field water capacity condition.The results showed that coastal wind sandy soil on two kinds of calcium fertilizer is the negative adsorption on the first 7 day and positive adsorption start at the 20th day and reach the adsorption equilibrium at the 40th day, and then maintain to the 70th day.In the cultivate various stages were fitted by a quadratic equation, linear equation and Langmuir equation.Were available at various stages of training linear equations were fitted and Langmuir equation.Coastal wind sandy soil on two kinds calcium fertilizer absorption ratio is very low, but desorption rate is very high.When adsorption equilibrium the shell power and shell ash calcium adsorption rate only 11.0%-19.2% and 8.8%-15.8%; but desorption rate is 67.0%-76.3% and 72.4%-78.5%.Coastal wind sandy soil showed the highest sorption rate and the lowest rates of desorption when shell power and shell ash calcium applied 9 900、600 mgkg-1.
This article through the cultivation experiment, studied the dynamic change of absorption-desorption ratios coastal wind sandy soil on the two kinds of calcium fertilizer under room temperature and 85% field water capacity condition.The results showed that coastal wind sandy soil on two kinds of calcium fertilizer is the negative adsorption on the first 7 day and positive adsorption start at the 20th day and reach the adsorption equilibrium at the 40th day, and then maintain to the 70th day.In the cultivate various stages were fitted by a quadratic equation, linear equation and Langmuir equation.Were available at various stages of training linear equations were fitted and Langmuir equation.Coastal wind sandy soil on two kinds calcium fertilizer absorption ratio is very low, but desorption rate is very high.When adsorption equilibrium the shell power and shell ash calcium adsorption rate only 11.0%-19.2% and 8.8%-15.8%; but desorption rate is 67.0%-76.3% and 72.4%-78.5%.Coastal wind sandy soil showed the highest sorption rate and the lowest rates of desorption when shell power and shell ash calcium applied 9 900、600 mgkg-1.
2011, 26(6): 1045-1050.
Abstract:
Effect and recommended NPK fertilization for mustard green were studied with field experimentations.Thirty tests were conducted and the results showed that the average rate of soil fertility contributed to the mustard yield was merely 26.3%.The effect of yield increase by individual fertilizers was 55.5%, 14.1% and 15.3% for the applied N, P and K, respectively.The fertilization benefits as shown by the output/input ratios were 36.9 and 21.3 and 12.2 for N, P and K, respectively.The result indicated that there was a remarkable effect on yield with the applied fertilizers.Maximum yield was achieved by using Olsen-P and available K at the rate of 42 mgkg-1 and 88 mgkg-1, respectively.Optimal application rate and NPK proportion varied for soils of different fertilities.On average, the application rates for the soil of high fertility grade were N 315 kghm-2,P2O5 85 kghm-2 and K2O 146 kghm-2; those for the soil ofmedium fertility grade were N 348 kghm-2, P2O5 127 kghm-2 and K2O 196 kghm-2; and, those for the soil low fertility grade were N 319 kghm-2, P2O5 146 kghm-2 and K2O 241 kghm-2.The regression equations between the available NPK in soil and fertilizer application rate were established to facilitate proper fertilization according to soil testing results.
Effect and recommended NPK fertilization for mustard green were studied with field experimentations.Thirty tests were conducted and the results showed that the average rate of soil fertility contributed to the mustard yield was merely 26.3%.The effect of yield increase by individual fertilizers was 55.5%, 14.1% and 15.3% for the applied N, P and K, respectively.The fertilization benefits as shown by the output/input ratios were 36.9 and 21.3 and 12.2 for N, P and K, respectively.The result indicated that there was a remarkable effect on yield with the applied fertilizers.Maximum yield was achieved by using Olsen-P and available K at the rate of 42 mgkg-1 and 88 mgkg-1, respectively.Optimal application rate and NPK proportion varied for soils of different fertilities.On average, the application rates for the soil of high fertility grade were N 315 kghm-2,P2O5 85 kghm-2 and K2O 146 kghm-2; those for the soil ofmedium fertility grade were N 348 kghm-2, P2O5 127 kghm-2 and K2O 196 kghm-2; and, those for the soil low fertility grade were N 319 kghm-2, P2O5 146 kghm-2 and K2O 241 kghm-2.The regression equations between the available NPK in soil and fertilizer application rate were established to facilitate proper fertilization according to soil testing results.
