Effects of Bamboo Charcoal and Vinasse Fertilizer Addition in Soil on Growth of Tobacco Plants Under Herbicide Stress
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摘要: 以“云烟87”为供试材料，采用盆栽试验，研究竹炭与酒糟有机肥配施对除草剂二氯喹啉酸土壤残留致害烟株的生长情况，以及对烟叶生理生化指标、超微结构和化学成分的影响。结果表明：二氯喹啉酸土壤残留致烟株畸形生长，而竹炭与酒糟有机肥配施在一定程度上可以缓解其药害症状。其中每株配施120 g竹炭和100 g酒糟有机肥，对药害烟株症状的缓解效果最好，烟苗移栽30 d和60 d后对株高、叶宽的修复效果显著，烟株根系最为发达，其主根长显著高于药剂对照（P < 0.05）；竹炭和酒糟有机肥配施显著增加了致害烟叶中SOD酶活性，降低了致害烟叶中POD和MDA酶活性，显著提高了致害烟叶蛋白质含量和叶绿体中淀粉粒含量，细胞壁结构逐渐清晰、质体向细胞壁紧贴排列和部分细胞器细胞结构得到恢复，并改善了烟叶化学成分，其中氮碱比和糖碱比分别为0.97和7.01。Abstract: Yunyan 87 tobacco was used in a pot experiment to study the effect of an application of bamboocharcoal and a vinasse fertilizer on the growth of the plants in a soil artificially laden with quinclorac. The herbicide stress would normally cause a phytotoxicity showing physiological, ultrastructural and chemical composition abnormalities on the plants. The results showed that caused tobacco plant deformity growth by quinclorac residue in the soil. However, by adding bamboo charcoal and 100 g vinasse fertilizer per plant, the best mitigation results were observed. After transplanting, the tobacco seedling experienced on plant height and leaf width had significantly mitigation effect in 30 and 60 days. The roots developed well the length of the main roots longer than that of control (singnificant at P < 0.05). Bamboo charcoal and vinasse fertilizer addition in soil on activity of superoxide dismutase(SOD) singnificantly increased, and those of peroxidase(POD) and malondialdehyde(MDA) singnificantly decreased in the tobacco leaves. Meanwhile, the number of starch granules in the leaf chloroplasts increased, the cell walls became clear, the plastids adhered tightly to the cell wall, and the cell structure of some previously damaged organelles mended. The chemical composition of tobacco leaves was improved, with a nitrogen/alkali ratio of 0.97 and suger/alkali ratio of 7.01.
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Key words:
- bamboo charcoal /
- vinasse fertilizer /
- quinclorac /
- tobacco herbicidw stress /
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图 1 竹炭和酒糟有机肥配施对烟株二氯喹啉酸药害的缓解效果(30 d)
Figure 1. Mitigation effect of bamboo charcoal and vinasse fertilizer addition in soil on quinclorac phytotoxicity toward tobacco plants in 30 days after transplantation
图 3 竹炭和酒糟有机肥配施对二氯喹啉酸胁迫下烟叶SOD酶活性的影响
Figure 3. Effect of bamboo charcoal and vinasse fertilizer addition in soil on SOD activity in leaves of tobacco plants under quinclorac stress
图 4 竹炭和有机肥混合处理对二氯喹啉酸胁迫下烟叶POD酶活性的影响
Figure 4. Effect of bamboo charcoal and vinasse fertilizer addition in soil on POD activity in leaves of tobacco plants under quinclorac stress
图 5 竹炭和有机肥混合处理对二氯喹啉酸胁迫下烟叶MDA酶活性的影响
Figure 5. Effect of bamboo charcoal and vinasse fertilizer addition in soil on MDA activity in leaves of tobacco plants under quinclorac stress
图 6 竹炭和酒糟有机肥配施对二氯喹啉酸胁迫下烟叶蛋白质含量的影响
Figure 6. Effect of bamboo charcoal and vinasse fertilizer addition in soil on protein content in leaves of tobacco plants under quinclorac stress
