密度与施氮及其互作对冬作马铃薯产量和氮肥农学利用率的影响

许国春; 李华伟; 罗文彬; 纪荣昌; 林赵淼; 李国良; 许泳清; 汤浩

doi:10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2020.04.007

密度与施氮及其互作对冬作马铃薯产量和氮肥农学利用率的影响

doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2020.04.007

福建省农业科学院作物研究所/农业农村部南方薯类科学观测实验站/福建省特色旱作物品种选育工程技术研究中心，福建　福州　350013

基金项目: 福建省科技计划公益类专项（2019R1031-1）；国家现代农业产业技术体系（福州综合试验站）建设专项（CARS-09-ES11）；福建省种业创新与产业化工程项目（fjzycxny2017005）；福建省农业科学院科技创新团队专项（STIT2017-2-3）

详细信息

作者简介:
许国春（1991−），男，硕士，研究实习员，主要从事薯类作物栽培生理研究（E-mail：xuguochun@faas.cn）

通讯作者:
汤浩（1968−），男，研究员，主要从事薯类作物遗传育种研究（E-mail：tanghao9403@163.com）

中图分类号: S 532
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2020-01-17
- 修回日期: 2020-03-29
- 刊出日期: 2020-04-01

Effects of Planting Density and Nitrogen Application on Yield and Nitrogen Utilization of Winter Potato Plants

Crop Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Tuber and Root Crops in South China, Ministry of Agricultural and Rural Affairs /Fujian Engineering Research Center for Characteristic Dry Crop Variety Breeding, Fuzhou, Fujian　3500013, China

摘要

摘要: 目的探讨密度与施氮及其互作对冬作马铃薯产量和氮肥农学利用率（AE_N）的协同调控效应，为冬作马铃薯高产高效栽培提供理论参考和技术支撑。方法以冬作马铃薯主栽品种闽薯1号为材料，采用田间裂区试验设计，主区设3种密度（4.76万、6.67万和10.96 万株·hm⁻²，分别以D_4.76、D_6.67和D_10.96表示），副区设4个施氮水平（0、75、150和300 kg·hm⁻²，分别以N₀、N₇₅、N₁₅₀和N₃₀₀表示），研究密度与施氮对冬作马铃薯产量、氮肥农学利用率（AE_N）和叶片光合特性的影响。结果密度和施氮及其互作对马铃薯总产量和AE_N均有显著影响，适当增密有利于提高马铃薯总产和AE_N，其中D_6.67处理产量最高，AE_N则以D_10.96处理最高。在N₃₀₀水平下，D_6.67和D_10.96处理总产比D_4.76处理分别提高21.3%和21.2%，AE_N分别提高20.5%和49.2%，增幅比在其他施氮水平下明显，表明高氮水平下增密效果更显著。施氮显著提高了马铃薯产量，且在施氮量为150 kg·hm⁻²时产量最高。在D_4.76和D_6.67条件下，N₇₅和N₁₅₀处理产量差异不明显，但在D_10.96条件下N₇₅处理产量显著降低。AE_N随施氮量增加明显下降，相比N₇₅处理，N₁₅₀和N₃₀₀处理的AE_N分别下降41.2%和75.2%。与不施氮相比，施氮显著提高了叶片气体交换参数和相对叶绿素含量SPAD，而高密种植不利于叶片光合效率的提高，D_10.96处理叶片净光合速率P_n均低于D_6.67处理。相关性分析发现，叶片光合特性与马铃薯总产量之间均呈显著正相关。结论在本试验条件下，6.67万株·hm⁻²和150 kg·hm⁻²的处理组合产量最高（32.2 t·hm⁻²），10.96万株·hm⁻²和75 kg·hm⁻²的处理组合AE_N最高（156.5 kg·kg⁻¹）；高氮水平配合增密、中低密度配合减氮可作为协同提高冬作马铃薯产量和氮肥农学利用率的参考途径。
- 马铃薯 /
- 密度 /
- 氮肥 /
- 产量 /
- 氮肥农学利用率
Abstract: Objective Effects of planting density and nitrogen (N) application on the yield and agronomic efficiency on N (AE_N) of winter potato were studied to improve the crop cultivation practices. Method Minshu 1 , a major winter potato cultivar, was used to determine the effects of planting density and N application rate on tuber yield, AE_N, and leaf photosynthesis of the plants in a split plot experimentation. Three planting densities at 47 600 plant·hm⁻² (D_4.76), 66 700 plant·hm⁻² (D_6.67), and 109 600 plant·hm⁻² (D_10.96) were implemented on a main plot, and 4 varied N inputs applied at the rates of 0 kg·hm⁻² (N₀), 75 kg·hm⁻² (N₇₅), 150 kg·hm⁻² (N₁₅₀), and 300 kg·hm⁻² (N₃₀₀) on a subplot. Result Both planting density and N input significantly affected the tuber yield and AE_N of the potato plants. The two independent variables also significantly interacted to result in varied effects. Increasing the planting density improved the total yield and AE_N of the potato plants, as D_6.67 delivered the highest yield, while D_10.96 the highest AE_N, among all treatments. With N₃₀₀, the total potato yields under D_6.67 and D_10.96 were 21.3% and 21.2%, respectively, whereas, AE_N 20.5% and 49.2%, respectively, higher than those under D_4.76. N applications significantly affected the tuber production with the highest yield found with N₁₅₀. There was no significant difference on the yield between N₇₅ and N₁₅₀ under D_4.76 or D_6.67. But, as the planting became denser under D_10.96, the N₇₅ treatment produced significantly less potatoes than N₁₅₀. AE_N of the plants decreased with increasing N input. As compared to N₇₅, N₁₅₀ and N₃₀₀ showed significantly reduced AE_N by 41.2% and 75.2%, respectively. N application promoted the gas exchange parameters and SPAD on the leaves of the potato plants. High planting density was detrimental to photosynthetic efficiency, as shown by the leaf P_n of D_10.96 being lower than that of D_6.67. There was a significant correlation between the photosynthetic characteristics and potato yield of a plant. Conclusion In the experimentation, the highest tuber yield of 32.2 t·hm⁻² was achieved when the potato were planted at 66 700 plant·hm⁻² and fertilized with 150 kg N·hm⁻². The greatest AE_N of 156.5 kg·kg⁻¹ was achieved with a planting density of 109 600 plant·hm⁻² and a N input of 75 kg·hm⁻². Thus, planting potato plants either at a high density with increased N application or at a low or medium density with reduced N input could improve the tuber yield and AE_N of the plants.
- potato /
- planting density /
- nitrogen application /
- tuber yield /
- nitrogen agronomic efficiency