2011, 26(6): 1051-1055.
Abstract:
Ten treatments designed by Random Blocks were used to study the effect of various base fertilizer applications on the yield and quality of butterbur on a medium fertility land.The results showed that (a) With a constant top dressing, the vegetable yield increaded with the increased fertilization within a certain range; (b) Taking economic factors into consideration, the application of ChaoDa Bio-organic Fertilizer at the rate of 2 400 kghm-2 as the base fertilizer produced an optimal result; (c) The contents of soluble sugars, soluble protein and crude fiber increased initially and decreased afterwards with the application of organic and inorganic fertilizers; (d) Application of organic fertilizer reduced, while inorganic fertilizer increased, the nitrate content; and, (e) Application of ChaoDa Bio-organic Fertilizer at the rate of 2 400 kghm-2 as the base fertilizer and AoLaiTe Fertilizer at the rate of 1 200 kghm-2 as the top dressing were found to be optimal for high yield and improved quality of butterbur on land of medium fertility grade.
Ten treatments designed by Random Blocks were used to study the effect of various base fertilizer applications on the yield and quality of butterbur on a medium fertility land.The results showed that (a) With a constant top dressing, the vegetable yield increaded with the increased fertilization within a certain range; (b) Taking economic factors into consideration, the application of ChaoDa Bio-organic Fertilizer at the rate of 2 400 kghm-2 as the base fertilizer produced an optimal result; (c) The contents of soluble sugars, soluble protein and crude fiber increased initially and decreased afterwards with the application of organic and inorganic fertilizers; (d) Application of organic fertilizer reduced, while inorganic fertilizer increased, the nitrate content; and, (e) Application of ChaoDa Bio-organic Fertilizer at the rate of 2 400 kghm-2 as the base fertilizer and AoLaiTe Fertilizer at the rate of 1 200 kghm-2 as the top dressing were found to be optimal for high yield and improved quality of butterbur on land of medium fertility grade.
2011, 26(6): 1056-1064.
Abstract:
Effect of Brevibacillus brevis LPF-1 on volatile organic compounds(VOCs)in hog manure degradation were studied with Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry(GS-MS).There were twelty-three VOCs in three samples under the condition of matching degree80 and relative content5%.A total of sixteen VOCs were detected in liquid fermentation of strain LPF-1, as compared to twelve VOCs in mix liquid of hog manure with three chlorobenzens and four phenolics and ten VOCs in mix liquid of hog manure and strain LPF-1 with a chlorobenzens and three phenolics.The results showed that sorts of chlorobenzens and phenolics could be reduced effectively by strain LPF-1 in hog manure decomposition.
Effect of Brevibacillus brevis LPF-1 on volatile organic compounds(VOCs)in hog manure degradation were studied with Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry(GS-MS).There were twelty-three VOCs in three samples under the condition of matching degree80 and relative content5%.A total of sixteen VOCs were detected in liquid fermentation of strain LPF-1, as compared to twelve VOCs in mix liquid of hog manure with three chlorobenzens and four phenolics and ten VOCs in mix liquid of hog manure and strain LPF-1 with a chlorobenzens and three phenolics.The results showed that sorts of chlorobenzens and phenolics could be reduced effectively by strain LPF-1 in hog manure decomposition.
2011, 26(6): 1065-1068.
