基于农学效应的福建省水稻氮磷钾施肥限量标准

李娟; 章明清; 章赞德; 张立成; 姚宝全; 沈金泉

doi:10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2019.02.002

基于农学效应的福建省水稻氮磷钾施肥限量标准

doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2019.02.002

1.
福建省农业科学院土壤肥料研究所, 福建福州 350013
2.
大田县农田建设与土肥技术推广站, 福建大田 366100
3.
福建省农田建设与土壤肥料技术总站, 福建福州 350003

基金项目:

国家自然科学基金项目 31572203

福建省科技计划项目——省属公益类科研院所基本科研专项 2018R1022-3

福建省农业科学院科技创新团队建设项目 STIT2017-1-9

福建省测土配方施肥项目 2010-2015

详细信息

作者简介:
李娟(1977-), 女, 硕士, 副研究员, 研究方向:作物营养与施肥(E-mail:li-95@163.com)

通讯作者:
章明清(1963-), 男, 博士, 研究员, 研究方向:作物施肥原理与技术(E-mail:zhangmq@163.com)

中图分类号: S147.2
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2018-12-13
- 修回日期: 2019-01-29
- 刊出日期: 2019-02-28

NPK Fertilizations Recommended Based on Agronomic Benefits on Rice in Fujian

1.
Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Science, Fuzhou, Fujian 350013, China
2.
Datian Cropland Construction and Soil and Fertilizer Station, Datian, Fujian 366100, China
3.
Fujian Cropland Construction and Soil and Fertilizer Station, Fuzhou, Fujian 350003, China

摘要

摘要: 目的为提高水稻施肥效益，实现减量、增效的目标，制定福建早稻、晚稻、单季稻、菜后稻和烟后稻的氮磷钾施肥限量标准。方法根据近年来在不同稻作上完成的832个氮磷钾田间肥效试验结果，将福建早稻、晚稻和单季稻分为山区和沿海两个区域，菜后稻不分区域，烟后稻则归入山区区域，应用系统聚类分析方法及其类别间差异显著性检验，确定各稻作的最佳施肥类别数，然后构建各施肥类别的氮磷钾三元非结构肥效模型及其推荐施肥量，并进行田间试验验证。结果山区区域、沿海区域和全省的早稻最佳施肥类别数分别为7、6、7个，晚稻则分别为6、4、7个；单季稻对应区域的最佳施肥类别数分别为6、4、6个；菜后稻和烟后稻的最佳施肥类别数分别为3个和4个。在此基础上，针对各稻作不同施肥类别构建的60个氮磷钾三元非结构肥效模型均属于典型式，进而建立了基于农学效应的水稻氮磷钾施肥限量标准。234个大田对比试验表明，施肥限量标准优化了氮磷钾施用量和比例，不同稻作间平均增产稻谷4.0%~12.5%，净增收达到875~2 616元·hm^-2；推荐施肥的氮磷减肥幅度平均分别为19.4%和23.9%，但增加K₂O用量27.3%。结论氮磷钾施肥限量标准为当前水稻减肥增效技术的推广应用提供了最佳养分投入的计量依据。
- 水稻 /
- 氮磷钾 /
- 施肥类别 /
- 限量标准 /
- 增产 /
- 效益
Abstract: Objective To improve efficiency and reduce waste on rice fertilization in the fields while protecting the environment, the upper limits on N, P and K applications for the farming of early rice, late rice, single cropping rice, rice after vegetable, and rice after tobacco in Fujian were studied. Method A total of 832 field experiments were conducted on (1) the early rice, late rice and single cropping rice in mountainous and coastal areas, (2) the after-tobacco cropping in mountain areas only, and (3) the after-vegetable cropping in either mountainous or coastal areas. System clustering analysis and significance test of difference were employed to classify the data generated. A ternary non-structural NPK fertilizer response model was then constructed for each category prior to field testing. Result Seven optimum fertilization categories for the early rice in the mountainous areas, 6 in the coastal areas, and 7 in the entire province were established. For the late rice, 6 in the mountainous areas, 4 in the coastal areas, and 7 in the entire province were obtained. For the single cropping rice, 6 in the mountainous areas, 4 in the coastal areas, and 6 in the entire province were resulted. And, for the after-tobacco cropping, 4 in the mountainous areas; while, for the after-vegetable cropping, 3 categories became available for analysis. Based upon these 60 models on the NPK fertilization limits set according to the agronomic effects on the rice plants, 234 field tests were carried out for final selection. It was verified that the formulations produced 4.0% to 12.5% increases on yield with an averaged net income increase from 875-2 616 Yuan·hm^-2. In comparison to the common practice by the farmers, the recommended fertilizations reduced 19.4% on N usage and 23.9% on P but increased 27.3% on K₂O. Conclusion The fertilization recommendations would optimize the fertilizer application with significantly improved efficiency for all types of rice cultivation currently practiced in the province.
- paddy rice /
- NPK /
- fertilization category /
- application limits /
- increased yield /
- benefits

