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Cloning and expression characteristics of BsDFR gene of Bougainvillea spectabilis
SUN Rong, LIU Tao, PAN Kaiyue, LIU Shan, DIAO Yi, ZENG Daoping
[Abstract](67) [FullText HTML](31) [PDF 2773KB](5)
Abstract:
  Objective  The Bougainvillea spectabilis dihydroflavonol-4-reductase (DFR) gene was cloned and characterized to explore its function in the color formation of bracts.   Method  The BsDFR gene was cloned based on the transcriptome data of B. spectabilis. The biological information of BsDFR gene was analyzed. The molecular docking technology was used to predict substrate specificity of BsDFR. Then the quantitative real-time PCR assay was used to examine the gene relative transcription levels in different color B. spectabilis.   Result  The full-length coding sequence of BsDFR (GenBank ID: ON417750) was 987 bp, encoding 328 amino acids. The BsDFR protein had a calculated molecular mass of 36.49 kDa and an isoelectric point of 6.33. It has NADPH and substrate specific binding sites unique to DFR, belongs to Asn type DFR, does not have transmembrane structure and signal peptide. Subcellular localization analysis indicated that it was cytoplasmic protein. The most abundant secondary structure were alpha helices. In addition, the tertiary structure prediction showed that it is a dimer protein. The substrate docking simulation predicts that BsDFR has catalytic activity for dihydrokaempferol, dihydroquercetin, and dihydromyricetin, which is consistent with the structural analysis. Moreover, The phylogenetic tree analysis showed that it was grouped with Caryophyllales plants. qRT-PCR analysis found that it has high expression levels in orange series B. spectabilis. Therefore the results speculated that its main substrate may be DHK. BsDFR catalyzed DHK to produce leucopelargonidin, which is a precursor of orange anthocyanidin-pelargonidin.   Conclusion  In conclusion, BsDFR gene in B. spectabilis has typical molecular characteristics of plant dihydroflavonol-4-reductase, and mainly involved in the synthesis of pigments in the bracts of orange series B. spectabilis.
Analysis of volatile components and free amino acid in pericarp of Yellow Passion Fruit at fruit developmental phase
WU Bin, HUANG Dongmei, XING Wenting, HUANG Lixiong, YANG Qijun, SONG Shun
[Abstract](117) [FullText HTML](91) [PDF 996KB](6)
Abstract:
:   Objective  To study the composition and dynamic changes of volatile substances and free amino acids in pericarp of Yellow Passion Fruit at fruit developmental phase, and clarify the key flavor amino acids and characteristic volatile components were identified, which provided theoretical reference for aromatic regulation, product development and comprehensive utilization at pericarp of Yellow Passion Fruit.   Method  In this study, the dynamic changes of free amino acids and volatile substances in pericarp of Yellow Passion Fruit at fruit developmental phase(T1—T7) were analyzed by amino acid analyzer and headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS), and the differences were analyzed.   Result  In the pericarp, a total of 15 free amino acids (FAA) were detected. The content of aromatic amino acids in the flavor amino acids was the highest, reaching its maximum at T7 (98.48 mg/100 g), accounting for 39.03%. According to OPLS-DA and TAV analysis, Cystine was the key flavor amino acid affecting aroma formation. Additionally, we detected 90 volatile substances in the pericarp, with aldehydes were the main volatile substances in the T1-T6 period, while terpenes were the main volatile substances in the T7 period. Through OPLS-DA and ROAV analysis, we identified 9 kinds of characteristic difference volatile components, among which 1-Octene 3-one was the main volatile substance at T1-T5 period, followed by Benzaldehyde (T1-T4) and heptaldehyde (T5), and the contribution of (E)-β-damascenone was the greatest at T6 and T7 periods.   Conclusion  Cystine is the key flavor amino acid that affects the aroma formation of the pericarp of Yellow Passion Fruit. The volatile substances in the pericarp of Yellow Passion Fruit are specific at fruit developmental phase, in which 1-Octene 3-one is dominant at the pericarp coloring stage (T1-T5), and (E)-β-damalenone is the largest contribution in the full maturation stage (T6 and T7).
Characteristics and analysis of simple sequence Repeats(SSR)in zicaitai mitochondrial Genome
XIAO Wan-yu, ZHOU Xian-yu, REN Hai-long, HUANG Hong-di, ZHENG Yan-song, ZHANG Jing, XU Dong-lin
[Abstract](38) [FullText HTML](18) [PDF 1485KB](1)
Abstract:
  Objective  The distribution characteristics of SSR sequences in the mitochondrial genome of the zicaitai (Brassica rapa var. Purpuraria) were analyzed and compared with the major species of the Brassica genus, in order to provide reference for the development of SSR molecular markers and genetic evolution research of zicaitai.   Method  MISA software was used to search the mitochondrial genome of zicaitai and six basic species of Brassica, including 3 varieties of Brassica rapa, and then the SSR sequence distribution characteristics were compared and analyzed.   Result  In the mitochondrial genome of zicaitai and six basic species of Brassica, including 3 varieties of Brassica rapa, 168, 170, 167, 168, 180, 280, 185, 165 and 179 complete SSR sequences were screened, with relative densities of 764 /Mb, 774 /Mb, 760 /Mb, 764 /Mb, 775 /Mb, 777 /Mb, 721 /Mb, 744 /Mb and 771 /Mb, respectively. Total length of SSR sequences were 1562 bp, 1577 bp, 1547 bp, 1562 bp, 1664 bp, 2564 bp, 1722 bp, 1524 bp and 1646 bp, accounted for 0.71%, 0.72%, 0.70%, 0.71%, 0.72%, 0.71%, 0.67%, 0.69% and 0.71% of the total sequence length respectively. Among the 1~6 different nucleotide repeat units, the single nucleotide repeat units were the most inzicaitai and six basic species of Brassica, followed by dinucleotide, tetranucleotide, trinucleotide and pentanucleotide repeat units, while no hexonucleotide repeat unit was found. A/T, AG/CT, AT/AT and C/G were common repeat unit types in mitochondrial genome of Brassica.  Conclusion  The mitochondrial genome of zicaitai has a size of 219,779 bp, and a total of 168 SSR molecular markers were screened, with a relative density of 764 markers/Mb and an average length of 9 bp. Single nucleotide repeat units were the most abundant type, followed by di- and tetra-nucleotide repeat units, which have great potential for developing highly polymorphic markers.
Optimization of Antrodia camphorata-Pseudostellaria heterophylla bi-directional liquid fermentation medium and effect analysis
ZHAO Shengyue, WU Xiaohuan, JIANG Chunling, ZHANG Yu, ZHENG Shizhong, LIU Shengrong, YE Zhuyun
[Abstract](19) [FullText HTML](10) [PDF 1042KB](0)
Abstract:
  Objective  To effectively utilize the by-product resources of Pseudostellaria heterophylla, and to increase the mycelium yield and promote the synthesis of bioactive compositions of Antrodia camphorata.   Methods  Using the powder of P. heterophylla root hair as a major medium component, Plackett-Burman design was used to screen out the components that had important influence on the mycelial growth of A. camphorata. The composition of the medium was optimized by orthogonal test.   Results  The screening test showed that glucose, yeast extract, peptone and KH2PO4 had great impact on the mycelial growth of A. camphorata. The optimized media comprised of 6 g·L−1 P. heterophylla, 10 g·L−1 glucose, 4 g·L−1 yeast extract, 6 g·L−1 peptone, and 1.5 g·L−1 KH2PO41.5g·L−1. Using optimized medium, the biomass reached 4.73 g·L−1, and compared with the control medium and PDB medium, the content of intracellular triterpenoids increased by 2.75% and 24.85%, respectively, and the production of exopolysaccharides increased by 161.11% and 113.64%. The fermentation broth contained a high density of asexual spores, reaching 1.8×107 spores·mL−1.   Conclusion  P. heterophylla is a suitable Chinese medicine material for A. camphorate bi-directional fermentation, and it could promote the mycelial growth, the production of bioactive constituents and the formation of asexual spores of A. camphorata. The present study provided a new way for the utilization of by-product resources of P. heterophylla.
