梨晚期花发生规律、特征特性及影响因素调查与分析

黄新忠; 曾少敏

doi:10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2020.02.006

梨晚期花发生规律、特征特性及影响因素调查与分析

doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2020.02.006

福建省农业科学院果树研究所/福建省落叶果树工程技术研究中心，福建　福州　350013

基金项目: 福建省财政专项——福建省农业科学院科技创新团队建设项目（STIT2017-1-4）；国家现代农业产业技术体系项目（CARS-28-34）

详细信息

作者简介:
黄新忠（1962−），男，研究员，主要从事落叶果树育种及栽培技术研究（E-mail: hxz0117@163.com）

中图分类号: S 661.2
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2019-12-24
- 修回日期: 2020-01-28
- 刊出日期: 2020-02-01

Characteristics of and Factors Affecting Late-stage Inflorescence on Pear Trees

Fruit Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Research Centre for Engineering Technology of Fujian Deciduous Fruits, Fuzhou, Fujian　350013, China

摘要

摘要: 目的为加深对梨晚期花利用价值认识和为开展梨晚期花形成机理及促生技术研究提供借鉴，方法采取定点跟踪调查方法，对梨晚期花发生时间、发生部位、花果特征特性及影响发生因素，展开较为系统观察调查分析，结果梨晚期花发生于春季开花后至9月之间，其中果实迅速膨大期、果实缓慢增大期、果实迅速增大期、贮藏营养积累期分别占70.72%、16.89%、7.93%、4.46%；发生部位包括当年抽生果台副梢、中长梢和多年生枝不定芽梢顶端，占比分别为94.64 %、4.29%、1.07%。与梨正常花相比，晚期花序轴较长，似呈基部多带3～4片叶伞房花序；花着生间距大、花柄长、花托小；开花顺序为中花先开，边花后开。梨晚期花具有一定结果能力，‘黄花’梨发生于果实迅速膨大期、果实缓慢增大期、果实迅速增大期、贮藏营养积累期的坐果率分别为43.23%、16.61、29.44%、29.48%，尤其是早期发生于果台副梢上的果实可正常成熟为可食用的商品果。不同品种间比较，以花芽易形成且开花期长的品种发生晚期花比率高、数量多；不同年际间比较，以在开花幼果期气候或病虫等灾害较重的年份其发生率高、数量多；不同树势比较，以树势强且树体贮藏营养丰富的植株发生率高、数量多。结论梨晚期花发生时间与发生部位分别以果实迅速膨大期和当年抽生的果台副梢占比大；花序轴较长、花朵着生间距大、花柄长、花托小，开花顺序与正常花相反；具有一定的结果能力，早期发生于果台副梢上的所结的果能正常成熟，对开展灾害性产量损失补救及果实熟期调节具有较大的潜在研发利用前景；大量促生的措施应以丰富树体营养为基础，应用环境胁迫刺激为诱导。
- 梨 /
- 晚期花 /
- 发生规律 /
- 特征特性 /
- 影响因素
Abstract: Objective Regularity and characteristics of as well as factors affecting the late-stage inflorescence of pear trees relating to fruit bearing of the plants were studied. Method Occurrence time and location of late-stage flowers on pear trees as well as physiological and environmental factors affecting the inflorescence were systematically monitored in the field. Result The late-stage flowers started to appear on a pear tree 10 days or more after regular inflorescence in spring and lasted till September. They showed up 70.27% of the time during the period when pears formed from regular flowers were rapidly expanding on a plant, 16.89% when the fruits were slowly enlarging, 7.93% when the fruits were rapidly enlarging, and 4.46% when the fruits were storing and accumulating nutrients. They were found mostly on tip of annual auxiliary shoots (94.64% of total), some on tip of mid-long shoots at 4.29%, and a few on tip of perennial adventitious buds at 1.07%. Compared with the regular flowers, the late comers were longer on the inflorescence axis with 3 or 4 small leaves on the base, bigger on the spacing between individual flowers, lengthier on the stalks, and smaller on the receptacle. They also started blooming from the center rather than the peripheral of a inflorescence. Of all, 43.23% of the fruit-setting from the late-stage flowers occurred in the rapid expanding period of regular fruits, 16.61% in the slow fruit enlarging period, 29.44% in the rapid fruit enlarging period, and 29.48% in time of nutrient storing and accumulating on Huanghua pear plants. The late-stage flowers found on the auxiliary shoots would generally develop and form fruits that ripened on the tree. Such result was observed on the pear plants with ample nutrient supply, of the varieties that showed a high rate of bud formation and long florescence period, and/or during the years encountering stresses such as serious diseases, pest infestation and/or climatic changes that affected fruit development. Conclusion The late-stage flowers on a pear tree were largely found in the rapid expanding time of the regular fruits and on the tip of annual auxiliary shoots. They had longer inflorescence axis, wider spacing between flowers, lengthier stalks, and smaller receptacles than the regular flowers on a same plant. Their blooming sequence was opposite to the regular inflorescence. The late-stage flowers on the auxiliary shoots that bloomed early generally developed fully into fruits that matured into edible product for marketing. At time of yield decline due to diseases, the late fruit bearing compensated somewhat the loss. The delay could also inadvertently alter the fruit harvesting. Therefore, if late-stage inflorescence was desired, applying fertilization coupled with external stress to induce changes on the plant physiology could be a plausible approach.
- Pear /
- late-stage inflorescence /
- occurrence regularity /
- characteristics /
- influence factors