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表 1 福建水稻氮磷钾田间肥效试验数量及其试验点设置情况

Table 1. Number and distribution of sites for field-testing rice growth in response to varied NPK fertilizations in Fujian

稻作 Rice	试验类型 Treatments type	试验点数 Number of trials	试验点分布情况Experiment distribution/个
稻作 Rice	试验类型 Treatments type	试验点数 Number of trials	福州市 Fuzhou	莆田市 Putian	泉州市 Quanzhou	漳州市 Zhangzhou	龙岩市 Longyan	三明市 Sanming	南平市 Nanping	宁德市 Ningde
早稻Early rice	3414试验	171	27	36	0	17	36	28	17	10
早稻Early rice	大区对比试验PCE	52	0	14	0	0	17	10	2	8
晚稻Late rice	3414试验	173	18	17	0	10	39	36	23	30
晚稻Late rice	大区对比试验PCE	58	0	3	2	2	24	9	14	3
单季稻Single cropping rice	3414试验	324	25	25	0	0	20	77	90	87
单季稻Single cropping rice	大区对比试验PCE	111	16	15	12	0	8	27	18	15
菜后稻Rice after vegetable	3414试验	63	2	0	0	11	29	9	7	5
菜后稻Rice after vegetable	大区对比试验PCE	4	0	0	2	2	0	0	0	0
烟后稻Rice after tobacco	3414试验	101	0	0	0	0	52	49	0	0
烟后稻Rice after tobacco	大区对比试验PCE	9	0	0	0	0	5	1	3	0
注：PCE表示大区对比试验。 Note: PCE stands for plot check experiment.

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表 2 氮磷钾“3414”肥效试验供试土壤主要理化性状及其处理(6)施肥量

Table 2. Physiochemical properties of soil at test sites with "3414" design and fertilizer applications of treatment 6

稻作 Rice	试验点数 Number of trials	土壤主要理化性状 Soil physical and chemical properties					处理(6)施肥量 Application rate of Treatment 6/(kg·hm^-2)
稻作 Rice	试验点数 Number of trials	pH	有机质 Organic matter/(g·kg^-1)	碱解氮 Alkali-hydr N/(mg·kg^-1)	有效磷 Olsen-P/(mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 Avail K/(mg·kg^-1)	氮肥 N	磷肥 P₂O₅	钾肥 K₂O
早稻ER	171	4.7±0.8	28.4±6.2	158.8±48.7	33.4±23.4	86.3±54.4	158.0±10.3	61.2±8.8	109.2±14.2
晚稻LR	173	4.6±0.8	31.5±7.2	149.1±56.6	32.4±24.7	88.9±55.3	157.0±10.4	59.0±9.3	112.5±40.0
单季稻SR	324	4.6±0.6	28.1±13.4	147.6±60.8	28.0±21.0	87.9±48.9	165.9±16.5	67.4±12.0	114.6±12.9
菜后稻RAV	63	5.4±0.4	32.4±7.7	162.7±41.5	42.8±18.9	97.8±46.7	158.3±18.9	62.0±16.2	107.0±19.8
烟后稻RAT	101	4.9±0.2	28.4±17.2	159.7±43.2	36.1±19.2	124.0±68.1	160.1±18.6	57.9±17.5	105.0±16.5
注：表中土壤理化性状测定值和处理(6)数据以平均值±标准差表示，ER表示早稻, LR表示晚稻，SR表示单季稻, RAV表示菜后稻, RAT表示烟后稻。表 3~5、9~10同。 Note:Soil physiochemical properties and treatment 6 are expressed as mean±standard deviation, ER stands for early rice, LR for late rice, SR for single-cropping rice, RAV for after-vegetable cropping, and RAT for after-tobacco cropping.The same as table 3-5, 9-10.