Breeding and application of a new aromatic, high-quality and high yield hybrid rice variety Yexiangyou 669
ZHU Yongsheng, WEI Yidong, LI Qixiang, ZHENG Feiyan, CAI Qiuhua, DONG Ruixia, CHEN Liping, JIANG Jiahuan, WU Fangxi, XIE Huaan, ZHANG Jianfu
[Abstract](23) [FullText HTML](19) [PDF 694KB](3)
Abstract:
  Objective  Breeding and application of high-quality rice varieties that coordinate yield, quality, and disease resistance in production.   Method  By utilizing the genetic diversity and complementarity of agronomic traits between parents, the male parent Fuhui 669 with high yield and high combining ability was hybridized with the fragrant, high-quality, and disease-resistant male sterile line YexiangA. Combined with multiple ecological resistance identification, quality analysis after high temperature maturation, and years of multi-point comparison test.  Result  A high-quality, high-yield, disease-resistant, and plant type coordinated hybrid rice variety Yexiangyou 669 was bred. Yexiangyou 669 participated in the regional trial of mid season rice in Fujian Province from 2019 to 2020. The average growth period of the whole two test years was 139.8 days, which was 1.1 days earlier than the control II You 3301. The average yield was 9363 kg·hm−2, which increased by 2.24% compared to the control, but did not reach a significant level. The comprehensive evaluation of rice blast resistance in two years indicates resistance to rice blast, and the rice quality comes up to the quality standards of first grade high-quality edible rice varieties issued by the Ministry. In 2021, it was approved by the Fujian Provincial Crop Approval Committee (Min Approval Rice 20210014). Yexiangyou 669 has pyramided 22 favorable genes from both parents, of which 6 are carried unilaterally and 16 are carried by both parents.  Conclusion  Yexiangyou 669 has high yield, strong disease resistance, good quality, and good taste. It is widely promoted and applied in production and is one of the main agricultural varieties promoted in Fujian Province.
Obtaining High Amylose Rice Germplasm by CRISPR/Cas9 Gene Editing Technology
WU Min, HUANG Juan, SHI Taoxiong, ZHU Liwei, DENG Jiao, LIANG Chenggang, WANG Yan, LIU Fei, LI Rong, CAI Fang, CHEN Qingfu
[Abstract](42) [FullText HTML](19) [PDF 3590KB](1)
Abstract:
  Objective  This study intended to create new germplasm with high amylose by genetically improvement of rice variety ‘Zhonghua 11’ using CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing technology.   Method  The rice starch branching enzyme gene, OsSBE3, was targeted edited by CRISPR/Cas9 editing system. The homozygous mutants with T-DNA free was identified by PCR technique, and its starch content is determined.   Result  Ten mutant lines were obtained from the T0 generation, and five homozygous mutants with T-DNA free lines were obtained from the T1 generation, among which four lines (sbe3-22-6, sbe3-25-3, Sbe3-25-4 and sbe3-25-6) had significantly higher amylose content and the ratio of amylose to amylopectin than those of the wild type.   Conclusion  This study created a series of new rice germplasms with high amylose content, which provides a foundation for rice quality improvement.
Study on host selectivity of ectomycorrhizal fungi under Pinus massoniana and Castanopsis carlesii forests
ZHANG Xiaohui, XIE Rongzhang, ZHANG Jinyan, MAN Jiayin, SUN Daizhen, DENG Zongjie, WEI Lihua, LIAN Chunlan
[Abstract](18) [FullText HTML](10) [PDF 1548KB](2)
Abstract:
:   Objective  Ectomycorrhiza (ECM) is a mutualistic symbiont formed by the mutual selection of Ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECMF) and plants in the long evolutionary process. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to explore the host selection of ECMF in the symbiotic process.   Method  In this study, different soil fungal sources (Pinus massoniana soil (PmS) and Castanopsis carlesii soil (CcS)) were used to inoculate Pinus massoniana (Pm) and Castanopsis uraiana (Cu), respectively (Pm-PmS, Pm-CcS, Cu-PmS, Cu-CcS). After 6 months of cultivation, ITS was used for mycorrhizal identification. The frequency, infection rate, relative abundance, relative frequency, richness and diversity of ECMF in P. massoniana and C. uraiana roots under different soil fungal sources were detected and calculated, and the seedling growth index and soil physical and chemical properties were determined.   Result  The pH value, total phosphorus content, total carbon content and available phosphorus content of C. carlesii soil were significantly higher than those of P. massoniana soil, and the shoot dry weight and root length of seedlings after inoculation were significantly higher than those of P. massoniana soil. A total of 19 OTUs of ECMF were detected in the two soils, belonging to 7 families and 10 genera, respectively. Cenococum geophilum, Rhizopogon boninensis and Tomentella sp.2 were common in the two soils. Among the 13 ECMF identified in the soil of P. massoniana forest, 8 species could infect P. massoniana and 6 species could infect C. uraiana. Among the 9 ECMF identified in the soil of C. carlesii forest, 4 species could infect P. massoniana, and 7 species could infect C. uraiana. Both C. geophilum and Sebacina sp.2 could establish symbiotic relationship with P. massoniana and C. uraiana; Hyaloscyphaceae sp., Lactarius inconspicuous, Rh. boninensis, Rh. flavidus, Tomentella sp.1, Tomentella sp.3 and Tomentellopsis submollis only infected P. massoniana; Athelia sp., Amanita sp., L. atrofuscus, Russula minor, Russula sp., Sebacina sp.1, Thelephora sp.1, Thelephora sp.2 and Tomentella sp.4 only infected C. uraiana. The ECMF richness index (IV), Shannon index (H') and Simpson index (D) of P. massoniana soil were higher than those of C. carlesii soil, so the community composition of P. massoniana soil was more abundant than that of C. carlesii soil. However, the Sorensen index of P. massoniana soil inoculated with different host plants (0.14) was lower than that of C. carlesii soil (0.36). The infection rate of some ECMF is closely related to the physiological and ecological indexes of the host.   Conclusion  ECM is a symbiotic relationship established by long-term co-evolution with tree species. Therefore, ECMF in P. massoniana soil is more likely to infect P. massoniana, while ECMF in C. carlesii soil is more likely to infect C. uraiana, which is also Fagaceae. The ECMF of P. massoniana soil is more selective to host plants than that of C. carlesii soil. Although the physical and chemical properties of soil affected the infection rate to a certain extent, the colonization of ECMF was mainly affected by host plants. This study provides a theoretical reference for elucidating the selectivity of ECMF to the host and the co-evolution of the two.
Genetic Diversity Analysis and DNA Fingerprints Construction of Tea Germplasm Resources in Yongtai, Fujian
WANG Pan, YU Wentao, LV Shuiyuan, ZHU Yanyu, LAN Zhenliang, LI Qingying, LI Guolai, GUI Wenjing, YE Naixing1
[Abstract](50) [FullText HTML](19) [PDF 2357KB](6)
Abstract:
  Objective  To analyze the genetic diversity and population structure of tea plant germplasm resources in Yongtai County, explore the genetic relationships among different tea plant populations, and provide a basis for the collection and utilization of local tea plant germplasm resources and excellent germplasm.  Method  Using EST-SNP molecular marker technology to analyze the genetic relationships and diversity of 77 tea plant germplasm resources in Yongtai and its surrounding areas.  Result  A total of 48 SNP loci suitable for identifying Yongtai tea plant germplasm were ultimately selected. The average polymorphism information index of these SNP loci is 0.407, the average observed heterozygosity is 0.303, the average expected heterozygosity is 0.271, the average fixed index is -0.092, and the average frequency of secondary alleles is 0.268. Through principal coordinate analysis, cluster analysis and structure population structure analysis, it is found that the communication within the same population of Yongtai tea plant germplasm is stronger than the communication between different populations, and the tea plant germplasm of Wutong is quite different from the germplasm of Fukou, Danyun and other places. The genetic distance between the two is far, but the genetic relationship with the tea plants of Youxi and Datian is relatively close. In addition, DNA fingerprints of 54 Yongtai tea plant germplasm were constructed using 48 high-quality SNP loci selected, which can be used for precise identification of related tea plant germplasm.  Conclusion  Yongtai County is rich in tea plant germplasm resources. Wutong tea plant germplasm resources are relatively independent from tea germplasm resources in Fukou, Danyun and other places. Yongtai tea germplasm resources can be divided into two groups based on their geographical location: the production area of Wutong Town and other areas. The tea resources in Wutong Town are closely related to the tea resources in Datian and Youxi, while the tea resources in Fukou, Danyun, and other places are more closely related to the tea resources in the north of Yongtai County.
