套种花生对香蕉园小气候和土壤理化性质的影响

吴宇佳; 杨春; 雷菲; 吉清妹; 张冬明; 符传良

doi:10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2020.03.014

套种花生对香蕉园小气候和土壤理化性质的影响

doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2020.03.014

海南省农业科学院农业环境与土壤研究所/农业部农村海南耕地保育科学观测实验站/海南省耕地保育重点实验室，海南　海口　571100

基金项目: 海南省重点研发计划项目（ZDYF2018087）；2018年度海南省农业科学院农业科技创新专项——香蕉（2018年）

详细信息

作者简介:
吴宇佳（1982−），女，硕士，副研究员，主要从事农业环境与土壤肥料研究（E-mail：wuyujia650@163.com）

中图分类号: S 344
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2019-10-17
- 修回日期: 2019-12-17
- 刊出日期: 2020-03-01

Effects of Intercropping Peanut on Soil Properties and Microclimate at Banana Orchards

Institute of Agricultural Environment and Soil, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Arable Land Conservation (Hainan), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation of Hainan Province, Haikou, Hainan　571100, China

摘要

摘要: 目的研究在香蕉园套种花生（兼作绿肥）的综合效应，为海南省推广蕉园套种绿肥等作物提供科学依据。方法设置5个处理：香蕉单作（CK）、3行双粒花生套种香蕉+覆盖还田、3行双粒花生套种香蕉+翻压还田、5行单粒花生套种香蕉+覆盖还田、5行单粒花生套种香蕉+翻压还田，探讨不同播种方式与还田方式对香蕉生长、花生生长、蕉园土壤、蕉园小气候环境，以及对其产量和品质的影响。结果 5行单粒播种+覆盖还田处理的各项主要指标表现最佳，与对照相比，香蕉苗期株高、茎围和青叶数分别增加89.74%、11.89%和32.05%；地表湿度增加4.61%，地温和气温分别降低2.07%和8.39%；杂草数减少84.62%，香蕉株被害率减少65.21%；土壤碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾、交换性钙和交换性镁含量分别提高 17.18%、6.17%、76.01%、63.58%和34.59%，土壤有机质含量提高25.15%；蔗糖酶活性提高2.38倍，脲酶、酸性磷酸酶、过氧化氢酶和纤维素酶含量分别提高44.27%、75.92%、13.94%和11.58%；＞2 mm粒级土壤团聚体含量由22.0%提高到35.22%；香蕉的产量、可溶性糖含量、维生素C含量和可溶性固形物含量分别提高2.31%、15.21%、5.10%和8.73%。结论在香蕉园套种花生能有效提高蕉园土壤中养分含量与酶活性，改善土壤结构，有利于调节蕉园温湿度；明显减少杂草的生长和害虫的危害；显著促进香蕉生长，提高产量和品质。综合作物产量、作物品质、土壤改良、生态环境优化及对香蕉生长的影响效应，在蕉园套种花生以5行单粒播种加覆盖还田的套种模式效果最优。
- 香蕉 /
- 花生 /
- 套种 /
- 果园小气候 /
- 土壤环境
Abstract: Objective Effects of intercropping peanut (also as green fertilizer) on soil and microclimate at banana orchards were studied. Method Five different planting practices at a banana orchard were implemented for comparison. They included CK (banana monoculture as control), Method A (3 rows of 2-peanuts-sowing for intercropping with banana followed by mulching with the plant waste), Method B (3 rows of 2-peanut-sowing for intercropping with banana followed by turning the plant waste into field soil), Method C (5 rows of one-peanut-sowing for intercropping with banana followed by mulching with the plant waste), and Method D (5 rows of one-peanut-sowing for intercropping with banana followed by turning the plant waste into field soil). Effects of the various seeding/waste treatments on the physiochemical properties of soil and microclimate at the orchard as well as the banana/peanut yields and quality were determined. Result Method C was found to perform with the highest scores on the major evaluation criteria among all. The banana seedling height, stem circumference and green leaf count were 89.74%, 11.89% and 32.05%, respectively, greater than those under CK. With respect to the microclimate, Method C increased the surface humidity by 4.61%, decreased the ground temperature by 2.07%, and lowered the air temperature by 8.39%, as compared with CK. Furthermore, it also reduced the weed growth by 84.62% and the banana plant damage rate by 65.21%. The contents of available N, P, K, Ca, and Mg in the orchard soil were significantly increased by 17.18%, 6.17%, 76.01%, 63.58%, and 34.59%, respectively, while the organic matters significantly increased by 25.15% under Method C over CK. Among the enzymes in the soil, the activity of invertase was 2.38 times of that under CK at an extremely significant different level; and, those of urease, acid phosphatase, catalase, and cellulase 44.27%, 75.92%, 13.94%, and 11.58%, respectively, higher than those under CK. Method C also resulted in a rise on the percent soil aggregates with a size larger than 2mm from 22.0% under CK to 35.22%. Moreover, the treatment produced bananas with increases on yield of 2.31%, on soluble sugar of 15.21%, on VC of 5.10%, and on soluble solids of 8.73%. Conclusion It appeared that by intercropping banana plants with peanut bushes followed by mulching the ground with peanut plant wastes could significantly improve the structure, fertility, and enzymatic activities of the soil as well as the microclimatic conditions, such as temperature and humidity, at the orchard. In the end, besides the ecological benefits, the practice would promote the banana growth, reduce the pest infestation, and weed proliferation, as well as improve the crop yield and quality for the orchard operation.
- Banana /
- peanut /
- intercropping /
- orchard microclimate /
- soil environment