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表 3 大区对比试验的土壤主要理化性状和试验处理施肥量

Table 3. Physiochemical properties of soil at comparison test sites and fertilizer applications of treatments

稻作 Rice	试验点数 Number of trials	土壤主要理化性状 Soil physical and chemical properties					推荐施肥 Recommend fertilization/(kg·hm^-2)			习惯施肥 Farmer practice/(kg·hm^-2)
稻作 Rice	试验点数 Number of trials	pH	有机质 Organic matter/(g·kg^-1)	碱解氮 Alkali-lhydr. N/(mg·kg^-1)	有效磷 Olsen-P/(mg·kg^-1)	速效钾 Avail K/(mg·kg^-1)	氮肥 N	磷肥 P₂O₅	钾肥 K₂O	氮肥 N	磷肥 P₂O₅	钾肥 K₂O
早稻ER	52	5.3±0.6	27.2±11.5	149.1±45.7	30.7±22.9	67.5±36.0	169±20	59±24	119±31	184±24	72±18	71±36
晚稻LR	58	5.2±0.5	30.9±8.9	157.9±39.6	29.5±17.2	92.6±75.2	154±25	50±15	97±30	195±21	67±24	54±30
单季稻SR	111	5.2±0.4	29.2±10.4	144.1±48.7	34.2±25.4	81.3±55.5	165±17	63±16	110±28	174±37	71±21	61±39
菜后稻RAV	4	4.9±0.5	16.7±7.1	122.2±16.8	100.3±37.8	85.6±44.8	75±86	23±26	53±60	131±103	56±43	19±38
烟后稻RAT	9	5.4±0.6	38.1±9.3	175.1±56.1	29.3±10.3	104.2±53.3	133±29	43±11	51±23	122±58	39±36	48±49

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表 4 不同稻作施用氮磷钾化肥对稻谷产量的影响

Table 4. Effect of NPK fertilizations on yield of rice under varied cultivation practices

稻作 Rice	试验点数 Number of trials	经典五处理及其平均产量 Classical five treatments and the average yield/(kg·hm^-2)					平均贡献率 Average contribution rates/%
稻作 Rice	试验点数 Number of trials	对照CK	N₀P₂K₂	N₂P₀K₂	N₂P₂K₀	N₂P₂K₂	土壤Soil	氮N	磷P	钾K
早稻ER	171	5080±1144	5706±1240	6357±1353	6199±1356	7477±1094	67.9	23.7	15.0	17.1
晚稻LR	173	5313±1220	5829±1282	6627±1413	6490±1335	7590±1368	70.0	23.2	12.7	14.5
单季稻SR	324	5869±1199	6471±1221	7067±1314	7086±1301	8346±1170	70.3	22.5	15.3	15.1
菜后稻RAV	63	6358±1299	6707±1369	7494±1290	7309±1382	8034±1460	79.1	16.5	6.7	9.0
烟后稻RAT	101	6339±813	6684±990	7601±895	7501±986	8462±916	74.9	21.0	10.2	11.4

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表 5 福建水稻氮磷钾施肥类别最佳分类数及其试验点数

Table 5. Optimal categories of NPK fertilization for rice and field test sites

稻作 Rice	区域 Area	试验点数 Number of trials	施肥类别 Number of fertilization
早稻ER	山区Mountain area	91	7
	沿海Coastal plain	80	6
	全省Province	171	7
晚稻LR	山区Mountain area	128	6
	沿海Coastal plain	45	4
	全省Province	173	7
单季稻SR	山区Mountain area	274	6
	沿海Coastal plain	50	4
	全省Province	324	6
菜后稻RAV	全省Province	63	3
烟后稻RAT	山区Mountain area	101	4

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表 9 菜后稻和烟后稻不同区域的氮磷钾施肥类别及其推荐施肥量

Table 9. Categories and optimal NPK fertilizations for after-vegetable and after-tobacco cropping rice at different sites