Study on the role of tail fiber protein in phage adsorption to Riemerella anatipestifer
LIU Na, HUANG Yu, CHEN Hongmei, JIANG Nansong, LIU Rongchang, FU Guanghua, FU Qiuling, LIANG Qizhang, WAN Chunhe, LI Ang, CHENG Longfei
[Abstract](16) [FullText HTML](23) [PDF 1816KB](0)
Abstract:
:   Objective  The Riemerella anatipestifer phage CRP2 was selected as the research object. The effect of tail fiber protein (TFP) on phage adsorption function was studied.   Method  The putative TFP gene of ORF70 was cloned. The recombinant expression vector pET28a(+)-TFP was constructed and induced to express in E. coli BL21(DE3). The recombinant proteins were purified by Ni-NTA affinity chromatography. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine the binding effect of the recombinant protein with the outer membrane protein (OMP) of CRP2 host bacteria. The competitive adsorption test was used to determine the effect of recombinant proteins on the adsorption rate of CRP2.   Result  The recombinant plasmids of pET28a(+)-TFP was successfully constructed and expressed in E. coli. The purified recombinant protein rTFP could bind to the OMP of the host bacteria. The adsorption of CRP2 to host bacteria could be suppressed by rTFP.   Conclusion  The TFP encoded by ORF70 is one receptor binding protein of phage CRP2, which corresponding receptor is the OMP of the host bacteria.
Research Progress in Plant Glandular Trichomes Secretions
QI Chaofan, LIU Yanhua, LIU Jing, DU Yongmei, LIU Xinmin, HAN Xiao, LEI Yunkang, ZHANG Hongbo, FU Qiujuan, OUYANG Yiming, LIU Guoxia
[Abstract](70) [FullText HTML](36) [PDF 1469KB](11)
Abstract:
Plant glandular trichomes (GTs) are secretory plant epidermal hairs covering on the surface of stems, leaves, floral organs and even fruits, which produce glandular trichome secretions that are resistant to biotic and abiotic stresses. They have been called the "biosynthesis factory". Plant glandular trichome secretions belong to secondary metabolites that have important development and utilization value in the fields of medical care, plant pesticides and food industry. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the research progress on the types of plant glandular trichomes, secretion types, extraction and isolation, and functional activity. Finally, the existing problems and potential values of glandular trichome secretions in agriculture, medicine, and food industry were discussed and prospected to provide references for the development and utilization of secretions in the future.
Cloning and Expression Analysis of 4CL Genes in Impatiens uliginosa
CHEN Xin-yi, WU Cheng-ying, HE Hai-hao, HUANG Hai-quan, QU Su-ping, HUANG Mei-juan
[Abstract](37) [FullText HTML](18) [PDF 3839KB](3)
Abstract:
:   Objective  As one of the key enzymes in the phenylpropane metabolic pathway, 4CL plays an important role in anthocyanin synthesis. The results of this study provided some basic data and theoretical basis for further exploring the molecular regulation mechanism of the formation of flower color in I. uliginosa and the cultivation of new varieties.   Method  Using I. uliginosa as the material, RT-PCR technology was used to isolate and clone the Iu4CL1, Iu4CL2 and Iu4CL4 genes, whose bioinformatics were analyzed. The expression of 4CL genes in four different flower colors (white, pink, red and deep red) and four different flower development periods (S1 bud stage, S2 beginning flowering stage, S3 blooming stage and S4 withering stage) was investigated by qRT-PCR technology.  Result  In this study, four 4CL genes from I. uliginosa were isolated and cloned by RT-PCR technology, named Iu4CL1, Iu4CL2, Iu4CL3 and Iu4CL4, and their cDNA lengths were 1620 bp, 1653 bp, 1698 bp and 1638 bp, encoding 539, 550, 565 and 545 amino acids, respectively; Iu4CL1 and Iu4CL2 contain 2 and 4 introns, while Iu4CL3 and Iu4CL4 have no introns; Bioinformatics analysis showed that Iu4CL1, Iu4CL2, and Iu4CL4 were stabilized proteins and Iu4CL3 was unsterilized; all four genes were signal peptide-less hydrophobic proteins; Iu4CL2 had 3 transmembrane structures, and none of the remaining three genes had a transmembrane structures; The four copies of Iu4CL genes belonged to the AMP-binding enzyme superfamily and the adenylate-forming domain class I superfamily. All four copies of the Iu4CL genes had the highest homology with I. uliginosa. Moreover, Iu4CL1 and Iu4CL2 were in the same large branch, while Iu4CL3 and Iu4CL4 were in another large branch, which is speculated to be paraphyletic homology. qRT-PCR analysis showed that four copies of Iu4CL genes were expressed in I. uliginosa organs with four different flower colors and four different flower development stages, among which Iu4CL1 and Iu4CL3 genes were expressed the highest in the S3 (peak flowering) stage of white flower organs. The expression of Iu4CL2 gene peaked at the S3 (peak flowering) stage of red flower organs. The expression of Iu4CL4 gene was highest in the S3 (peak flowering) stage of the dark red flower organ.  Conclusion  Iu4CL genes played an important role in the biosynthesis of anthocyanins in I. uliginosa.
Screening of Olfactroy Receptor OR1and OR2 Interacting Proteins with Co-IP approach followed by Mass Spectrometry analysis
GUO Lina, WANG Jue, YU Diandian, ZHANG Xufeng, GUO Yuan,
[Abstract](52) [FullText HTML](31) [PDF 2369KB](2)
Abstract:
:   Objectives  Apis cerana cerana is a unique bee species in China. Its highly sensitive olfactory system can recognize chemical signals in a population and distinguish specific odor molecules emitted from food sources in a complex odor environment. Odorant receptors (ORs) play an important and key role in the behavior of Apis cerana cerana.In this study, we analyzed and screened the interacting proteins of OR1 and OR2, providing a theoretical basis for further exploring the function of OR1 and OR2 proteins in the olfactory system of Apis cerana cerana.  Methods  The eukaryotic expression vectors pFastBac OR1 and pFastBac OR2 of OR1 and OR2 genes were constructed, transfected into Sf9 cells, and the total cell proteins were extracted. The cellular proteins interacting with OR1 and OR2 were screened and identified by using co immunoprecipitation (Co-IP) combined with mass spectrometry, and the GO function annotation, KEGG signal pathway and protein interaction network analysis of these interacting proteins were carried out.  Results  The results showed that the recombinant proteins of IP group and IgG group were correctly expressed in cells. 273 cell proteins interacting with OR1 and 204 cell proteins interacting with OR2 were screened by Co IP combined with mass spectrometry, mainly including tubulin, heat shock protein, ribosomal protein, etc.The GO function accumulation analysis of these proteins revealed that these proteins involved in a variety of biological functions, including RNA splicing, ribosome and energy transport.The results of KEGG pathway analysis showed that the interacting proteins participated in the regulation of several important intracellular pathways, including ribosome related pathways, such as ribosome, splicing body, RNA transport, pyruvate metabolism, thiamine metabolism, fatty acid biosynthesis, starch and sucrose metabolism, FoxO signal pathway, Hedgehog signal pathway, etc.  Conclusion  OR1 and OR2 may regulate the olfactory transduction process through direct or indirect interaction with a variety of proteins, thereby affecting its olfactory perception.