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图 1 不同种植模式蕉园土壤团聚体分布特征

注：柱形图上方不同字母表示不同处理间差异达0.05显著水平。

Figure 1. Size distribution of soil aggregates under different planting practices

Note: Different letters on top of columns indicate significant difference between soil under different planting practices at 5% levels.

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表 1 套种花生对香蕉苗期生长状况的影响

Table 1. Growth of banana seedlings under intercropping

处理 Treatment	株高 Plant height/cm	茎围 Stem circumference /cm	青叶数 Green leaf number/piece
CK	19.50 bB	10.43 cB	8.33 bB
3行双粒	36.00 aA	12.87 aA	10.33 aAB
5行单粒	37.00 aA	11.67 bAB	11.00 aA
注：（1）表1～6中的数据，不同小写字母者表示差异显著（P＜0.05），不同大写字母者表示差异极显著（P＜0.01）；（2）表1～3中的套种处理数据均为翻压还田处理与覆盖还田处理共6个小区的平均值。 Note:（1）Data with different lowercase letters on Tables 1-6 represent significant difference between treatments at 0.05 level, and those with different capital letters represent significant difference between treatments at 0.01 level.（2）Data associated with planting practices on Tables 1-3 are averages from 6 testing plots.

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表 2 不同播种方式对花生地上生物量和养分蓄积量的影响　　　　

Table 2. Effects of seeding on aboveground biomass and nutrient accumulation of peanut plants （单位：kg·hm⁻²）

处理 Treatment	地上生物量 Aboveground biomass	养分蓄积量 Nutrient storage					产量 Yield
处理 Treatment	地上生物量 Aboveground biomass	氮 N	磷 P	钾 K	钙 Ga	镁 Mg	产量 Yield
3行双粒	29 469.49 bB	539.29 bB	44.59 bB	527.50 bB	163.26 bB	76.62 bA	4 430.02 bA
5行单粒	35 823.00 aA	877.66 aA	69.17 aA	662.73 aA	203.47 aA	96.72 aA	5 525.03 aA