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图 1 密度与施氮对冬作马铃薯出苗率的影响

注：不同小写字母表示处理间差异显著（P < 0.05），下同。

Figure 1. Effect of planting density and N input on seedling emergency ratio of winter potato plants

Note: Different lowercase letters indicates significant difference between treatments at the 0.05 level. The same as below.

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图 2 密度与施氮对冬作马铃薯氮肥农学利用率的影响

Figure 2. Effect of planting density and N input on AE_N of winter potato plants

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表 1 不同处理下马铃薯出苗率、产量和氮肥农学利用率的方差分析（F值）

Table 1. Variance analysis on seedling emergence, tuber yield, and AE_N of potato plants under different treatments （F value）

变异来源 Sources of variation	出苗率 Emergence ratio	总产量 Total yield	商品薯产量 Commercial tuber yield	非商品薯产量 Noncommercial tuber yield	商品薯率 Commodity potato rate	AE_N
D	26.8^*	6.9^*	3.1	34.4^**	14.6^*	13.5^*
N	431.0^**	228.6^**	166.3^**	2.7	19.0^**	650.0^**
D×N	4.8^*	2.7^*	3.3^*	1.5	1.5	3.5^*
注：D、N和D×N分别表示密度、施氮及其互作；AE_N表示氮肥农学利用率；* 和*分别表示差异达5%和1%显著水平。表3同。 Note: D, N, and D×N indicate planting density, N fertilization, and interaction between D and N, respectively; AE_N indicates N agronomic efficiency; and** indicates significant differences at the 5% and 1% levels，respectively;. The same as Table 3.

