再生稻头季机割高度对再生季形态发育和产量的影响

郑景生; 沈如色; 李小萍; 李义珍; 王侯聪; 黄育民; 廖海林

doi:10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.08.001

再生稻头季机割高度对再生季形态发育和产量的影响

doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.08.001

1.
厦门大学生命科学学院, 福建厦门 361005
2.
福建省农业科学院水稻研究所, 福建福州 350019
3.
福建省南平市建阳区种子管理站, 福建建阳 354200

基金项目:

福建省科技计划重大专项 2013NZ0002-2

国际原子能机构合作项目 CRP17031

详细信息

作者简介:
郑景生(1969-), 男, 博士, 副教授, 主要从事水稻遗传育种研究(E-mail:zheng21006@xmu.edu.cn)

通讯作者:
李义珍(1936-), 男, 研究员, 主要从事水稻形态发育与栽培学研究(E-mail:liyizhen3@163.com)

中图分类号: S511
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2016-02-25
- 修回日期: 2016-05-09
- 刊出日期: 2016-08-01

Effects of Machine-cut Stubble Height on Morphological Development and Grain Yield of Subsequent Ratoon Rice Crop

1.
School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
2.
Rice Research Institute of Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian 350019, China
3.
Jianyang District Seed Administrative Station, Jianyang, Fujian 354200, China

摘要

摘要: 为探索再生稻机械化生产中头季机割高度对再生分蘗生育的影响，设置头季机割高度试验，结果表明：（1）再生分蘗由头季稻桩上的茎生腋芽萌发而来。头季采用低桩机割（割桩高度12 cm），割去倒2、3节腋芽，再生季成穗分蘗为倒4、5节腋芽萌发的分蘗及其子蘗，成穗数较多，穗子较大，晚育晚熟；（2）头季采用高桩机割（割桩高度35 cm），出现2类株行，其中一类有70%株行，稻桩保留全部茎生腋芽，但以倒2、3节腋芽萌发的分蘗为主，子蘗少，成穗数较少，穗子较小，早育早熟；另一类有30%株行，稻桩遭收割机链轨碾轧，于距地表高15 cm左右较细弱的部位折损，倒2、3节腋芽失活，再生季成穗分蘗为倒4、5节腋芽萌发的分蘗及其子蘗，与低桩机割株行类似，穗子较大，晚育晚熟，但两类株行成熟期相距15 d，收获顾此失彼；（3）再生稻头季地上部有6个节间，其中着生倒4、5节腋芽所属的2个基部节间粗短坚硬，距地表高（5±2）cm；着生倒2、3节腋芽所属的中部节间细长脆弱，弯曲力矩大，遭收割机链轨碾轧或大风雨袭击时最易折损。头季低桩机割的适宜割桩高度是基部2个节间高度加5～8 cm保护段，即距地表高12～15 cm，过低将伤及倒4、5节腋芽，过高则出现两类株行，熟期参差。
- 再生稻 /
- 留茬高度 /
- 机器割桩 /
- 再生分蘗发育
Abstract: In a mechanized farming experimentation, effects of stubble height of ratoon rice on the tiller growth and development of the subsequent generation of the crop were investigated. The following results were observed. (1) The ratoon tillers grew from germinated cauline axillary buds on the stubbles of the original rice plants. Therefore, the machine-cut, 12 cm-high stubbles lost the axillary buds in the 2^nd and 3^rd nodes from top. The effective ratooning tiller panicles in the new crop had to derive from the tillers of germinated axillary buds in the 4^th and 5^th nodes from top and their filial tillers. This resulted in a more effective formation of panicles and larger spikelet with late development and delayed maturity. (2) The machine-cutting that produced tall stubbles with a height of 35 cm caused the rice to grow into two distinctively different types. One of them had 70% of plant-to-row, whose stubbles retained the entire cauline axillary buds while the ratooning tillers had to depend mostly on the germinated axillary buds in the 2^nd and 3^rd nodes from top with few filial tillers.Thus, the new plants had less effective panicles, smaller spikelet, as well as earlier development and maturity than control. The other type had 30% of plant-to-row, whose stubbles suffered from mechanical damages in harvesting showing fractures on the slender parts about 15 cm above the ground. The devitalization of axillary buds in the 2^nd and 3^rd nodes from top appeared to drive the ratooning tiller panicles from tillers of the germinated axillary buds in the 4^th and 5^th nodes from top and their filial tillers. As a result, the new plants grew similarly to those of low stubbles with large spikelets, late development, and delayed maturity. The ripening of these two types of rice differed in 15 days that hindered synchronized harvesting. And, (3) the new ratoon rice shoots had 6 internodes each.Two basal internodes developed from axillary buds in the 4^th and 5^th nodes from top exhibiting the characteristics of being short, thick, sturdy, and(5±2)cm from ground up in height. On the other hand, the middle internodes from the axillary buds in the 2^nd and 3^rd nodes from top were slender and fragile with large bending moments, which made the plant susceptible to damages in harvest or by storm. It appeared that too shorta stubble would impair the axillary buds in the 4^th and 5^th nodes from top, while too tall would end up with plants with separate ripening stages.The optimal height of stubbles for mechanized farming was, consequently, determined to be 12-15 cm that allowed the retention of two basal internodes with a 5-8 cm protection section on each stubble.
- ratoon rice /
- stubble height /
- machine-cutting /
- ratooning tiller development

