Effect of Nitrogen Application on Yield and Nitrogen Utilization of Rice for Mechanized Pot-seedling Transplantation on Fields at Coastal Region
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摘要: 为了筛选适宜钵苗机插水稻的氮肥施用方式，以滨海稻区超级稻盐丰47为材料，研究不同氮肥运筹方式对钵苗机插水稻产量及氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明，当氮素按基肥：1次蘖肥:2次蘖肥:1次穗肥:2次穗肥=40:12:18:16:14比例施用时，其收获穗数、颖花量和穗实粒数均较大，产量最高，达到10.79 t·hm-2，极显著高于其他处理。该处理的氮肥利用率达到41.90%，显著高于其他处理。钵苗机插水稻移栽~分蘖期、分蘖~拔节期、拔节~齐穗期、齐穗~成熟期这4个阶段吸氮比例之间的比例约为16:53:20:11，拔节前氮素吸收量占总吸氮量的69%，进入生殖生长后氮素吸收量占总吸氮量的31%，这一比例和产量、氮肥利用率较大的处理茎蘖肥和穗肥比例相吻合。因此，在仅施用速效肥料的前提下，氮肥总施用量为（N：240 kg·hm-2），且氮素以基肥：1次蘖肥:2次蘖肥:1次穗肥:2次穗肥=40:12:18:16:14时，适宜滨海稻区钵苗机插水稻的生长发育及对氮素的吸收利用，可以进一步示范推广。此外，可以将氮肥农学利用效率、氮肥偏生产力作为衡量氮肥利用率高低的指标。Abstract: To determine the appropriate nitrogen application for mechanized pot-seedling transplanting rice cultivation in the future, a field experimentation using the high salinity tolerant super rice, Yanfeng 47, was conducted in a coastal area in Liaoning. Rice yield and nitrogen utilization under varied nitrogen fertilization were evaluated. It was found that when the basal fertilizer:first-tillering-fertilizer:second tillering-fertilizer:first panicle-fertilizer:second panicle-fertilizer was 40:12:18:16:14 was applied, the greatest grain yield of 10.79 t·hm-2 was reached. The productivity was extremely significantly higher, with much higher panicles and spikelets and filled grain numbers per ear, than those provided by the other application modes. Its 41.90% nitrogen utilization efficiency was also significantly higher than that of other treatments. The nitrogen absorption rates of the mechanically transplanted pot-seedlings during the stages from transplanting to tillering, from tillering to jointing, from jointing to heading, and frrom heading to maturity were approximately 16:53:20:11. The amount of nitrogen absorption before the jointing was 69% of the total nitrogen absorption, and the amount of nitrogen absorbed by the reproductive growth was 31%, the ratio was coincide with that of basic-tillering to panicle of the treatment with highest yield and nitrogen use efficiency. Hence, if only one available nitrogen fertilizer was applied with a total N application rate at 240 kg·hm-2, the ratio of basal fertilizer:first tillering-fertilizer:second tillering-fertilizer:first panicle-fertilizer:second panicle-fertilizer at 40:12:18:16:14 would be appropriate for the plant growth as well as the absorption and utilization of nitrogen for the mechanically transplanted rice in the region. Then, further demonstrations could be conducted to promote the application. Moreover, the nitrogen agronomy efficiency and the nitrogen partial factor productivity were found useful as indicators for evaluating the nitrogen utilization.