Abstract:
By analyzing and comparing the arsenic content in the soil from a plough layer, a soil profile and a vegetable sample, all taking from several vegetable land in the Province of Fujian, we found that the total arsenic content in the plough layer of the cropland ranged from 3.79 to 13.21 mgkg-1, which accorded with the first level and the second of Fujian soil standard.Arsenic pollution index (P) in the plough layer ranged from 0.26 to 0.88 (P1), which indicated zero pollution of the arsenic in the soil.The content of total arsenic was found the most abundant in the substratum, second most in the subsoil layer, and the least in the cultivated horizon.In different parts of the vegetable, the distribution of the arsenic content followed the rule (ranking from the most to the least): root, stem, leaf or root, leaf, and stem.
By analyzing and comparing the arsenic content in the soil from a plough layer, a soil profile and a vegetable sample, all taking from several vegetable land in the Province of Fujian, we found that the total arsenic content in the plough layer of the cropland ranged from 3.79 to 13.21 mgkg-1, which accorded with the first level and the second of Fujian soil standard.Arsenic pollution index (P) in the plough layer ranged from 0.26 to 0.88 (P1), which indicated zero pollution of the arsenic in the soil.The content of total arsenic was found the most abundant in the substratum, second most in the subsoil layer, and the least in the cultivated horizon.In different parts of the vegetable, the distribution of the arsenic content followed the rule (ranking from the most to the least): root, stem, leaf or root, leaf, and stem.
2011, 26(6): 1069-1075.
Abstract:
Using the method of Salt gradient Suspension to determine the suspensions ability of pig litter at different fermentation level in the microbial fermentation bed, as well as, based on the appearance of litter, the level degree of fermentation was established. Thirty samples taken from the piggery were classified into four groups. The first group was characterized with shallow degree of litter fermentation, the second group with medium degree, the third group with deep degree, the fourth group with profound. Combining the multiple linear regression, the mathematical equation of the fermentation index of pig litter was established, that was: Y=3.9932-0.0046X1+0.0531X2-0.0484X3-0.0083X4-0.0179 X5-0.0404X6(r=0.9420). The result indicated that the degree of fermentation of unknown litter were judged fast and accurately by utilizing the mathematical equation to determine the fermentation index of unknown pig litter.
Using the method of Salt gradient Suspension to determine the suspensions ability of pig litter at different fermentation level in the microbial fermentation bed, as well as, based on the appearance of litter, the level degree of fermentation was established. Thirty samples taken from the piggery were classified into four groups. The first group was characterized with shallow degree of litter fermentation, the second group with medium degree, the third group with deep degree, the fourth group with profound. Combining the multiple linear regression, the mathematical equation of the fermentation index of pig litter was established, that was: Y=3.9932-0.0046X1+0.0531X2-0.0484X3-0.0083X4-0.0179 X5-0.0404X6(r=0.9420). The result indicated that the degree of fermentation of unknown litter were judged fast and accurately by utilizing the mathematical equation to determine the fermentation index of unknown pig litter.
2011, 26(6): 1076-1080.
Abstract:
This paper introduced a method that based on the reaction of primary amino groups with o-phthaldialdehyde (OPA) for determining the hydrolytic degree of cottonseed protein.Neutral protease was used to hydrolyze cottonseed protein and the degree of hydrolysis (DH) was compared with three assay methods, i.e.o-phthaldialdehyde method, formaldehyde titration method and ninhydrin colorimetric method.Comparing with formaldehyde titration and ninhydrin colorimetric methods, results showed that OPA method performed more accurate and faster in analyzing, easier to handle, repeatable in results and friendly for environment.It is recommended that OPA method is an appropriate method for evaluating in hydrolytic degree of cottonseed protein.
This paper introduced a method that based on the reaction of primary amino groups with o-phthaldialdehyde (OPA) for determining the hydrolytic degree of cottonseed protein.Neutral protease was used to hydrolyze cottonseed protein and the degree of hydrolysis (DH) was compared with three assay methods, i.e.o-phthaldialdehyde method, formaldehyde titration method and ninhydrin colorimetric method.Comparing with formaldehyde titration and ninhydrin colorimetric methods, results showed that OPA method performed more accurate and faster in analyzing, easier to handle, repeatable in results and friendly for environment.It is recommended that OPA method is an appropriate method for evaluating in hydrolytic degree of cottonseed protein.