HTML全文

表 1 高桩机割遭碾轧稻桩的各节位再生分蘗着生高度、萌发数及生长状况

Table 1. Stubble height, germination count, and growth conditions of ratooning tillers for each node on rice plants encountered caterpillar rolling damagesfrom machine-cutting

分蘗节位	分蘗基部距地表高度/cm	分蘗萌发数	分蘗生长状况
倒5	0.9±0.6	12	壮实
倒4	4.4±1.6	16	壮实
倒3	14.0±2.2	7	细弱
倒2	29.6±2.4	3	停止生长
注：1)表中数据为机割后10 d对2丛30支稻桩的调查结果；2)机割留桩高度(34.7±1.6)cm，稻桩遭碾轧折损部位距地表高度(15.5±3.2)cm；3)调查时只萌发大部分1次分蘗，未计尔后萌发的2次分蘗(子蘗)。

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表 2 头季不同机割高度的再生分蘗抽穗期

Table 2. Heading stage of ratooning tillers on machine-cut rice stubbles of varied heights

观察日期 (月-日)	头季割后日数 /d	每m ²抽穗的穗数			各日抽穗比率/%
观察日期 (月-日)	头季割后日数 /d	高桩直立	高桩碾轧	低桩直立	高桩直立	高桩碾轧	低桩直立
08-20	24	53			16
08-23	27	87			26
08-26	30	137			41
08-29	33	178	44	55	53	10	12
09-01	36	203	47	73	60	11	16
09-04	39	233	67	103	69	16	23
09-07	42	266	101	142	79	24	32
09-10	45	283	148	168	84	35	38
09-13	48	298	200	225	89	48	50
09-16	51	323	243	267	96	58	60
09-19	54	336	283	305	100	68	68
09-22	57		348	373		83	83
09-25	60		386	417		92	93
09-28	63		411	440		98	98
09-30	65		418	447		100	100
注：高桩直立指高桩机割处理稻桩未遭链轨碾轧保持直立的株行；高桩碾轧指高桩机割处理稻桩曾遭链轨碾轧的株行；低桩直立指低桩机割处理稻桩未遭链轨碾轧保持直立的株行和虽遭链轨碾轧但迅速恢复站立的株行。

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表 3 头季不同机割高度不同株行的再生分蘗穗粒性状

Table 3. Spikelets and grain traits of ratooning tillers ofrice plants with varied plant-to-row grown from machine-cut stubbles of different heights

处理	株行类别	分蘖节位	每m ² 穗数	每穗粒数	结实率 /%	千粒重 /g	每m ²谷重 /g	占比 /%
高桩机割	直立	倒2	120	48.8	90.0	28.4	149.7	34.5
		倒3	110	54.4	92.5	28.8	159.4	36.7
		倒4	60	55.8	87.1	28.2	82.2	18.9
		2子	10	39.7	89.5	26.3	9.3	2.2
		3子	10	43.7	90.8	26.5	10.5	2.4
		4子	23	46.4	82.6	25.9	22.8	5.3
		合计/平均	333	51.3	89.9	28.3	433.9	100.0
	碾轧	倒4	123	56.2	91.1	28.6	180.1	31.2
		倒5	143	60.0	93.3	28.8	230.5	40.0
		4子	90	45.3	86.5	27.1	95.6	16.6
		5子	63	47.2	86.7	27.3	70.4	12.2
		合计/平均	419	53.8	90.5	28.2	576.6	100.0
低桩机割	直立	倒4	133	56.6	90.3	28.7	195.1	32.0
		倒5	150	59.9	93.1	28.9	241.7	39.6
		4子	93	45.2	86.5	27.2	98.9	16.2
		5子	67	46.1	87.6	27.7	74.9	12.2
		合计/平均	443	53.7	90.3	28.4	610.6	100.0
注：2子、3子、4子、5子：指分别从倒2、3、4、5节位分蘗萌发的二次分蘗(子蘗)。

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表 4 头季不同机割高度各类株行的产量方差分析

Table 4. Grain yields ofrice plants with varied plant-to-row grown from machine-cut stubbles of different heights

处理	株行	各重复产量/(kg·hm ^-2)					显著性
处理	株行	Ⅰ	Ⅱ	Ⅲ	Ⅳ	平均±标准差	5%	1%
高桩机割	未遭碾轧	4200	4207	4380	4477	4266±207	b	B
	曾遭碾轧	6017	5508	5775	5267	5642±325	a	A
	加权平均	4719	4436	4779	4702	4659±152	b	B
低桩机割	纯一株行	6195	6031	5693	5862	5945±216	a	A
注：1) PLSD_0.05=463 kg·hm^-2, PLSD_0.01=702 kg·hm^-2；2)产量方差分析据高桩机割处理的未遭碾轧株行(占5/7)、曾遭碾轧株行(占2/7)和低桩机割处理的纯一株行的产量数据计算，高桩机割处理的加权平均产量参与显著性比较。

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