Effect of Waterlogging on Quality of Maize Kernels at Filling Stage
GONG Xue, LU Shengqiao, CHEN Kun, QIN Hongyu, ZHOU Jinguo, WEI Zhengyi, ZHONG Changsong, YANG Yaojiong, JI Yuqi, LIU Yali, ZHANG Shukuan
[Abstract](178) [FullText HTML](41) [PDF 1123KB](4)
Abstract:
  Objective  Effects of waterlogging on quality of maize kernels at filling stage were studied to decipher the mechanism and for breeding selection.  Method  Two backbone maize inbred lines in Guangxi, 88M-1-8 and Xian 21A, were subjected to normal water irrigation (CK) or artificial flooding treatments (W) after pollination. The experiment lasted 14d or 18d with a total of 4 variables, i.e., CK-14, CK-18, W-14, and W-18. Contents of soluble protein, soluble sugar, starch, sucrose, and abscisic acid (ABA) as well as activities of sucrose synthetase (SS-I in decomposition direction) and granule-bound starch synthase (GBSS) of the kernels were measured. Effect of waterlogging on maize quality at filling stage was evaluated using the principal component analysis and membership function method.   Result   Under W-14, the contents of protein, starch, and ABA and the activities of SS-I and GBSS in 88M-1-8 were significantly higher than those in Xian 21A, so were the soluble sugar, starch, ABA, and GBSS in 88M-1-8 under W-18. As the waterlogging prolonged, the soluble protein, starch, sucrose, SS-I, and GBSS in both inbred lines raised significantly. The protein, starch, ABA, and SS-I in 88M-1-8 increased more significantly, and the soluble sugar, sucrose and GBSS in Xian 21A more significantly in W-14 than CK-14. Furthermore, compared with CK-18, W-18 induced more significant increases on the soluble sugar and ABA in 88M-1-8, and the protein, starch, sucrose, SS-I, and GBSS in Xian 21A. Evaluated by the principal component analysis and membership function method on various kernel quality indicators, the tolerance of the two species to flooding were 88M-1-8 under W-14>88M-1-8 under W-18>Xian 21A under W-14>Xian 21A under W-18.  Conclusion   Artificially flooding the maize plants raised the soluble protein, soluble sugar, starch, sucrose, SS-I, and GBSS in kernels over regular irrigation. 88M-1-8 and Xian 21A differed in responses to the stress. Waterlogging-tolerant 88M-1-8 was significantly higher in the GBSS activity and ABA and starch contents than Xian 21A. Nonetheless, prolonged waterlogging reduced the stress tolerance of either cultivar.
Changes of Microbial Community in Agaricus bisporus Culture Substrate during Fermentation
YUAN Bin, KE Lina, LIAN Yanping, ZHAO Guanghui, FENG Weilin, CAI Weiming
 doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.009.018
[Abstract](237) [FullText HTML](164) [PDF 2371KB](31)
Abstract:
  Objective  Changes of the microbial community in fermentation of substrates for cultivating Agaricus bisporus were investigated.   Method  The microbial community characteristics of a compound A. bisporus culture substrates containing spent Flammulina velutiper and Pleurotus eryngii materials were monitored during the 7 stages, Ag1 to Ag7 from pile building to 1st and 2nd fermentation, using the high throughput 16S rDNA full-length sequencing of Pacbio platform.   Result  A total of 715 OTUs were obtained in the fermentation process (i.e., 328, 340, 294, 377, 364, 166, and 174 for each stage) with 161 OTUs commonly found in all stage. The microbes included 21 phyla, 299 genera, and 399 species. At phylum level, Fimicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Gemmatimonadetes had higher abundance in all 7 stages. The dominant genus in the substrate during the pile building and 1st fermentation stages was Ureibacillus, while Limnochordaceae, S0134_terrestrial_group, Thermobacillu, and Ruminiclostridium stood out in the 2nd fermentation stage. At species level, Ureibacillus thermophilus and Ureibacillus terrenus were dominant in the pile building and 1st fermentation stages. In the 2nd fermentation stage, the species in the genus of Limnochordaceae were the greatest in relative abundance. It appeared that the microbial abundance and diversity increased gradually before the onset of 2nd fermentation. The community structure of the substrate varied significantly between the 1st and the 2nd fermentation, but the deviation diminished significantly after the 2nd fermentation leaving mostly the dominant species that basically functioned to degrade the waste mushroom material enriching the fertilization effect.   Conclusion  The full-length sequencing technology clearly identified the dominant species unveiling many previously unclassified microorganisms. The results helped to better optimize the substrate fermentation process for an improved cultivation of A. bisporus.
Effects of coffee waste mulching on photosynthesis and water use efficiency of coffee seedlings
ZHANG Ang, DONG Yunping, LIN Xingjun, ZHAO Qingyun, SUN Yan, LONG Yuzhou, ZHONG Yiming, TAN Jun
[Abstract](239) [FullText HTML](70) [PDF 946KB](9)
Abstract:
  Objective  The effects of coffee peel and litter on the growth and photosynthesis of coffee seedlings were investigated to determine a suitable ecological cycle cultivation a suitable of coffee.   Method  One-year-old seedlings of seedlings were used as experimental materials. A randomized block design was used to study the effects of coffee peel and litter on their leaf photosynthesis and water use efficiency. Conventional mulching group was set up: C (control), L (litter mulching cultivation), P (peel mulching cultivation) and LP (litter and peel mulching cultivation).   Result  Coffee litter mulching significantly increased the specific leaf area of coffee by 45.46%, while coffee peel mulching significantly decreased the plant height by 12.11%. Coffee peel mulching significantly increased net photosynthesis, leaf respiration, total photosynthesis, net water use efficiency and total water use efficiency by 78.33%, 109.34%, 91.72%, 80.54% and 104.95%, but did not affect stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and carbon use efficiency. The comprehensive evaluation of coffee photosynthesis under coffee waste mulching treatment was P>LP>L>C.   Conclusion  Coffee peel mulching was better than other mulching treatments in promoting the growth and photosynthetic capacity of coffee seedlings. The suitable coffee ecological cycle cultivation with the peel amount of 239.05 g m-2 could to realize cost saving and efficiency increase in coffee planting process.
Carbon, Nitrogen, and Enzyme Activities in Saline-alkali Soil on Songnen Plain as Affected by Land Uses
LIU Qian, GUO Boya, WU Xiuyu, WANG Yue
[Abstract](257) [FullText HTML](146) [PDF 992KB](4)
Abstract:
  Objective  Fertility and enzymatic activity of the saline-alkali soil in relation to land use were analyzed for ecological improvements and restoration.   Method  At Songnen Plain in western Jilin province, the effects on organic carbon, total nitrogen, invertase, urease, alkaline phosphatase, and catalase of the saline-alkali soils under different types of land use as paddy farming field (N1), dry farming field (N2), wetland (S), and grassland (C) were compared.   Result  The organic carbon contents in the soils ranged 9.70–16.27 g·kg1 under N1, 3.85–11.58 g·kg1 under N2, 2.14–2.97 g·kg1 under S, and 5.25–11.24 g·kg1 under C; and the total nitrogen, 1.83–2.32 g·kg1 under N1, 0.45–0.76 g·kg1 under N2, 0.34–1.28 g·kg1 under S, and 0.88–2.04 g·kg1 under C. The activities of various enzymes were urease>alkaline phosphatase>catalase>sucrase and decreased along the depth of the soil layers. The invertase significantly correlated with C/N at P<0.05, the urease with C/N at P<0.01, the alkaline phosphatase with the organic C at P<0.01 and with the total nitrogen at P<0.05, while the catalase with total nitrogen at P<0.01 and with C/N at P<0.05. The redundant analysis indicated that the activities of invertase and urease were mainly regulated by the pH and bulk density, while those of alkaline phosphatase and catalase largely affected by the moisture content and electric conductivity of the soil.   Conclusion  Land use exerted significant effects on the organic carbon, total nitrogen, and enzyme activity in the saline-alkali soils which gradually decreased from the surface to the deeper layers. Farming on the land fostered the nutrient accumulation and increased the enzymatic activities in soil. Thus, either paddy or dry field was more ecologically friendly than wetland or grassland for the regions of saline-alkali soil.
