Effects of Rain-sheltered Pear Cultivation on Fruit Quality and Chemistry and Enzymatic Activity of Rhizosphere Soil
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摘要: 以同一梨园中避雨栽培与露地栽培的梨树根系土壤为研究对象，对根际土壤抑草活性、土壤化学性质和土壤酶活性进行研究。结果表明，避雨措施能显著降低梨果实的蔗糖含量（甜度），增加酸性物质含量。避雨栽培土壤的全氮和速效磷均显著低于露地栽培土壤。两种处理梨树根际土壤对莴苣的生长都有促进作用。露地处理增加了土壤蛋白酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶和磷酸单酯酶活性。本研究还对各类具有显著性差异的指标进行了相关性分析。研究认为，避雨栽培不利于土壤肥力和物质循环，需要适度地补充营养元素、适当的露地栽培和及时除草来提高梨的品质。Abstract: Effects of rain-sheltering in pear cultivation on quality of the fruits as well as the chemical properties and enzymatic activity of the rhizosphere soil were studied by comparing with the conventional open-field operation at a same orchard. By sheltering the plants from the rains, the sugar content of the pears decreased significantly, and the acids increased significantly (P < 0.05), while the total nitrogen and available phosphorus in the soil lowered significantly (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, the condition also decreased the activities of protease, urease, sucrase and phosphomonoesterase in the soil. On the other hand, the changed rhizosphere soil did not alter the growth of lettuces on it. It appeared that the rain-sheltered cultivation did not benefit the fertility or the natural circulation of matters in the soil either. Consequently, the practice would require substantial nutrient replenishment, occasional exposure to the natural conditions, and frequent weeding to sustain a long-term cultivation of the pear plants that produce high quality fruits.
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Key words:
- pear /
- rhizosphere soil /
- soil chemistry /
- enzymatic activity /
- rain-sheltered cultivation
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图 1 不同栽培模式下梨树根际土壤酶活性
注：图中不同小写字母表示差异达显著水平(P < 0.05)。图 2同。
Figure 1. Enzymatic activities in rhizosphere soils under different pear cultivation methods
图 2 不同栽培模式下梨树根际土壤抑草潜力
注：①A为土壤水浸提液生物测试，B为土壤三明治法生物测试。②供试植物为莴苣。
Figure 2. Weed inhibition of rhizosphere soils under different pear cultivation methods
表 1 不同栽培模式下梨果实品质
Table 1. Fruit quality of pear plants under different cultivation methods
栽培模式 总糖/(g·kg-1) 还原糖/(g·kg-1) 蔗糖/(g·kg-1) 维生素C/(mg·kg-1) 总酸/(g·kg-1) 避雨栽培 8.39±0.07a 5.49±0.03a 2.76±0.01b 8.36±0.04a 1.38±0.01a 露地栽培 8.23±0.16a 4.93±0.07a 3.21±0.03a 6.06±0.13b 0.84±0.01b 注：同列数据后小写字母不同者表示差异达显著水平(P < 0.05)，表 2同。 
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表 2 不同栽培模式下梨树根际土壤化学性质
Table 2. Chemical properties of rhizosphere soil under different pear cultivation methods
栽培模式 pH 全氮/(g·kg-1) 全磷/ (g·kg-1) 全钾/(g·kg-1) 速效氮/(mg·kg-1) 速效磷/(mg·kg-1) 速效钾/(mg·kg-1) 有机质/% 含水量/% 避雨栽培 4.07±0.17a 5.33±0.23b 0.079±0.001a 3.26±0.04a 18.67±1.65a 168.19±19.62b 204.41±4.44a 26.40±1.11a 16.71±1.04a 露地栽培 4.30±0.02a 10.83±1.03a 0.116±0.002a 3.94±0.19a 18.67±1.65a 253.07±23.86a 214.51±4.54a 28.67±1.70a 19.77±0.83a
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表 3 梨树根际土壤化学性质、梨果实品质指标的相关性
Table 3. Correlations between chemical properties of rhizosphere soil and fruit quality
项目 全氮 速效磷 总糖 还原糖 蔗糖 维生素C 总酸 全氮 1 -0.74 0.82 0.88 0.98* -0.97* 0 速效磷 0.62 1 -0.99** -0.33 -0.59 0.87 0.67 总糖 -0.31 0.55 1 0.45 0.69 -0.93 -0.57 还原糖 -0.33 0.53 1.00** 1 0.96* -0.75 0.48 蔗糖 0 0.78 0.95 0.94 1 -0.91 0.19 维生素C -0.16 0.67 0.99* 0.99* 0.99* 1 0.23 总酸 0.99* 0.73 -0.17 -0.18 0.15 -0.01 1 注：①*和**分别代表差异显著(P < 0.05)和极显著性水平(P < 0.01)；② “1”的上方数据为露地栽培的相关性系数，“1”的下方数据为避雨栽培的相关性系数，表 4同。
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表 4 梨树根际土壤化学性质、土壤酶活性和碳源利用率的相关性
Table 4. Correlations between chemical properties and enzymatic activities of rhizosphere soils
项目 全氮 速效磷 蛋白酶 磷酸单酯酶 脲酶 蔗糖酶 全氮 1 -0.74 -0.98* 0.68 1.00** -0.13 速效磷 0.62 1 0.59 -1.00** -0.72 -0.58 蛋白酶 0.78 0.98* 1 -0.52 -0.99* 0.32 磷酸单酯酶 -0.71 -0.99** -0.99** 1 0.65 0.65 脲酶 -0.5 -0.99* -0.93 0.97* 1 -0.15 蔗糖酶 -0.99** -0.71 -0.85 0.78 0.59 1
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