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图 1 梨晚期花发生部位

Figure 1. Locations of late-stage flowers on a pear plant

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图 2 ‘翠玉’梨晚期花与正常花特征特性比较

Figure 2. Characteristics of late-stage and regular inflorescences on Cuiyu pear trees

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图 3 梨晚期花结果性状表现

Figure 3. Fruiting trait of late-stage flowers

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表 1 梨晚期花不同生长发育期发生数量与比例

Table 1. Number and occurrence rate of late-stage inflorescences at pear fruit development stages

年份 Year	发生总量 Total number/ （朵·株⁻¹）	果实迅速膨大期 Fruit rapidly expanding period		果实缓慢增大期 Fruit slowly enlargement period		果实迅速增大期 Fruit rapidly enlargement period		贮藏营养积累期 Storage nutrition accumulation period
年份 Year	发生总量 Total number/ （朵·株⁻¹）	发生量 Number/ （朵·株⁻¹）	比例 Ratio/%	发生量 Number/ （朵·株⁻¹）	比例 Ratio/%	发生量 Number/ （朵·株⁻¹）	比例 Ratio/%	发生量 Number/ （朵·株⁻¹）	比例 Ratio/%
2010	217.9	153.2	70.31	41.0	18.81	16.4	7.53	7.3	3.35
2011	52.7	38.3	72.68	8.5	16.13	3.3	6.26	2.6	4.93
2012	41.9	26.6	63.48	7.8	18.62	4.5	10.74	3.0	7.16
2013	65.6	46.0	70.12	10.7	16.31	6.1	9.30	2.8	4.27
2014	44.9	31.4	69.93	4.8	10.69	5.1	11.36	3.6	8.02
2015	91.0	71.7	78.79	13.3	14.61	3.8	4.18	2.2	2.42
2016	38.3	23.4	60.10	7.2	18.80	4.6	12.01	3.1	8.09
合计Total	552.3	390.6	70.72	93.3	16.89	43.8	7.93	24.6	4.46

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表 2 ‘黄花’梨不同部位发生晚期花花序数量与比例

Table 2. Number and occurrence rate of late-stage inflorescences on parts of Huanghua pear tree

年份 Year	花序总量 Total number of inflorescences/个	当年生果台副梢 Annual auxiliary shoot		当年生中长梢 Annual mid-long shoot		多年生枝上不定芽梢 Adventitious buds of perennial shoot
年份 Year	花序总量 Total number of inflorescences/个	花序数 Number of inflorescences/个	比例 Ratio/%	花序数 Number of inflorescencesv/个	比例 Ratio/%	花序数 Number of inflorescences/个	比例 Ratio/%
2014	96	92	95.83	3	3.13	1	1.04
2015	116	107	92.24	7	6.03	2	1.73
2016	68	66	97.06	2	2.94	0	0.00
合计 Total	280	265	94.64	12	4.29	3	1.07