Role of pAPN and NEU3 in TGEV Infection on Pig
LI Zhaolong, FENG Zhihua, ZHANG Bingchen, FANG Zhou, LIANG Wangwang, CHEN Wenzhi
[Abstract](628) [FullText HTML](198) [PDF 1905KB](26)
Abstract:
  Objective  Role of aminopeptidase gene pAPN and sialic acid neuraminidase gene NEU3 in the transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) infection on pigs was investigated.   Methods  Being the main receptor of TGEV, pAPN was removed from pAPN and NEU3 in ST cells to verify its supposed key function on the disease. The CRISPR gene editing technique was applied to clip the target gene in ST cells prior to an artificial TGEV infection test. The resulting changes on the infection, virus copy number, cytopathic improvement, and fibronectin were monitored.   Results  Compared with control, the ST cells free of pAPN and NEU3 significantly attenuated TGEV infection-induced cytopathies and the virus copy number. In addition, at a same TGEV titer the mRNA immune responders induced by the knockdown ST cells were significantly lower than the wild-type counterparts.   Conclusion  It was confirmed that the removal of pAPN and NEU3 inhibited the TGEV infection in pigs with reduced viral induced cytopathies. Thus, an antiviral therapy and a guideline for breeding resistant pigs could be developed by targeting these two key genes in the ST cells.
Effects of different duration of waterlogging on physiological characteristics and yield of wheat at booting stage
DING Fugong, LU Yifei, JIA Baosen, ZHU Xudong, XIONG Zehao, WANG Chao, HOU Zehao, LIU Yike, ZHU Zhanwang, ZHANG Yingxin, WANG Shuping, FANG Zhengwu
[Abstract](437) [FullText HTML](215) [PDF 941KB](25)
Abstract:
  Objective  The stress of wheat waterlogging is the main abiotic stress factor in wheat production in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. To study the effects of different duration of waterlogging on physiological characteristics and yield of wheat at booting stage provides a theoretical basis for the research on the mechanism of wheat waterlogging resistance at booting stage and production.  Method  The effects of waterlogging duration on wheat growth and yield at booting stage were studied by pot pot water control method with wheat varieties Yangmai 16 and Zhongmai 895 as experimental materials.  Result  (1) Under the stress of waterlogging, the chlorophyll content of wheat leaves decreased significantly. The longer the waterlogging lasted, the greater the decline of SPAD value was. The SPAD value of the more heavily injured leaves decreased more, and the more severely injured the inverted two leaves than the flag leaves. (2) The activity of antioxidant enzymes such as CAT, SOD and POD in wheat showed a trend of type "∧" during the waterlogging period, while the content of reactive oxygen species (ROS) decreased or increased slowly in the early stage of waterlogging, while increased sharply in the late stage. (3) In the booting period, the effective number of ears, grain number of ears, 1000-grain weight and other yield factors increased slightly, which may be caused by the stress response of wheat. (4) The stress of waterlogging at the stage of heading had no significant effect on the height of wheat plant. Long-term waterlogging resulted in a significant decrease in wheat yield. The decrease of effective panicle number, grain number per panicle and 1000-grain weight was the main factor causing wheat yield reduction. After 15 d of waterlogging stress, the yield per plant of zhongmai 895 and yangmai 16 decreased by 51.47% and 43.99%, respectively, compared with CK.  Conclusion  Booting stage waterlogging stress significantly reduced the wheat leaf chlorophyll content, destroyed the plant active oxygen metabolism in the body and the balance between antioxidant enzyme system, excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species causes cells to peroxide lipid membrane, causing cell structure and function is impaired, affect plant photosynthesis and nutrient transfer and accumulation, increase the biomass of wheat is reduced, resulting in lack of grain-filling, caused empty grain, grain and invalid number of flat significantly increased, resulting in wheat production. In addition, during the whole process of waterlogging stress, the resistance of the two wheat varieties tested was as follows: yangmai 16>zhongmai 895.
Effect of endogenous hormone content and gene expression related to hormone synthesis on tuber expansion of Bikeqi yam
AO Lan-ji-ya, JI Xiang, SHAO Ying, ZHAO Lingmin, ZHANG Yan-fang, HUO Xiu-wen
[Abstract](878) [FullText HTML](637) [PDF 693KB](33)
Abstract:
  Objective  To investigate the changes of starch content, reducing sugar content and soluble total sugar content in tubers, the changes of endogenous hormone content in tubers, the morphological indexes, physiological indexes and the analysis of variance of endogenous hormones during the process of tuber expansion. And the correlation between these indicators and endogenous hormones, lay the foundation for further study of the physiological mechanism of yam growth and development and guiding the high yield and quality cultivation of yam.  Method  Six kinds of endogenous hormones such as ABA, GA3, IAA, JA, ZR and IPA were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with different tuber lengths of Bikeqi yam. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to determine the content of salicylic acid (SA), and to analyze the dynamic changes of source hormone content in different growth stages, and the correlation between morphological indicators of yam and endogenous hormones. The relationship between differentially expressed genes associated with endogenous hormones and endogenous hormones was explored for the effects of these factors on the expansion of yam tubers.  Result  The contents of IAA, ZR, ABA, JA and SA were positively correlated with the morphological indexes of yam tuber; the contents of GA3 and IPA were negatively correlated with the morphological indexes; the contents of IAA were positively correlated with the perimeter and diameter of yam tuber; the contents of GA3 were negatively correlated with the length of tuber; the genes correlated with IAA were negatively correlated with the contents of IAA  Conclusion  Endogenous hormones IAA, ZR, ABA, JA and SA promote the expansion of yam tuber; endogenous hormones GA3 and IPA inhibit the growth of yam tuber; endogenous hormones IAA promote the thickening of yam; endogenous hormones GA3 inhibit the elongation of yam; the down-regulation of IAA related genes can promote the synthesis of IAA, that is, regulate the content of IAA.
2023, (12): 1-10.  
[Abstract](0) [FullText HTML](0) [PDF 465KB](0)
Abstract:
2023, 38(12): 1-2.  
[Abstract](0) [FullText HTML](0) [PDF 373KB](0)
Abstract:
Animal Science
Hydrosalpinx Fluid Syndrome in Ducks Caused by Avian Metapneumovirus Subgroup C
FU Qiuling, JIANG Nansong, LIANG Qizhang, LIU Rongchang, WAN Chunhe, CHENG Longfei, CHEN Hongmei, LIN Lin, JIAO Wenlong, WU Shenghui, JIANG Bin, ZHENG Xiaolan, LIN Jiansheng, FU Guanghua, HUANG Yu
2023, 38(12): 1387-1394.   doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2023.12.001
[Abstract](2) [FullText HTML](1) [PDF 1151KB](0)
Abstract:
  Objective  Pathogen causing the hydrosalpinx fluid syndrome (HFS) with a declined egg-laying in breeding and egg-laying ducks was investigated for the disease control.   Method  Nucleic acid amplification, pathogen isolation and identification, and artificial infection on ducks were carried out on tissue samples collected from the live or dead Sheldrake Ducks, Cherry Valley Ducks, and Muscovy Ducks that were found infected by HFS at farms in Fujian, Guangdong, Jiangxi, Zhejiang, Anhui, and Guangxi autonomous region. The disease symptoms included chylous hydrosalpinx fluids and hemorrhagic, edematous, and thickened mucosa, in addition to a declined egg-laying on the ducks.   Result  No bacteria were detected in the hydrosalpinx fluid. In the clinical specimens, RT-PCR tested positive on avian metapneumovirus subgroup C (aMPV/C) but no other commonly known viruses that cause a declined egg-laying in ducks. Subsequently, the duck embryos inoculated with the viral infected samples were aMPV/C-positive and showed slight embryonic edema and bleeding on the embryo surface and liver. The virus isolation rate on the F5 embryo fluid by RT-PCR was 72.2%. The nucleotide sequences of the isolated FJ2375, GD2381, FJ2228, and JX2126 had a homology of 96.1% with the earliest reported aMPV/C-infected Muscovy duck/1999/99178/France, those of 67.8-68.7%, 66.1-66.8%, and 71.4% with aMPV/A, B, and D, respectively, and that of 67.7-68.3% with the human MPV. The sequences were more closely related to aMPV/C than the others in genetic evolution. Furthermore, the virus was successfully recovered from the artificially infected ducks that exhibited similar HFS symptoms observed in naturally diseased birds.   Conclusion  The pathogenic virus that caused HFS in ducks was identified as aMPV/C. It paved the way for the development of means to accurately diagnose and effectively prevent and control the disease.