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表 3 套种花生对蕉园小气候环境的影响

Table 3. Microclimate at banana orchard under intercropping

处理 Treatment	气温 Air temperature/℃	地温 Ground temperature/℃	地表湿度 Surface humidity/%	杂草数 Weed number/ （株·m⁻²）	香蕉被害株率 Rate of damaged plants/%
CK	31.00 aA	29.00 aA	65.00 bA	13.00 aA	76.67 aA
3行双粒	29.43 bAB	28.25 aA	67.00 abA	3.70 bB	36.67 bB
5行单粒	28.40 bB	28.40 aA	68.00 aA	2.00 bB	26.67 bB

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表 4 套种花生对蕉园土壤养分状况的影响

Table 4. Soil fertility at banana orchard under intercropping

处理 Treatment	酸碱度 pH	有机质 Organic matter/（g·kg⁻¹）	碱解N Alkaline hydrolytic N/（mg·kg⁻¹）	速效P Available P/（mg·kg⁻¹）	速效K Available K/（mg·kg⁻¹）	交换性钙 Exchangeable Ca/（mg·kg⁻¹）	交换性镁 Exchangeable Mg/（mg·kg⁻¹）
CK	6.69 aA	21.15 dC	166.60 dC	26.4 bA	168.10 cC	584.6 cC	119.3 bA
3行双粒+覆盖	6.70 aA	23.95 bcB	181.20 bcB	27.10 abA	301.60 aA	694.13 bB	133.45 abA
3行双粒+翻压	6.71 aA	22.85 cBC	177.25 cBC	27.47 abA	211.90 bBC	683.75 bBC	138.25 abA
5行单粒+覆盖	6.70 aA	26.47 aA	195.23 aA	28.03 abA	295.87 aA	956.27 aA	160.57 aA
5行单粒+翻压	6.75 aA	24.80 bAB	187.10 abAB	28.67 aA	234.85 bB	707.07 bB	146.30 abA

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表 5 套种花生对蕉园土壤酶活性的影响

Table 5. Enzyme activity in soil at banana orchard under intercropping

处理 Treatment	过氧化氢酶 S-CAT/ （μmol·d^−1·g⁻¹）	脱氢酶 sDHA/ （mg·d⁻¹·g⁻¹）	蔗糖酶 S-SC/ （mg·d⁻¹·g⁻¹）	脲酶 S-UE/ （μg·d⁻¹·g⁻¹）	酸性磷酸酶 S-ACP/ （μmol·d⁻¹·g⁻¹）	纤维素酶 S-CL/ （mg·d⁻¹·g⁻¹）
CK	50.23 cB	0.033 aA	24.35 cC	733.76 cC	22.30 bC	29.87 cC
3行双粒+覆盖	55.00 abAB	0.053 aA	39.40 bB	953.52 abAB	34.57 aAB	32.18 bBC
3行双粒+翻压	51.93 bcB	0.035 aA	41.76 bB	853.66 bBC	24.96 bBC	35.19 abAB
5行单粒+覆盖	57.23 aA	0.049 aA	82.21 aA	1058.57 aA	39.23 aA	33.33 bABC
5行单粒+翻压	53.04 bcAB	0.038 aA	36.64 bB	911.96 bAB	26.16 bBC	37.50 aA

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表 6 套种花生对香蕉产量和品质的影响

Table 6. Yield and quality of banana grown under intercropping

处理 Treatment	株产量 Plant yield/kg	维生素 C V_C/(mg·hg⁻¹)	可溶性糖 Soluble sugar/(g·hg⁻¹)	可溶性固形物 Soluble solids/%
CK	23.42 aA	6.86 aA	9.73 cB	13.98 bA
3行双粒+覆盖	24.39 aA	7.09 aA	10.11 bB	14.83 abA
3行双粒+翻压	24.49aA	7.07 aA	10.14 bB	14.76 abA
5行单粒+覆盖	23.96 aA	7.21 aA	11.21 aA	15.20 aA
5行单粒+翻压	23.83 aA	7.19 aA	11.13 aA	14.98 aA

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