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表 3 ‘黄花’不同生育期发生的晚期花坐果率差异比较

Table 3. Fruit-setting rate of late-stage inflorescences on Huanghua pear trees at fruit development stages

时期 Period	坐果率 Fruit setting rate/%
时期 Period	2014年 Year 2014	2015年 Year 2015	2016年 Year 2016	平均值 Mean
果实迅速膨大期 Fruit rapidly expanding period	42.38	47.61	39.70	43.23 Aa
果实缓慢增大期 Fruit slowly enlargement period	18.22	15.48	16.13	16.61 Cc
果实迅速增大期 Fruit rapidly enlargement period	34.14	27.87	26.32	29.44 Bb
贮藏营养积累期 Storage nutrition accumulation period	26.56	33.03	28.86	29.48 Bb
注：不同小写、大写字母分别表示0.05和0.01水平差异显著,采用费舍尔的LSD多重比较，表4-6同。 Note: Different uppercase or lowercase letters represent extreme or significant difference at 0.01 or 0.05 levels. ANOVA Fisher’s LSD test. The same as table 4-6.

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表 4 ‘黄花’梨正常开花果实与晚期花果实品质鉴评测定差异分析

Table 4. Quality differences between Huanghua pears developed from late-stage and regular flowers

果实类型 Fruit type	单果重 Weight per fruit /g	果形指数 Fruit shape index	萼片残存率 Ratio of remnant sepals /%	“公梨”比例 ratio of the male pear /%	肉质 Flesh texture	可溶性固形物含量 Soluble solids content /%	固酸比 Ratio of total soluble solids and titratable acidity
正常果 Normal fruit	246.2 Aa	8.96 Bb	42.44 Bb	38.26 Bb	质地较紧、果汁中 Denser with medium juiciness	10.67 Bb	60.81:1 Aa
晚期花果 Late-stage flowers’ fruit	178.8 Bb	9.98 Aa	87.61 Aa	79.93 Aa	质地松脆、果汁多 Crisp to soft with juicy	11.94 Aa	51.54:1 Bb

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表 5 不同梨品种晚期花发生能力差异分析

Table 5. Abilities of late-stage flower formation of different pear varieties

品种 Variety	年均发生率 Annual average rate /%	年均株发生率 Annual average rate per plant /%	株年均花序发生量 Annual average number of inflorescences per plant	株年均花朵发生量 Annual average number of flowers per plant
黄花 ‘Huanghua’	100.00 Aa	92.43 Aa	9.51 Aa	32.35 Aa
翠玉 ‘Cuiyu’	100.00 Aa	71.61 Bb	3.78 Bb	14.36 Bb
蜜雪梨 ‘Mixue’	100.00 Aa	42.40 Cc	1.92 Cc	7.53 Cc
翠冠 ‘Cuiguan’	100.00 Aa	26.82 Ee	1.20 Ee	3.36 Dd
清香 ‘Qingxiang’	25.00 Bb	0.67 Dd	0.01 Dd	0.02 Ee

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表 6 ‘黄花’梨年际之间晚期花发生能力差异分析

Table 6. Abilities of late-stage flower formation of Huanghua pear trees in different years

年份 Year	株发生率 Rate per plant /%	株均花序发生量 Average number of inflorescences per plant	株均花朵发生量 Average number of flowers per plant
2010	100.00	71.21 Aa	273.45 Aa
2011	91.86	8.16 Dd	28.56 Dd
2012	89.53	6.90 Ef	22.43 Ef
2013	95.35	7.58 DEe	27.83 Dd
2014	88.37	8.67 Dd	32.45 Dd
2015	100.00	28.44 Bb	98.69 Bb
2016	93.51	7.69 Dd	26.92 Dd
2017	100.00	18.22 Cc	80.63 Cc

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表 7 ‘黄花’树势强弱不同树体晚期花发生能力差异分析

Table 7. Abilities of late-stage flower formation of Huanghua pear trees with different degrees of vigor

树体类型 Tree type	株发生率 Ratio per plant/%	株均花序发生量 Average number of inflorescences per plant	株均花朵发生量 Average number of flowers per plant
树势强 Vigorous tree	95.00	12.25	44.65
树势弱 Weak tree	17.50	0.78	2.68

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