2011, 26(6): 1081-1085.
Abstract:
This paper presents a developmental platform for the agriculture expert system based on the 3G/Smartphone technology.DepAes, applying the dichotomous reasoning method, could be used for the development of expert information and mathematical mode1s by searching for nodes within dichotomous trees of the data-structure.It was designed to be a generalized platform for agricultural professionals to develop their own multimedia expert systems.DepAes was friendly for data entry, simple in operation, and open for sharing.Therefore, it should be useful for the development of agricultural informatization.As the demand for mobile communications grows constantly, the Smartphone and 3G mobile technologies were deemed to be adapted for the agriculture mobile information processing and mobile computing as well.Establishment of DepAes platform would facilitate such development.
This paper presents a developmental platform for the agriculture expert system based on the 3G/Smartphone technology.DepAes, applying the dichotomous reasoning method, could be used for the development of expert information and mathematical mode1s by searching for nodes within dichotomous trees of the data-structure.It was designed to be a generalized platform for agricultural professionals to develop their own multimedia expert systems.DepAes was friendly for data entry, simple in operation, and open for sharing.Therefore, it should be useful for the development of agricultural informatization.As the demand for mobile communications grows constantly, the Smartphone and 3G mobile technologies were deemed to be adapted for the agriculture mobile information processing and mobile computing as well.Establishment of DepAes platform would facilitate such development.
2011, 26(6): 1086-1090.
Abstract:
Agricultural activities are important in response to the global climate changing.In this paper, various law-carbon agricultural models have been discussed by the key points of increasing the efficiency in saving and improving resource utilization, decreasing the release of agro-wastes or reusing of the wastes, as well as developing the agriculture on vertically distribution.Based on the regional characteristics in agriculture, some suggestions were also given for the development of the models.
Agricultural activities are important in response to the global climate changing.In this paper, various law-carbon agricultural models have been discussed by the key points of increasing the efficiency in saving and improving resource utilization, decreasing the release of agro-wastes or reusing of the wastes, as well as developing the agriculture on vertically distribution.Based on the regional characteristics in agriculture, some suggestions were also given for the development of the models.
2011, 26(6): 1091-1095.
Abstract:
On the basis of the existing theories and methods for the performance assessment of the basic research projects currently conducted in the province, an evaluation system was proposed.It follows the principles of systematism, orientation, representative, quantification, and combination of stock and increment.Applying AHP method and consulting specialists, an index system of Performance Assessment for Basic Research was constructed.An empirical assessment and analysis for years 2009 and 2010 was held.Evaluation results and existing problems, as well as, suggestions for improvement are presented.
On the basis of the existing theories and methods for the performance assessment of the basic research projects currently conducted in the province, an evaluation system was proposed.It follows the principles of systematism, orientation, representative, quantification, and combination of stock and increment.Applying AHP method and consulting specialists, an index system of Performance Assessment for Basic Research was constructed.An empirical assessment and analysis for years 2009 and 2010 was held.Evaluation results and existing problems, as well as, suggestions for improvement are presented.
2011, 26(6): 1096-1100.
Abstract:
Quatic product safety has become an important public health problem, the most prominent is the drug residue problem. Safe aquatic feed is the base for producing aquatic products, and the quality of aquatic products (such as fish meal) as a raw material for feed production would affect the safety of feed. These two aspects complement each other. This paper illustrates the relationship of drug residue between aquatic feed and product , the causes and the hazards of drug residues, puts forward countermeasures and points out it is a long and arduous task to deal with safety issue in aquatic feed and products. For practitioners, they should be aware of the causes and hazards of drug residues, and take appropriate measures to minimize the harm. For administrators, they should accelerate setting and improving the policies and regulations of industry ,and strengthen supervision.