Effects of Aqueous Extract of Panax quinquefolium Stems and Leaves in Diet on Growth and Meat Quality of Quails
GE Nan, XIAO Kaiyan, WANG Jiangmu, LIU Chi, LIU Xinyue, MA Qing, SU Fengyan
2023, 38(12): 1395-1404.   doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2023.12.002
[Abstract](48) [FullText HTML](38) [PDF 3254KB](4)
Abstract:
  Objective   Effects of inclusion of an aqueous extract from stems and leaves of Panax quinquefolium L. in forage on growth and meat quality of quails were investigated.   Methods   One-hundred-fifty one-day-old quails were randomly divided into 5 groups with three replicates in each group and 10 birds per replicate. The groups included a blank control that was fed with the basic diet (CON), an antibiotic control (KSS) with 100 mg·kg−1 amoxicillin added to the feed, one trial group supplemented with 1% of the extract (SD), one with 1.5% of the extract (SZ), and another with 2% of the extract (SG). The feeding lasted for 50 d that included a 5 d preliminary adaptation period.  Results  On growth performance, the quails in the SZ group significantly increased the average daily body weight gain (P<0.05), while reduced the feed to meat ratio (P<0.05). On meat tenderness, the shear force on the breast and leg muscles of the birds in the treatment groups was significantly lower than that of CON or KSS (P<0.05) with the quails in the SZ group being the most tender. On nutritional value, the breast meat of the SG quails had the significantly higher protein than that of CON counterparts (P<0.05), whereas those of the SZ and SG quails significantly higher fat than that of the CON or KSS birds (P<0.05). However, the leg muscles of either CON or KSS quails contained significantly less protein than SZ and SG quails (P<0.05) and less fat than SZ quails (P<0.05). No significant differences among the groups in the moisture content of breast and leg meats (P>0.05) were observed. Compared with the CON group, the unsaturated fatty acid content in the chest muscle of quails in each experimental group was not significantly reduced (P> 0.05 ), and the unsaturated fatty acid content in the leg muscle of quails in the SZ group was significantly increased (P< 0.05 ) . The content of inosinic acid in quail muscle, the content of inosinic acid in breast muscle and leg muscle of SZ group was significantly higher than that of KSS group (P< 0.05 ). Contents of essential amino acids and flavor amino acids in breast muscle and leg muscle of quails in SD, SZ and SG groups were significantly higher than those in KSS group (P< 0.05 ). The H. E. staining showed no abnormality in the liver and kidney of the quails under treatment. The expression of growth hormone (GH) gene in the treatment birds was significantly higher than that in CON group (P<0.05) with that of the SZ quails having the highest.   Conclusion   Addition of the aqueous extract of P. quinquefolium L. stems and leaves in the feed accelerated the growth, improved the meat tenderness, accentuated the meat flavor of the quails without adverse effect on the liver or kidney of the birds. The plant extract appeared to be a highly safe diet supplement applicable to replace antibiotics in raising quails.
Crop Science
Breeding and Properties of Hybrid Rice Yexiangyou 699
ZHU Yongsheng, WEI Yidong, JIANG Jiahuan, LI Qixiang, DONG Ruixia, ZHENG Feiyan, CHEN Liping, WANG Xiaofang, XIE Huaan, ZHANG Jianfu
2023, 38(12): 1405-1413.   doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2023.12.003
[Abstract](26) [FullText HTML](13) [PDF 1476KB](4)
Abstract:
  Objective  A disease-resistant, high-quality hybrid rice was bred to meet the market demand and improve the profitability for the farmers.  Method   Based on the desired gene haplotypes, the high-yield, disease-resistant, strong-restoring and combining Fuhui 699 restorer line was selected as the male parent to cross with the female parents, the 3 sterile Yexiang A lines that are known for their desirable fragrance, high quality, and strong disease-resistance. The resulting F1 hybrid was examined for the target traits at multi-year and multi-point rice blast resistance tests as well as multi-ecological adaptability and rice quality analyses.  Result  From 2017 to 2018, the choice hybrid, Yexiangyou 699, was submitted to the regional trial on mid-season rice in Fujian. It displayed an evenly distributed population of acceptable plant type and delivered a two-year averaged growth period of 140.4 d, which was 2.8 d shorter than the reference, II You 3301. The effective panicle number of the cultivar averaged 2.085 million panicles·hm−2, the plant height 135.4 cm, the seed setting rate 86.89%, and the 1000-grain weight 26.3 g. The average crop yield was 9 404.3 kg·hm−2, which was 1.50% higher than that of control. The hybrid inherited 7 blast-resistance and two virus-resistance genes from the parents rendering it blast-free in the field and laboratory for 2 years.   Conclusion  The rates of brown and milled rice of Yexiangyou 699 (now officially identified as Min Approved Rice No. 20200012) were 80.1% and 68.5%, respectively. The grain quality indicators of the hybrid included 0.8% on chalkiness, Grade 1 on transparency, 5.5 on alkali elimination, 86 mm on gelatinized consistency index, 14.0% on amylopectin content, 3rd grade on the high-quality edible rice set by the Ministry, and high yield and strong disease-resistance in the field. Yexiangyou 699 was recommended as a new breed for cultivation.
Horticultural Science
Physiology and Expression of PIP of Hippophae rhamnoides under Salt Stress
SHI Hui, YAN Wenwen, YIN Daihao, ZHANG Yu, WANG Wei, BAO Yuying, MA Yuhua
2023, 38(12): 1414-1419.   doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2023.12.004
[Abstract](47) [FullText HTML](31) [PDF 997KB](1)
Abstract:
  Objective  Mechanism of aquaporins relating to the plasma membrane intrinsic proteins (PIPs) of Hippophae rhamnoides subsp. sinensis in response to salt stress was studied.  Methods  Bioinformatics of HrPIP was analyzed. Physiological indexes and expressions of the gene in tissues of H. rhamnoides under normal and imposed salt stresses of 200, 400, 600, 800, or 1,000 mmol ·L−1 NaCl were determined.   Results   Located in the cell membrane, HrPIP encoded 110 amino acids. The hydrophobic protein had no signal peptide or transmembrane helix region. As salt stress intensified, the RWC decreased gradually, and the chlorophyll content declined initially followed by an incline. The permeability of the plasma membrane and the content of MDA changed slightly when the salt concentration was low but increased significantly when the concentration was high. The 1000 mmol·L−1 salt stress induced declined MDA but continuously rising membrane permeability. The expressions of HrPIP in different organs varied by the increasing salt stress. In roots, it rose at lower salt concentrations then declined but rose again at high salt levels. In the leaves, the opposite trend was observed, whereas it was in an “M” pattern in the stems.   Conclusion  H.rhamnoides subsp. sinensis was salt resistant to a certain degree. Under the stress, by altering the HrPIP expression to increase water absorption in roots, transport in stems, and retention in leaves the plant manipulated the cellular salt concentration to achieve an improved stress tolerance.