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表 1 氮肥运筹对钵苗机插水稻产量的影响
Table 1. Effect of nitrogen application on yield of Yanfeng 47 for mechanized pot-seedling transportation
处理 收获穗数/
(×104·hm-2)颖花量/
(×106·hm-2)每穗实粒数 结实率
/%千粒重
/g产量
/(t·hm-2)K1 358.72bB 415.22cC 110.54cC 95.50aA 26.3cC 10.22bB K2 368.82aA 463.22aA 113.06aA 90.02dD 26.4bB 10.79aA K3 365.68aA 438.58bB 112.33bB 93.66cC 25.6eE 10.32bB K4 352.17cB 414.32cC 110.26cC 93.72cC 25.9dD 9.78cC CK 229.49dC 249.38dD 103.06dD 94.84bB 26.5aA 6.02dD 注：同列数据后不同大、小写字母表示差异达极显著(P < 0.01)或显著(P < 0.05)水平。下表同。 
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表 2 氮肥运筹对钵苗机插水稻植株含氮量的影响
Table 2. Effect of nitrogen application on nitrogen content of Yanfeng 47 plants
[单位/(g·kg-1)] 处理 移栽期 分蘖期 拔节期 齐穗期 成熟期 K1 35.87aA 22.53dC 19.11cC 13.48cC 8.54bB K2 35.87aA 23.53cB 19.40bB 15.06aA 8.70aA K3 35.87aA 23.70bB 19.18cC 14.53bB 8.67aA K4 35.87aA 24.54aA 19.94aA 13.00dD 8.51bB CK 35.87aA 19.24eD 16.74dD 8.84eE 5.99cC
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表 3 氮肥运筹对钵苗机插水稻植株吸氮量的影响
Table 3. Effect of nitrogen application on nitrogen absorption of Yanfeng 47 plants
[单位/(kg·hm-2)] 处理 移栽期 分蘖期 拔节期 齐穗期 成熟期 K1 0.57aA 25.95bB 105.79bB 143.89bBC 158.87abA K2 0.57aA 28.57aA 125.08aA 161.03aA 168.89aA K3 0.57aA 28.70aA 122.67aA 155.14aAB 162.30abA K4 0.57aA 25.37cB 99.27cC 137.60bC 153.16bA CK 0.57aA 10.79dC 44.61dD 57.040cD 68.33cB
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表 4 氮肥运筹对钵苗机插水稻植株吸氮比例的影响
Table 4. Effect of nitrogen application on nitrogen absorption rate of Yanfeng 47 plants
(单位/%) 处理 移栽期 移栽~分蘖期 分蘖~拔节期 拔节~齐穗期 齐穗~成熟期 K1 0.36bB 15.98bcAB 50.25bB 23.99aA 9.43bB K2 0.34bB 16.58abAB 57.14aA 21.28bB 4.66cC K3 0.35bB 17.33aA 57.90aA 20.00bBC 4.41cC K4 0.37bB 16.20abAB 48.25bB 25.03aA 10.16bB CK 0.83aA 14.96cB 49.50bB 18.19cC 16.52aA
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表 5 氮肥运筹对钵苗机插水稻氮肥利用率的影响
Table 5. Effect of nitrogen application on nitrogen utilization of Yanfeng 47 plants
处?理 氮收获指数/% 百千克籽粒吸氮量 氮素稻谷生产效率
(kg·kg-1)氮肥农学利用率
(kg·kg-1)氮肥偏生产力
(kg·kg-1)氮肥利用率
/%K1 56.03aA 1.523aA 65.64aA 17.34bB 43.45abA 37.73bcAB K2 56.61aA 1.537aA 65.06aA 19.67aA 45.78aA 41.90aA K3 56.18aA 1.540aA 64.79aA 17.70bAB 43.81abA 39.16abAB K4 55.87aA 1.520aA 65.67aA 15.79cB 41.91bA 35.35cB CK 54.92aA 1.090bB
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表 6 氮肥运筹下各氮肥比率间的相关性
Table 6. Correlation among varied fertilization ratios with nitrogen application on Yanfeng 47 cultivation
相关系数 氮肥利用率 百千克籽粒吸氮量 氮肥农学利用效率 氮素稻谷生产效率 氮收获指数 百千克籽粒吸氮量 0.72 氮肥农学利用效率 0.99** 0.62 氮素稻谷生产效率 -0.72 -0.99** -0.63 氮收获指数 0.98** 0.65 0.98** -0.65 氮肥偏生产力 0.99** 0.62 0.99** -0.63 0.98** 注：*代表 0.05水平上显著，**代表 0.01水平上极显著。
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