Quatic product safety has become an important public health problem, the most prominent is the drug residue problem. Safe aquatic feed is the base for producing aquatic products, and the quality of aquatic products (such as fish meal) as a raw material for feed production would affect the safety of feed. These two aspects complement each other. This paper illustrates the relationship of drug residue between aquatic feed and product , the causes and the hazards of drug residues, puts forward countermeasures and points out it is a long and arduous task to deal with safety issue in aquatic feed and products. For practitioners, they should be aware of the causes and hazards of drug residues, and take appropriate measures to minimize the harm. For administrators, they should accelerate setting and improving the policies and regulations of industry ,and strengthen supervision.
2011, 26(6): 1101-1112.
Abstract:
The restorer line Minghui63 of hybrid rice was most widely utilized, popular for the longest time, the largest planting area, and most significant yield increasing in hybrid rice combinations bred during past 30 years. In the meanwhile, it will be continued to play a unique role in hybrid rice bred in China. So Minghui63 was a milestone as one of the main parents to breed restorer lines for the renewal of hybrid rice combinations. With the extension of hybrid rice in the world, Minghui63, the restorer line was widely crossed to prepare new hybrid rice combinations with different male sterile lines of hybrid rice. Up to 2009, there were 34 combinations of hybrid rice approved by the national and provincial crop variety registration committee, and four of them were approved by the national authorities in China. The statistics indicated that the total planting area of hybrid rice combinations derived from Minghui63 was 84.144 million hectare, about 24.51% of the total planting area of hybrid rice in China from 1984 to 2009. Furthermore, Up to 2009, 544 new restorer lines were bred successfully derived from Minghui63 as the main parent in China. 924 combinations of hybrid rice with these new restorer lines were approved by the national and provincial crop variety registration committee. The total planting area of hybrid rice combinations from these new restorer lines derived from one of parent Minghui63 was 81.093 million hectare, about 28.23% of the total growing area of hybrid rice in China from 1990 to 2009. Moreover, Minghui63 was a germplasm for molecular biology research. There were mainly forty three genes mapped in the different chromosome of Minghui63, and nine of them had been cloned. On molecular breeding of Minghui63, it were mainly transplanted or introgressed insect、herbicide、blast、Bacterial blight、brown planthopper resistance gene and Yield-enhancing QTL。At the last, the theory of four characteristics integrated comprising high yield, good quality, stress resistance and wide adaptability was put forward based on practice of hybrid rice bred and prospecting breeding of super hybrid rice in the future.
The restorer line Minghui63 of hybrid rice was most widely utilized, popular for the longest time, the largest planting area, and most significant yield increasing in hybrid rice combinations bred during past 30 years. In the meanwhile, it will be continued to play a unique role in hybrid rice bred in China. So Minghui63 was a milestone as one of the main parents to breed restorer lines for the renewal of hybrid rice combinations. With the extension of hybrid rice in the world, Minghui63, the restorer line was widely crossed to prepare new hybrid rice combinations with different male sterile lines of hybrid rice. Up to 2009, there were 34 combinations of hybrid rice approved by the national and provincial crop variety registration committee, and four of them were approved by the national authorities in China. The statistics indicated that the total planting area of hybrid rice combinations derived from Minghui63 was 84.144 million hectare, about 24.51% of the total planting area of hybrid rice in China from 1984 to 2009. Furthermore, Up to 2009, 544 new restorer lines were bred successfully derived from Minghui63 as the main parent in China. 924 combinations of hybrid rice with these new restorer lines were approved by the national and provincial crop variety registration committee. The total planting area of hybrid rice combinations from these new restorer lines derived from one of parent Minghui63 was 81.093 million hectare, about 28.23% of the total growing area of hybrid rice in China from 1990 to 2009. Moreover, Minghui63 was a germplasm for molecular biology research. There were mainly forty three genes mapped in the different chromosome of Minghui63, and nine of them had been cloned. On molecular breeding of Minghui63, it were mainly transplanted or introgressed insect、herbicide、blast、Bacterial blight、brown planthopper resistance gene and Yield-enhancing QTL。At the last, the theory of four characteristics integrated comprising high yield, good quality, stress resistance and wide adaptability was put forward based on practice of hybrid rice bred and prospecting breeding of super hybrid rice in the future.