Expressions and Functions of Flowering Locus Ts in Narcissus tazetta var. chinensis Roem
LI Tingting, PAN Qiuyu, WU Jinghua
2023, 38(12): 1420-1427.   doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2023.12.005
[Abstract](32) [FullText HTML](26) [PDF 1682KB](0)
Abstract:
  Objective  Expressions and functions of Flowering Locus T (FT), the genes widely involved in plant growth, flowering regulation, root development, and seed germination, in Chinese narcissus were studied.   Method  Four FTs were identified from the transcriptome data on Narcissus tazetta var. chinensis Roem by bioinformatics analysis. Expressions of the genes in various tissues and flower buds at differentiation stages were determined by fluorescence quantitative PCR and further confirmed by overexpressing it in Arabidopsis thaliana.   Result  The 4 homologous FTs, i.e., NtFT1, NtFT2, NtFT3, and NtFT4, were cloned using RT-PCR. All of them, except NtFT3, had conserved motifs. Phylogenetically; NtFT1 belonged to the FT-like I branch, while NtFT2, NtFT3, and NtFT4, to the FT-like II branch. In tissues, organs, and flower buds at differentiation stages, they expressed differently. The highest expressions of NtFT1 and NtFT3 were in the flowers, those of NtFT2 in the leaves, and NtFT4 in the scales. At different flower bud differentiation stages, the expressions differed significantly as well, as NtFT1 decreased followed as an increase during differentiation, but NtFT2 changed little throughout. The expressions of NtFT3 and NtFT4 were relatively low in the entire flower bud differentiation period. The ectopic transformation of A. thaliana showed the overexpressed NtFT1 and NtFT2 led to early flowering in comparison to the wild type. But no effect was associated with NtFT3, but delayed flowering was found on the transgenic NtFT4 Arabidopsis plants. In addition, the expressions of SOC1, LFY, and AP1 in the Arabidopsis plants rose with NtFT1 overexpression.   Conclusion   There were multiple FTs in Chinese narcissus that differed in regulating the flowering—NtFT1 promoted, while NtFT4 inhibited, the process.
Functional Properties and Relationship with Soil of Leaves on 7 Varieties of Lauraceae
LIU Ailin, ZHANG Wangxiang, LIU Chenyu, GAO Liang, YANG Xiaoqian, ZHOU Ting, CUI Jun
2023, 38(12): 1428-1436.   doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2023.12.006
[Abstract](34) [FullText HTML](30) [PDF 898KB](0)
Abstract:
  Objective   Reflecting environmental conditions, the functional properties of plant leaves were analyzed to understand the regulation mechanisms to improve forestation.   Method   Length, width, area, fresh and dry weights, and SPAD of leaves on Cinnamomum camphora, Cinnamomum japonicum, Phoebe sheareri, Lindera aggregata, Lindera glauca, Sassafras tzumu, and Phoebe chekiangensis at the campus of Huangshan University were measured to derive the indexes, specific area, mass per area, and dry matter content of them. Properties of the soils on which the plants grew were tested to correlate with the leaf functional traits using the single factor analysis of variance and multiple comparisons.   Result   ① P. sheareri was morphologically like P. chekiangensis but generally scored higher on the functional indicators with a coefficient of variation in the range of 0≤CV≤10%. ② L. aggregata had significantly higher leaf SPAD and dry matters content but lower specific area and area than L. glauca. ③ Deciduous S. tzumu was generally higher than evergreens on the coefficient of variation. ④ Soil conductivity was extremely significantly correlated with the leaf mass per area of the trees grown on the land with an R2 = 0.646 3.   Conclusion  Various Lauraceae plants grown on similar habitats differed in response to environmental conditions. Deciduous trees responded to the changes "effectively and transiently", while evergreens "stably and persistently". The functional properties of the leaves on a plant could be used to distinguish species with a similar outward appearance. Showing a low coefficient of variation on the leaf functional traits and consistent flowering and fruiting in the years of observation, P. chekiangensis was considered a choice candidate for forestation. In a forest, the electrical conductivity of the soil could be monitored to effectively predict the changes in leaf mass per area of the trees.
Plant Protection
Sequence and Annotation of Colletotrichum fructicola N425 Genome on Tea Plant
ZHANG Chengkang, ZHOU Ziwen, GUO Tianlong, PENG Chengbin, CHEN Meixia, LIU Wei
2023, 38(12): 1437-1444.   doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2023.12.007
[Abstract](62) [FullText HTML](37) [PDF 845KB](3)
Abstract:
  Objective  Sequence and annotation of Colletotrichum fructicola N425 genomefrom a diseased tea plant were determined, and primary virulence-related genes identified.   Method   Whole genome of N425 was sequenced and assembled using the Illumina HiSeq2500 PE150 platform. Predicted protein structure and functional annotation of the genes were obtained using the NR, KEGG, and KOG databases.   Results   The genome was approximately 56.3 Mbp in length with 53.2% of G+C, 10 157 protein-coding genes, and several types of non-protein coding sequences. Of the genes, 1 356 were annotated in the PHI database that included 140 as the loss of pathogenicity, 720 in the CAZy database, and 302 related to the secondary metabolites. Some of these genes were involved in the cAMP-PKA and MAPK cascade signaling pathways as well as other pathogenic processes, such as host cell wall degradation, which could be responsible for the virulence on tea plants.   Conclusion   The sequence and annotation of whole C. fructicola N425 genome were successfully obtained, and probable virulence-related genes identified.
Control on Maize Stalk Rot and Effects on Soil Microbes of Paenibacillus polymyxa
DENG Yun, TIAN Dagang, SU Yan, LIU You, XU Qing, XIAO Xiang, LI Zhengmei, LIU Xiaocan, GUO Jianzhong
2023, 38(12): 1445-1452.   doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2023.12.008
[Abstract](43) [FullText HTML](50) [PDF 1523KB](0)
Abstract:
  Objective  Control on maize stalk rot and effects on soil microbial communities by the addition ofPaenibacillus polymyxa in soil were studied.   Method  On a peanut rotational cultivation field, composition and structure of the microbial communities in the soil were determined using the illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing technique to compare with those on the land incorporated with P. polymyxa NPDY05-8.  Result  The disease control on the maize stalk rot by addition of NPDY05-8 in soil reached 90.92% in 2021 and 96.58% in 2022 as shown by the experiment. Those were significantly more effective than what was achieved by using chemical treatments. NPDY05-8 continued to present in soil after the colonization in a year (Y1) with an OTU of 1 096 and in 30-d (Y2) of 1 149, which were significantly higher than control (Y3) of 941. Meanwhile, the population of Gibberella at 4.15% in Y1 and 8.76% in Y2 were significantly lower than that in Y3 at 17.18%; and that of Fusarium at 0.80% in Y1 and 1.12% in Y2, significantly lower than that in Y3 at 2.17%.  Conclusion  Addition of NPDY05-8 in maize field altered the microbial community in the soil that significantly provided a lasting control effect on the pathogenic fungi for maize farming.
Functions of MeUGT25 in Resistance of Cassava to Bacterial Wilt Disease
ZENG Jian, CHEN Yingtong, CAI Meiqi, LI Lizhen, LIN Man, LIU Siwen, LIU Boting, HU Wei, ZENG Liwang
2023, 38(12): 1453-1458.   doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2023.12.009
[Abstract](68) [FullText HTML](44) [PDF 1112KB](3)
Abstract:
  Objective   Disease resistance to Xamthomonas axonopodis pv. Manihotis (Xam) of cassava related to MeUGT25, a UDP-glycosyltransferases (UGT) gene, was studied for breeding purposes.   Method  MeUGT25 was cloned from cassava leaves (SC124) by RT-PCR. Subsequently, virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) andXam infection challenge experiment were conducted to confirm the disease resistance of the plant.   Result  The expression of MeUGT25 was significantly induced by the presence of Xam. In 3 transgenic plants, qRT-PCR showed reductions in MeUGT25 expression by 71%, 70%, and 69%. In 6 d after an Xam−inoculation, the bacterial counts on the leaves of MeUGT25V-2 and MeUGT25V-3 plants increased significantly, but not of MeUGT25V-1. On the other hand, apparent plaques appeared on the leaves of the MeUGT25 gene silencing plants indicating the lowered MeUGT25 expression had significantly reduced the resistance of cassava to Xam infection.   Conclusion   Reduction of MeUGT25 expression in cassava mitigated the ability of the leaves to resist invasion by Xam suggesting a positive regulatory role of the gene played in the disease resistance.