图 7 竹炭和酒糟有机肥配施对二氯喹啉酸胁迫下烟叶细胞超微结构的影响
注：A为CK(健康烟株)，B为CK2(受害烟株)，C为T3(缓解烟株)。图中Ch为叶绿体，Cw为细胞壁，S为淀粉粒，GL为基粒片层，SL为基质片层。
Figure 7. Effect of bamboo charcoal and vinasse fertilizer addition in soil on ultrastructure of leaf cells of tobacco plants under quinclorac stress
表 1 竹炭的基本特征
Table 1. Basic properties of bamboo charcoal
pH 全氮/(g·kg-1) 全碳/(g·kg-1) C/N 比表面积SBET/(m2·g-1) 平均孔径(nm) 灰分/% 含水率/% 电导率/(Ω°·cm-1) 固定碳/% 9.66 16.68 335 20.08 44.39 2.62 1.68 6.92 0.12 82.39 
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表 2 不同浓度竹炭和酒糟有机肥配施对二氯喹啉酸胁迫下烟株农艺性状的影响
Table 2. Effect of various bamboo charcoal and vinasse fertilizer additions in soil on agronomic characteristics of tobacco plants under quinclorac stress
处理 移栽天数/d 株高/cm 叶长/cm 叶宽/cm 茎围/cm CK1 30 30.00±1.53d 19.00±1.53de 11.67±0.67c 3.16±0.05d CK2 21.33±1.76f 17.67±0.33e 3.00±0.29e 3.16±0.10d T1 31.00±0.58cd 24.33±0.67c 3.17±0.33e 3.45±0.14cd T2 34.00±1.53c 25.00±0.58c 8.00±0.58d 3.77±0.07bc T3 46.00±0.58a 35.00±0.58a 17.00±0.58a 4.15±0.10b T4 40.00±0.58b 29.00±0.58b 14.33±1.20b 5.62±0.31a CK 26.00±1.00e 21.50±1.04d 13.67±1.20bc 5.32±0.05a CK1 60 94.68±0.48cd 36.17±0.49bc 10.20±0.42a 5.17±0.22cd CK2 78.97±1.94e 32.00±0.58d 7.33±0.63b 3.70±0.15e T1 96.29±0.57c 39.94±0.64a 10.13±0.45a 5.17±0.22cd T2 103.74±3.88ab 37.03±1.16b 10.33±0.62a 5.45±0.09c T3 106.55±2.87a 37.20±1.30b 10.41±0.40a 6.31±0.23b T4 97.60±0.70bc 35.07±0.15bc 9.76±0.37a 6.86±0.06a CK 88.67±2.36d 34.13±0.68cd 10.90±0.21a 4.77±0.15d 注：同列数字后不同小写字母表示不同时期处理间有显著差异(P < 0.05)；表 3、4同。
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表 3 竹炭和酒糟有机肥配施对二氯喹啉酸胁迫下烟叶叶绿素含量的影响
Table 3. Effect of bamboo charcoal and vinasse fertilizer addition in soil on chlorophyll content in tobacco plants under quinclorac stress
[单位/(mg·g-1, FW)] 处理 叶绿素a 叶绿素b 叶绿素a+b CK1 2.09±0.03b 0.68±0.02b 2.77±0.05b CK2 2.56±0.06a 0.85±0.01a 3.41±0.02a T1 1.81±0.01c 0.70±0.02b 2.51±0.01c T2 1.74±0.01d 0.57±0.01c 2.31±0.01d T3 1.26±0.01g 0.53±0.01d 1.79±0.01f T4 1.37±0.02f 0.43±0.01f 1.80±0.01f CK 1.48±0.03e 0.47±0.01e 1.95±0.03e
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表 4 不同浓度竹炭和酒糟有机肥配施对二氯喹啉酸胁迫下烟叶化学成分的影响
Table 4. Effect of various bamboo charcoal and vinasse fertilizer additions in soil on chemical composition in leaves of tobacco plants under quinclorac stress
处理 淀粉/% 总氮/% 钾/% 总糖/% 还原糖/% 烟碱/% 还原糖/烟碱 总氮/烟碱 CK1 27.94±0.01a 1.59±0.06b 1.52±0.07b 16.27±0.08c 14.61±0.02b 1.91±0.03b 7.64±0.05b 0.83±0.04c CK2 20.12±0.36f 1.37±0.09c 1.37±0.09c 14.54±0.13e 13.55±0.10d 2.30±0.01a 5.89±0.09d 0.59±0.05e T1 20.86±0.05e 1.42±0.14c 1.52±0.09b 16.71±0.18b 14.20±0.12c 1.91±0.01b 7.43±0.26b 0.74±0.05d T2 22.25±0.04c 1.59±0.08b 1.59±0.03ab 15.52±0.18d 10.94±0.06f 1.84±0.01c 5.96±0.08d 0.86±0.03c T3 22.46±0.05c 1.63±0.05b 1.60±0.02ab 15.52±0.08d 11.73±0.01e 1.68±0.02d 7.01±0.06c 0.97±0.04b T4 23.55±0.05b 1.81±0.05a 1.69±0.06a 15.56±0.09d 11.83±0.01e 1.67±0.01d 7.05±0.18c 1.25±0.05a CK 27.90±0.01a 1.69±0.04ab 1.69±0.04a 17.14±0.13a 18.40±0.02a 1.44±0.01e 12.78±0.22a 1.00±0.04b
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