2011, 26(6): 1113-1122.
Abstract:
Soil organic carbon is an important component of the global carbon cycle,and it has direct effects on the global carbon balance.Orchard is an important part of the land use pattern, the area of which accounted for 1.15% of the total land area in China.The research on soil organic carbon sequestration in orchards is an important scientific basis to accurately evaluate carbon sequestration potential of terrestrial ecosystems.This paper reviews the research results on the soil labile and stabile organic carbon, with the focus on the dynamics of their fractions in separation, content and allocation proportion under different land use type.Effects of climatic factors, soil texture, fertilizer, farming, surface cover and human trampling on soil organic carbon pool are analyzed, respectively.Finally, this summary highlights existing problems of soil organic carbon stock on orchard ecosystem and suggests future directions for progress together with some future topics for research.
Soil organic carbon is an important component of the global carbon cycle,and it has direct effects on the global carbon balance.Orchard is an important part of the land use pattern, the area of which accounted for 1.15% of the total land area in China.The research on soil organic carbon sequestration in orchards is an important scientific basis to accurately evaluate carbon sequestration potential of terrestrial ecosystems.This paper reviews the research results on the soil labile and stabile organic carbon, with the focus on the dynamics of their fractions in separation, content and allocation proportion under different land use type.Effects of climatic factors, soil texture, fertilizer, farming, surface cover and human trampling on soil organic carbon pool are analyzed, respectively.Finally, this summary highlights existing problems of soil organic carbon stock on orchard ecosystem and suggests future directions for progress together with some future topics for research.
2011, 26(6): 1123-1128.
Abstract:
Based on the excellent property in safety, nontoxicity and physicochemical unique, gellan gum has been widely used in industrial production with strong potential in market competition.This paper gives a review about the structure、physical and chemical characteristics, biosynthesis pathway of the gellan gum, its fermentation and application in food industry.In addition, a brief introduction in regarding to the development of gellan gum industry in china was also mentioned.
Based on the excellent property in safety, nontoxicity and physicochemical unique, gellan gum has been widely used in industrial production with strong potential in market competition.This paper gives a review about the structure、physical and chemical characteristics, biosynthesis pathway of the gellan gum, its fermentation and application in food industry.In addition, a brief introduction in regarding to the development of gellan gum industry in china was also mentioned.
2011, 26(6): 1129-1134.
Abstract:
Flavanoids, anthocyanins, carotenoids and vitamins contained in fruits have been considered as important functional compounds mainly for their biological actives in antioxidants, free radical scavenger, cancer prevention, anti-inflammation and anti-anaphylaxis.In this article, the content and composition of the compounds were compared among fruit varieties, the application and the efficiency of which in food, medication and chemical industries were reviewed.It suggests that the researches should focus more on monomer components in their functions and processing, and on various by-products of fruit for their comprehensive utilization.
Flavanoids, anthocyanins, carotenoids and vitamins contained in fruits have been considered as important functional compounds mainly for their biological actives in antioxidants, free radical scavenger, cancer prevention, anti-inflammation and anti-anaphylaxis.In this article, the content and composition of the compounds were compared among fruit varieties, the application and the efficiency of which in food, medication and chemical industries were reviewed.It suggests that the researches should focus more on monomer components in their functions and processing, and on various by-products of fruit for their comprehensive utilization.
2011, 26(6): 1135-1141.