Resources and Environmental Science
Microbial Biomass Carbon and Nitrogen at Man-made Forests in Northern China Hilly Areas
ZHUANG Jingjing, XIAN Jingping, WANG Xiaobing, LI Zhenhua, CHENG Cui
2023, 38(12): 1459-1465.   doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2023.12.010
[Abstract](68) [FullText HTML](45) [PDF 890KB](2)
Abstract:
  Objective  Microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen (MBC and MBN) in soil at the man-made forests on northern China hilly lands were studied.   Method  Three man-made forests that contained solely Robinia pseudoacacia, Quercus variabilis or Platyclodus orientalis trees at the Xiaolangdi Ecosystem Positioning Station of the Yellow River in Jiyuan, Henan were selected for the study. Soil samples in the layers of undecomposed litter (L), semi-decomposed/humic litter (F/H), and litter-free 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm depths were collected to determine the MBC, MBN, MBC/MBN ratio, and physiochemical properties. Correlations of the soil microbial biomass (SMB) with different tree species and soils were analyzed.   Result  (1) The highest total carbon (TC) in the soil that contained plant litter at the 3 forests was found in the F/H layer, and the greatest total nitrogen (TN) in the L layer. The TC and TN of the forests ranked in the order of F/H layer>L layer>0–10 cm and 10–20 cm soils with no fallen wastes (P<0.05). DOC was higher in the layers with litter than without, but opposite on DON . The DOC in the littered soil was significantly higher at the Q. variabilis forest than the R. pseudoacacia forest, and no significant difference between the two and the P. orientalis forest (P>0.05). (2) In the soil layers with tree litter, MBC was higher in the F/H than in the L layer with a ranking of R. pseudoacaciaQ. variabilisP. orientalis among the 3 forests. In the two layers of litter-free mineral soil, MBC was higher in the depth of 0–10 cm than in the deeper layer. It ranked among the different forests as Q. variabilisR. pseudoacaciaP. orientalis with no significant difference between the Q. variabilis and R. pseudoacacia forests (P>0.05). The MBNs of both the littered and litter-free soil at the forests were Q. variabilisR. pseudoacaciaP. orientalis, while Q. variabilis generated the highest MBN that was significantly different from P. orientalis (P<0.05). (3) The MBC/MBN ratios of the L and F/H layers did not differ significantly, whereas those of the mineral soils tended to increase with the depth. The 0–10 cm litter-free soil did not differ significantly on the ratio among the forests (P>0.05). However, that of the 10–20 cm soil at the R. pseudoacacia forests were significantly higher than that at the P. orientalis forest (P>0.05), but no significant difference between them and that at the Q. variabilis forest (P<0.05). (4) Significant correlations existed between the MBC and the TC and TN at the 3 forests. The correlation coefficient of 0.959 between MBC and TC of Q. variabilis was the highest among all. The C/N ratios of R. pseudoacacia and Q. variabilis negatively, while the C/N of P. orientalis positively, correlated with TC and TN, with correlation coefficients of 0.512 and 0.524, respectively.   Conclusion  Conducive to environmental carbon and nitrogen cycling, Q. variabilis appeared to be a prudent choice of plant for the ecological restoration in the low mountainous areas in northern China.
Fungal Community in Soil Affected by Long-term Returning Maize Stover to Field
ZHANG Gongliang, XU Yingying, WANG Yuxian, YANG Huiying, GAO Pan, WANG Chen, ZHAO Lei
2023, 38(12): 1466-1477.   doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2023.12.011
[Abstract](47) [FullText HTML](39) [PDF 2656KB](0)
Abstract:
  Objective   Effects of different ways to return maize stover onto field after harvest on the nutrients and fungal community in soil were investigated.   Method   A randomized group experiment was conducted in the maize producing areas in western Heilongjiang from 2015 to 2021 on Nendan 19 . The applied treatments included (1) no straw return (CK), (2) mulching ground with stover (CSR), (3) mixing chopped straws with soil (MSR), (4) deep plowing spent straws into soil (PSR), and (5) rotational return of stover (RSR). The effects on the soil and environmental drivers of fungal community were monitored by the Illumina Miseq sequencing technology.   Result  Time, method, and their interaction of the treatments exerted significant or extremely significant effects on the diversity and structure of the fungal community as well as the soil chemistry. The dominant fungal phyla in soil at the maize jointing stage were Basidiomycota, Ascomycota, and Mortierellomycota, while the dominant genera were Tausonia, Coprinellus, and Solicoccozyma. Whereas, at the silking stage, the dominant phyla were Ascomycota and Mortierellomycota. The RDA analysis showed that nitrate, fast-acting phosphorus, and ammonium nitrogen were the key environmental factors that altered the fungal community at genera level. Compared to CK, the maize yield under RSR increased by 3.92%, under MSR by 3.76%, and under PSR by 1.97%.   Conclusions  Under RSR the maize yield increased 3.92% over CK with an improved fungal richness index at jointing stage and a higher ASV than other treatments. At the same time, the abundant Penicillium spp. in soil due to the treatment materially hastened the lignocellulose degradation as the plant material decayed. RSR was, thus, the recommended utilization of the farm waste for maize cultivation in the region.
Food Science
Nutritional Value and Amino Acids in Tuna Steam-cooking Liquid
WU Yuxi, CHEN Bingyan, LIN Xiaozi, LIN Hetong, HE Zhigang
2023, 38(12): 1478-1484.   doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2023.12.012
[Abstract](51) [FullText HTML](32) [PDF 793KB](1)
Abstract:
  Objective  Nutritional value and amino acids (AAs) in tuna steam-cooking liquid were analyzed.  Methods   The tuna processing liquid was collected for chemical determinations by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and an amino acid analyzer.   Results  The solids in the liquid contained 76% protein which was 83.26% acid soluble peptides of less than 1,000 Da in molecular weight. The essential amino acid index of the liquid was 20.64 with a biological value of 10.80. Of the total AAs, 17.86% were free AAs; 19.63%, ACE-inhibiting; 9.71%, anti-xanthine oxidase; 27.27%, bone cell proliferation-promoting; and 7.16 %, hydroxyproline (which was 3.29% of the total protein with 63.83 % in the form of peptides). The bone cell proliferation promotion function was closely related to the protein concentration of the liquid.  Conclusion   The protein in the tuna steam-cooking liquid was mainly small molecule peptides derived from collagen.
Agricultural modernization
Assessment and Strategy on Agricultural Modernization in Fujian
CHI Minqing, WENG Zhihui, YU Hongjie
2023, 38(12): 1485-1498.   doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2023.12.013
[Abstract](0) [FullText HTML](0) [PDF 1289KB](0)
Abstract:
  Objective  Means to evaluate the progress and strategies to overcome obstacles in modernizing Fujian agriculture were studied.  Method  The methods of comprehensive indexing, analytical hierarchy process (AHP), and target value were applied to establish an assessment system that could quantify the progress of the agricultural modernization taking place in China. Six first tier and 24 second tier indicators from the perspectives of industry, production, and management with the aims of being efficient, green, and supportive were employed in the evaluation system. Accordingly, the achievement levels realized by the province and the nation during the period of the 13th Five-Year Plan were analyzed.  Result  The average scores on the modernization in the 5-year period were 66.07 for Fujian and 61.21 for the nation. The levels were in the medium transformation stage for the province and in the primary stage for the country. The province had a lower average annual growth rate of 2.18% than 2.64% of the nation. The sub-index on industry for the province was 78.38%, which was 26.07% higher than that for the nation; and that on realization of quality and benefit, 71.16%, which was 52.90% higher than that for the nation. The indices on production, management, green practices, and supportive roles for Fujian were 70.22%, 46.53%, 67.92%, and 41.02%, respectively, which were 0.73%, 11.33%, 8.77%, and 38.43%, respectively, below the national levels. High production efficiency, functional organization, advanced processing facilities, and intensive resource utilization helped the modernization in Fujian. On the other hand, the province faced shortcomings on the relative insufficiencies in large-scale land management, managerial body, product safety, and financial support.  Suggestion  To promote the balanced development of modern agriculture in Fujian in the future, following measures were recommended: (1) developing high-standard farmlands and well-managed cultivated lands, (2) promoting cultivation of specialty cash crops, (3) nurturing establishments of new business and social service organizations, (4) enhancing research and applications of green preventive and control technologies, (5) enforcing product safety, (6) increasing financial support with an efficient operating system, and (7) expanding insurance coverages and supplement to agriculture related operations.
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