Dietary Safety and Recommended Maximum Residue Limits of Pesticides Applied on Tremella fuciformis
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摘要:
目的 研究联苯菊酯等农药对银耳（Tremella fuciformis Berk）子实体生长的影响，建议农药最大残留限量（MRL），填补银耳栽培无登记农药可用的空白。 方法 以银耳主栽品种之一Tr21为研究对象，在原基形成后不同阶段，以喷雾方式施用8组10种农药，分析子实体中农药及其代谢物残留水平，评估长期膳食银耳和全膳食暴露的健康风险，通过计算提出对普通消费者农药最大残留限量保护水平的建议。 结果 咪鲜胺乳油，2 000～4 000 mg·L−1的哒螨灵、啶虫脒微乳剂，4 000 mg·L−1的异丙威乳油在部分喷施模式下会抑制银耳生长。在建议模式下，喷施农药可以提高银耳产量且农药残留导致的长期膳食暴露和全膳食暴露的慢性健康风险处于可接受水平。结合农药对银耳生长的影响和风险评估结果，建议银耳中联苯菊酯、啶虫脒、阿维菌素、咪鲜胺、吡虫啉、异丙威、哒螨灵的农药残留限量值（MRL）分别设为1.00、0.70、0.10、0.02、5.00、0.10、0.01 mg·kg−1。建议值对消费者的保护水平为3.07～306.92。 结论 银耳栽培过程可以适当使用农药进行病虫害防控，当农药残留低于建议的MRL时，不会对消费者健康水平造成不良影响。 Abstract:Objective Effect of pesticide application on the growth of Tremella fuciformis and recommendation of maximum residue limits (MRLs) on selected pesticides for the snow fungus cultivation were investigated. Method On the fruiting bodies of a major variety of T. fuciformis, Tr21, 10 pesticides of 8 different types were sprayed separately. Residues and metabolites of each pesticides on the harvested snow fungus were analyzed by GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS. A risk assessment was carried out to evaluate the potential long-term dietary exposure to human health risk, then MRLs were recommended. Result Growth of Tr21 was inhibited by the conventional applications of prochloraz emulsifiable oil, pyridaben and acetamiprid micro-emulsion (2 000-4 000 mg·L−1) or isoprocarb emulsifiable oil (4 000 mg·L−1). However, when the recommended formulation and method were used, the pesticide applications not only allowed the fungi grow vigorously, but also reduced the residual levels to within the limits for safe consumption. The MRLs of bifenthrin, acetamiprid, abamectin, prochloraz, imidacloprid, isoprocarb, and pyridaben were recommended as 1, 0.7, 0.1, 0.02, 5, 0.1, and 0.01 mg·kg−1, respectively. Those could provide a protection against the chronic dietary risk in the range from 3.07 to 306.92. Conclusion The above mentioned 7 pesticides could be safely applied for T. fuciformis cultivation under the recommended methods. The dietary exposure to pesticides residues on snow fungus could be acceptable if the pesticide residual levels were lower than recommended MRLs. -
Key words:
- Fruiting body /
- Tr21 /
- pesticide /
- total dietary exposure /
- maximum residue limit
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图 1 农药对银耳生长的影响
注：*表示与对照组有显著性差异（P＜0.05）
Figure 1. Effects of pesticides on snow fungus growth
Note: Asterisk indicates that significantly different was found between the experiment group and control group（P＜0.05）.