Abstract:
This paper reviews the recent research progress in China and abroad on the pool size, composition and eco-functions of the soluble organic nitrogen (SON) in soil in the forestry ecosystem.The SON content in forest soil varied with soils, forest types, climate conditions and analytical methods.The soil SON content in the mineral layer is generally between 1 mgkg-1 and 87 mgkg-1.It ranges from 23 mgkg-1 to 448 mgkg-1 in the organic layer.They account for 16%-96% of the total soluble nitrogen in the soil.Soil SON includes a mixture of nitrogenous compounds of different structure, including ammonia nitrogen, amino acids and ammonia sugar.Forest plants can utilize low molecular weight SON(such as artificial fertilization of amino acids).However, no evidence has been shown that the plants could directly absorb the natural SON in soil.Forest soil SON is a very important nitrogen source.It plays a significant role in the nitrogen cycle in the forestry ecosystem.Future research on forest soil SON should focus on chemical and biological properties of SON, dynamic characteristics of soil natural SON, nutritional functions of the natural SON in N-limited forestry ecosystem, eco-function evaluation of SON, impact of microorganisms on SON kinetics in the forest ecosystem and direct uptake of SON by forest plants.
This paper reviews the recent research progress in China and abroad on the pool size, composition and eco-functions of the soluble organic nitrogen (SON) in soil in the forestry ecosystem.The SON content in forest soil varied with soils, forest types, climate conditions and analytical methods.The soil SON content in the mineral layer is generally between 1 mgkg-1 and 87 mgkg-1.It ranges from 23 mgkg-1 to 448 mgkg-1 in the organic layer.They account for 16%-96% of the total soluble nitrogen in the soil.Soil SON includes a mixture of nitrogenous compounds of different structure, including ammonia nitrogen, amino acids and ammonia sugar.Forest plants can utilize low molecular weight SON(such as artificial fertilization of amino acids).However, no evidence has been shown that the plants could directly absorb the natural SON in soil.Forest soil SON is a very important nitrogen source.It plays a significant role in the nitrogen cycle in the forestry ecosystem.Future research on forest soil SON should focus on chemical and biological properties of SON, dynamic characteristics of soil natural SON, nutritional functions of the natural SON in N-limited forestry ecosystem, eco-function evaluation of SON, impact of microorganisms on SON kinetics in the forest ecosystem and direct uptake of SON by forest plants.
2011, 26(6): 1142-1145.
Abstract:
This study was designed to use bamboo shed in an attempt to promote the fruit-bearing of Zaozhong Ⅵ loguat.Environmental conditions relating to loquat fruiting was investigated for the purpose of optimizing the cultivation.A random block design was applied to generate needed data.The result showed that the fruits could be harvested 17.74 days ahead of schedule with implementation of the optimized conditions in the shed.Particularly when the outside temperature was high, the more beneficial for the fruit-bearing.The plant growth curves under the experimental, as well as control conditions followed a Logistic (S) equation.The experimental growth curve yielded an accumulated temperature of 1 419.205 3℃, while the control, 1 021.887 8℃.The longitudinal and latitudinal diameters of the fruit crossed at a rate of approximately 50%.The rate of diseased fruits for the experimental group was 27.33%, while the control group, 19.33%.On the fruit weight, the experimental fruits tended to be 4.2 g per fruit lighter than the control.The soluble solid content of the treatment fruits was 22.2% higher, but the edible portion, 2.74% lower, than those of the control.
This study was designed to use bamboo shed in an attempt to promote the fruit-bearing of Zaozhong Ⅵ loguat.Environmental conditions relating to loquat fruiting was investigated for the purpose of optimizing the cultivation.A random block design was applied to generate needed data.The result showed that the fruits could be harvested 17.74 days ahead of schedule with implementation of the optimized conditions in the shed.Particularly when the outside temperature was high, the more beneficial for the fruit-bearing.The plant growth curves under the experimental, as well as control conditions followed a Logistic (S) equation.The experimental growth curve yielded an accumulated temperature of 1 419.205 3℃, while the control, 1 021.887 8℃.The longitudinal and latitudinal diameters of the fruit crossed at a rate of approximately 50%.The rate of diseased fruits for the experimental group was 27.33%, while the control group, 19.33%.On the fruit weight, the experimental fruits tended to be 4.2 g per fruit lighter than the control.The soluble solid content of the treatment fruits was 22.2% higher, but the edible portion, 2.74% lower, than those of the control.