区域 Area	施肥类别 Number of fertilization types	空白产量 CK yield/(kg·hm^-2)	目标产量 Target yield/(kg·hm^-2)	最高施肥量 Max. fertilizer rate/(kg·hm^-2)			经济施肥量 Eco. fertilizer rate/(kg·hm^-2)
区域 Area	施肥类别 Number of fertilization types	空白产量 CK yield/(kg·hm^-2)	目标产量 Target yield/(kg·hm^-2)	氮肥N	磷肥P₂O₅	钾肥K₂O	氮肥N	磷肥P₂O₅	钾肥K₂O
菜后稻RAV	1	4190±750	5329±420	137	20	117	104	0	59
	2	6179±677	7536±526	155	37	94	118	21	53
	3	7085±1106	9169±850	188	56	136	149	42	81
烟后稻RAT	1	5513±665	7355±394	159	62	100	132	10	73
	2	6308±503	8217±514	149	42	85	122	37	64
	3	6390±464	8831±536	159	65	110	137	51	77
	4	7611±744	9857±648	170	48	103	138	43	74

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表 10 氮磷钾施肥限量标准对供试水稻产量和施肥效益的影响

Table 10. Effect of optimal NPK fertilizations on rice yield and benefits

稻作 Area	试验点数 Number of trails	无肥区产量 No fertilizer area yield/(kg·hm^-2)	习惯施肥 Farmer practice		推荐施肥 Recommend fertilization		平均增收节支 Average increment and saving
稻作 Area	试验点数 Number of trails	无肥区产量 No fertilizer area yield/(kg·hm^-2)	肥料成本Cost/(Yuan·hm^-2)	产量Yield/(kg·hm^-2)	肥料成本Cost/(Yuan·hm^-2)	产量Yield/(kg·hm^-2)	增产Increase yield/%	肥料成本Cost/(Yuan·hm^-2)	净增收Net income/(Yuan·hm^-2)
早稻RR	52	5629±1162	1506	7210±919	1397	7946±905	10.2	-109	1875
晚稻LR	58	5507±1202	1596	7090±1194	1400	7373±1263	4.0	-196	875
单季稻SCR	111	5975±1173	1695	7328±989	1580	7792±1087	6.3	-115	1228
菜后稻RAV	4	6453±741	1025	7633±1067	698	8587±1322	12.5	-327	2616
烟后稻RAT	9	6814±1031	1161	7654±1129	1002	8094±1268	5.7	-159	1215

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表 6 早稻不同区域的氮磷钾施肥类别及其推荐施肥量

Table 6. Categories and optimal NPK fertilizations for early rice at different sites

区域 Area	施肥类别 Number of fertilization types	空白产量 CK yield/(kg·hm^-2)	目标产量 Target yield/(kg·hm^-2)	最高施肥量 Max. fertilizer rate/(kg·hm^-2)			经济施肥量 Eco. fertilizer rate/(kg·hm^-2)
区域 Area	施肥类别 Number of fertilization types	空白产量 CK yield/(kg·hm^-2)	目标产量 Target yield/(kg·hm^-2)	氮肥N	磷肥P₂O₅	钾肥K₂O	氮肥N	磷肥P₂O₅	钾肥K₂O
山区Mountain area	1	3914±676	6401±408	131	48	98	111	43	80
	2	4197±336	8382±436	134	58	115	125	55	105
	3	4656±515	6954±271	149	54	112	119	47	91
	4	5221±627	7314±228	173	61	132	144	46	85
	5	5348±787	8254±436	189	49	117	152	45	94
	6	6587±525	8813±383	172	60	143	139	50	99
	7	7544±524	9774±414	192	51	87	155	37	73
沿海Coastal plain	1	3538±589	5661±424	201	67	79	159	58	62
	2	4417±178	6382±322	166	57	101	122	49	86
	3	4985±573	6889±244	172	61	104	136	47	80
	4	5340±704	7579±360	167	65	91	138	49	76
	5	6176±698	8166±95	148	57	93	119	49	75
	6	6809±748	9411±637	147	68	91	127	59	76
全省Province	1	4025±634	6211±471	149	51	94	119	46	78
	2	4596±449	6951±262	165	58	101	134	49	84
	3	4755±716	6785±418	186	62	124	150	53	54
	4	5288±535	7348±281	158	64	106	130	42	86
	5	5597±1010	8148±446	162	60	107	138	52	72
	6	5902±745	8631±496	178	44	146	139	41	113
	7	7125±707	9490±552	163	58	89	136	48	75
注：空白区产量和平衡施肥产量均为试验产量结果的均值±标准差。表 7~10同。 Note:Rice yields at control and balanced fertilization sites are mean±standard deviation.The same as table 7-10.