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表 2 密度氮肥互作对马铃薯产量的影响

Table 2. Interacting effect of planting density and N input on potato yield

指标 Index	处理 Treatments	N₀	N₇₅	N₁₅₀	N₃₀₀
商品薯产量 Commercial tuber yield/（t·hm⁻²）	D_4.76	13.4±1.4 (c)	24.8±0.9 (ab)	26.7±1.6 (a)	22.6±2.3 b (b)
	D_6.67	16.4±1.7 (c)	25.7±2.2 (b)	28.7±2.3 (a)	27.3±1.2 a (ab)
	D_10.96	12.7±0.9 (c)	22.9±1.9 (b)	26.3±1.2 (a)	27.0±2.4 a (a)
非商品薯产量 Noncommercial tuber yield/（t·hm⁻²）	D_4.76	3.4±0.6 b (a)	3.2±0.6 b (a)	2.8±0.8 b (a)	3.1±0.7 (a)
	D_6.67	4.0±0.8 ab (a)	4.4±0.7 b (a)	3.5±0.7 b (a)	3.8±1.0 (a)
	D_10.96	5.1±0.8 a (b)	6.7±0.9 a (a)	5.5±1.0 a (ab)	4.2±0.9 (b)
商品薯率 Commodity potato rate/%	D_4.76	79.6±4.0 a (b)	88.5±1.8 a (a)	90.4±3.1 a (a)	87.6±3.4 (a)
	D_6.67	80.4±4.4 a (b)	85.3±2.9 a (ab)	89.1±2.5 a (a)	87.7±3.3 (a)
	D_10.96	71.4±3.8 b (c)	77.3±3.5 b (b)	82.7±2.0 b (ab)	86.4±3.6 (a)
总产量 Total yield/（t·hm⁻²）	D_4.76	16.8±1.4 b (c)	28.1±1.4 (a)	29.5±0.9 (a)	25.7±1.4 b (b)
	D_6.67	20.4±1.3 a (b)	30.1±1.5 (a)	32.2±1.8 (a)	31.2±0.7 a (a)
	D_10.96	17.8±1.0 ab (c)	29.6±1.5 (b)	31.8±2.1 (a)	31.2±1.5 a (ab)
注：同列数据后不同小写字母（括号外）表示同一施氮水平下不同密度间在0.05水平差异显著；同行数据后不同小写字母（括号内）表示同一密度条件下不同施氮处理间在0.05水平差异显著，未标注则表示处理间无显著差异。表4同。 Note: Data with different bold letters on same column indicate significant difference at 0.05 level among different planting densities with a same N rate; data with different letters on same row（in parentheses）indicate significant difference at 0.05 level among different N rates under a same planting density; unmarked data indicate no significant difference between treatments. The same as Tbale 4.

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表 3 不同处理下马铃薯叶片光合特性的方差分析（F值）

Table 3. Variance analysis on leaf photosynthetic traits of potato plants under different treatments（F value）

变异来源 Sources of variation	现蕾期 Squaring period					块茎膨大期 Tuber expansion period
变异来源 Sources of variation	P_n	G_s	C_i	T_r	SPAD	P_n	G_s	C_i	T_r	SPAD
D	5.3	1.6	0.5	0.5	10.4^*	10.6^*	3.7	18.0^**	18.7^**	9.7^*
N	7.4^**	3.8^**	2.0	10.3^**	114.9^**	23.2^**	4.5^*	8.3^**	14.0^**	139.7^**
D×N	1.2	1.0	0.3	0.4	2.9^*	1.8	2.1	3.2^*	0.6	3.4^*

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表 4 密度氮肥互作对冬作马铃薯叶片气体交换参数和SPAD的影响

Table 4. Interacting effects of planting density and N input on gas exchange and SPAD in leaves of potato plants

指标 Index	处理 Treatments	现蕾期 Squaring period				块茎膨大期 Tuber expansion period
指标 Index	处理 Treatments	N₀	N₇₅	N₁₅₀	N₃₀₀	N₀	N₇₅	N₁₅₀	N₃₀₀
净光合速率/ P_n（μmol CO₂·m⁻²·s⁻¹）	D_4.76	17.8±1.9 (b)	22.4±1.6 a (a)	21.7±2.1 (a)	18.6±1.7 (b)	17.7±0.6 a (b)	18.1±1.3 (b)	18.9±0.8 (b)	21.4±2.9 (a)
	D_6.67	19.7±0.9 (b)	21.5±1.9 ab (ab)	23.6±2.4 (a)	21.1±1.3 (ab)	15.2±0.6 b (b)	16.2±0.9 (b)	19.8±0.2 (a)	19.7±0.3 (a)
	D_10.96	16.9±1.5	18.1±1.9 b	20.1±1.5	19.3±2.2	13.6±0.8 b (b)	16.2±0.7 (a)	17.6±1.3 (a)	17.9±2.1 (a)
气孔导度/ G_s（mol·m⁻²·s⁻¹）	D_4.76	0.46±0.10	0.56±0.09	0.52±0.08	0.54±0.07	0.45±0.07 (b)	0.53±0.08 a (ab)	0.51±0.05 (ab)	0.57±0.03 (a)
	D_6.67	0.50±0.04	0.60±0.12	0.59±0.06	0.53±0.10	0.37±0.03 (bc)	0.33±0.04 b (c)	0.44±0.08 (ab)	0.47±0.05 (a)
	D_10.96	0.40±0.09 (b)	0.46±0.09 (ab)	0.47±0.07 (ab)	0.55±0.09 (a)	0.41±0.07	0.49±0.09 a	0.51±0.09	0.44±0.07
胞间CO₂浓度/ C_i（μmol·mol⁻¹）	D_4.76	316.3±10.1	323.7±13.6	331.2±17.2	322.8±10.0	301.0±16.6 a	305.9±9.3 a	318.3±13.8	313.1±3.6
	D_6.67	315.0±13.3	339.1±18.8	335.7±8.2	329.9±6.5	296.4±5.3 a	308.2±10.4 a	302.0±5.5	309.7±10.2
	D_10.96	312.7±14.9	334.5±34.0	323.4±10.9	328.3±21.7	259.4±18.5 b (c)	284.2±9.7 b (b)	317.5±9.6 (a)	286.7±6.3 (b)
蒸腾速率 T_r/（mmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹）	D_4.76	4.4±0.7 (b)	5.2±0.4 (a)	5.3±0.5 (a)	5.3±0.5 (a)	4.5±0.5 a (b)	5.0±0.5 a (b)	5.3±0.5 (ab)	6.1±0.5 (a)
	D_6.67	4.2±0.7 (b)	4.6±0.4 (ab)	5.0±0.7 (a)	4.9±0.7 (a)	3.6±0.3 b (c)	3.8±0.4 b (bc)	4.6±0.3 (ab)	5.2±0.2 (a)
	D_10.96	4.1±0.7 (c)	4.4±0.8 (bc)	5.2±1.0 (a)	4.8±0.7 (ab)	4.1±0.3 ab (b)	4.8±0.1 a (ab)	4.8±0.6 (ab)	5.2±0.7 (a)
SPAD	D_4.76	32.9±0.9 (b)	39.9±1.0 a (a)	42.1±1.6 (a)	41.8±0.5 (a)	31.7±0.6 (b)	38.8±0.7 a (a)	40.9±1.3 (a)	40.6±0.7 (a)
	D_6.67	31.6±1.0 (c)	36.4±1.4 b (b)	40.0±0.9 (a)	42.3±1.0 (a)	30.2±1.0 (d)	35.2±1.4 b (c)	38.9±0.8 (b)	41.1±1.2 (a)
	D_10.96	31.1±1.1 (d)	36.1±1.7 b (c)	41.2±0.8 (b)	44.2±1.9 (a)	29.7±1.0 (d)	35.1±1.7 b (c)	40.1±1.0 (b)	42.8±1.7 (a)

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表 5 马铃薯叶片光合特性与产量的相关性

Table 5. Correlation between photosynthetic characteristic and yield of winter potato plants

参数 Parameters	总产量 Total yield	P_n	G_s	C_i	T_r	SPAD
总产量 Total yield	1
P_n	0.597^**	1
G_s	0.453^**	0.580^**	1
C_i	0.330^*	0.461^**	0.473^**	1
T_r	0.424^**	0.576^**	0.726^**	0.288	1
SPAD	0.769^**	0.620^**	0.674^**	0.377^*	0.750^**	1
注：样本量为36；* 和*分别表示相关性达5%和1%显著水平。 Note: n=36; and ** indicates significant correlation at the 5% and 1% levels，respectively.

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