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表 7 晚稻不同区域的氮磷钾施肥类别及其推荐施肥量

Table 7. Categories and optimal NPK fertilizations for late rice at different sites

区域 Area	施肥类别 Number of fertilization types	空白产量 CK yield/(kg·hm^-2)	目标产量 Target yield/(kg·hm^-2)	最高施肥量 Max. fertilizer rate/(kg·hm^-2)			经济施肥量 Eco. fertilizer rate/(kg·hm^-2)
区域 Area	施肥类别 Number of fertilization types	空白产量 CK yield/(kg·hm^-2)	目标产量 Target yield/(kg·hm^-2)	氮肥N	磷肥P₂O₅	钾肥K₂O	氮肥N	磷肥P₂O₅	钾肥K₂O
山区Mountain area	1	3399±480	5329±626	171	74	85	139	61	57
	2	4776±5618	6793±376	155	56	118	127	46	81
	3	4934±535	7466±657	186	60	135	154	52	97
	4	5613±667	7912±411	164	70	124	132	57	97
	5	6131±823	9092±662	183	52	115	157	46	87
	6	7815±818	10261±622	179	54	97	145	44	81
沿海Coastal plain	1	4378±415	6299±324	194	51	111	138	44	91
	2	4689±577	6831±268	143	54	89	119	44	74
	3	5691±551	7504±346	148	63	92	120	43	73
	4	6830±428	8943±435	159	48	83	139	37	49
全省Province	1	3473±521	5369±617	179	63	87	143	53	61
	2	4784±652	6802±390	146	58	106	119	48	81
	3	4934±535	7466±657	186	60	135	154	53	97
	4	5253±615	7333±754	179	26	42	154	21	29
	5	5638±685	7921±416	168	66	117	136	53	92
	6	6202±839	9012±445	175	56	138	149	49	97
	7	7565±893	10243±583	186	54	94	155	42	79

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表 8 单季稻不同区域的氮磷钾施肥类别及其推荐施肥量

Table 8. Categories and optimal NPK fertilizations for single cropping rice at different sites

区域 Area	施肥类别 Number of fertilization types	空白产量 CK yield/(kg·hm^-2)	目标产量 Target yield/(kg·hm^-2)	最高施肥量 Max. fertilizer rate/(kg·hm^-2)			经济施肥量 Eco. fertilizer rate/(kg·hm^-2)
区域 Area	施肥类别 Number of fertilization types	空白产量 CK yield/(kg·hm^-2)	目标产量 Target yield/(kg·hm^-2)	氮肥N	磷肥P₂O₅	钾肥K₂O	氮肥N	磷肥P₂O₅	钾肥K₂O
山区Mountain area	1	4068±631	5949±328	181	51	106	132	43	86
	2	4671±740	7297±421	221	64	109	176	57	87
	3	5735±711	8285±429	194	98	170	161	68	117
	4	6260±547	8515±454	166	47	92	136	42	70
	5	6540±839	9272±441	204	84	162	165	68	115
	6	7594±777	10152±664	191	63	97	153	56	74
沿海Coastal plain	1	4411±653	6447±568	171	71	108	135	58	85
	2	5681±640	7770±367	157	75	105	124	62	81
	3	6445±639	8235±712	156	60	95	117	49	74
	4	7230±107	10761±430	215	70	157	185	57	103
全省Province	1	4269±588	6614±560	225	66	113	173	57	89
	2	5039±757	7482±325	191	63	106	152	56	84
	3	5465±646	8186±494	205	98	159	167	72	114
	4	6194±641	8429±513	162	50	94	133	44	72
	5	6487±707	8925±526	185	74	155	149	61	103
	6	7454±842	10184±685	194	66	115	160	58	87

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