表 1 供试农药、剂型及其生产企业
Table 1. Formulation and manufacturers of pesticides tested
处理
Group农药
Pesticide生产企业
Manufacturing enterpriseA 6%（3%+3%）联苯菊酯、啶虫脒微乳剂
Bifenthrin, acetamiprid micro-emulsion青岛正道药业有限公司
Qingdao Zhengdao Pharma Co., Ltd.B 5%阿维菌素乳油
Abamectinemulsifiable concentrate山东金锐特生物科技有限公司
Shandong Jinruite Bio-technology Co., Ltd.C 30%乙酰甲胺磷乳油
Acephateemulsifiable concentrate重庆农药化工（集团）有限公司
Chongqing Pesticide Chemical Co., Ltd.D 45%咪鲜胺乳油
Prochlorazemulsifiable concentrate德国奥利恩作物保护有限公司
Germany Aolien Crop Protection Co., Ltd.E 10%吡虫啉粉剂
Imidaclopriddustpowder济南一农化工有限公司
Jinan Yinong Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.F 20%异丙威乳油
Isoprocarbemulsifiable concentrate江苏辉胜农药有限公司
Jiangsu Huisheng Pesticide Co., Ltd.G 10%（5%+5%）哒螨灵、啶虫脒微乳剂
Pyridaben, acetamiprid micro-emulsion深圳诺普信农化股份有限公司
Shenzhen Noposion International Investment Co., Ltd.H 5%（1%+4%）丁硫克百威、毒死蜱颗粒剂
Carbosulfan, chlorpyrifos granules西安瑞邦化工有限公司
Xi’an Ruibang Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.
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表 2 不同喷施模式下银耳农药及其代谢产物残留
Table 2. Pesticide and metabolite residues on Tr21 sprayed with pesticides by different methods
农药
Pesticide浓度
Concentration/（mg·L−1）残留水平 Residue level/（mg·kg−1） M1 M2 M3 M4 联苯菊酯、啶虫脒 Bifenthrin, Acetamiprid 1 000 0.02 ND 0.12 0.06 0.10 0.06 0.82 0.29 2 000 0.02 ND 0.27 0.17 0.10 0.06 0.84 0.43 4 000 0.02 0.04 0.99 0.37 1.67 0.42 3.23 0.69 阿维菌素 Abamectin 1 000 ND 0.21 0.20 2.44 2 000 ND 0.25 0.88 3.04 4 000 ND 1.14 1.80 3.56 乙酰甲胺磷 Acephate 1 000 NDa NDa NDa NDa 2 000 NDa NDa NDa NDa 4 000 NDa NDa NDa NDa 咪鲜胺 Prochloraz 1 000 0.01 3.99 − − 2 000 0.10 6.84 − − 4 000 1.22 7.39 − − 吡虫啉 Imidacloprid 1 000 0.03 1.32 0.22 6.23 2 000 0.11 2.06 0.48 11.70 4 000 0.17 3.71 1.91 14.91 异丙威 Isoprocarb 1 000 0.05 0.14 0.07 1.23 2 000 0.05 0.27 0.07 2.17 4 000 0.10 0.83 − 13.30 哒螨灵、啶虫脒 Pyridaben, Acetamiprid 1 000 ND ND − − 0.09 0.05 1.28 0.35 2 000 ND ND − − − − − − 4 000 ND ND − − − − − − 丁硫克百威、毒死蜱 Carbosulfan, Chlorpyrifos 1 000 NDa ND NDa 0.04 NDa 0.02 NDa ND 2 000 NDa ND NDa 0.05 NDa 0.03 NDa ND 4 000 NDa ND NDa 0.11 0.02b 0.04 0.03b 0.28 注：ND表示该农药未检出；NDa表示该农药及其主要代谢物均未检出；“−”表示该试验组银耳生长受到抑制，未采集到样品；b检出值为克百威。
Note: ND, not detected. NDa, both pesticide and its metabolites were not detected. The symbol（−）means that the snow fungus fruit growth was inhibited by corresponding pesticide. b, the level of carbofuran residue in snow fungus samples.
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表 3 银耳膳食导致的农药及代谢物暴露风险
Table 3. Health risk of dietary exposure to pesticide and metabolite residues in fungi
农药 Pesticide 浓度 Concentration/（mg·L−1） 慢性膳食摄入风险 Chronic dietary exposure risk/（%ADI） M1 M2 M3 M4 联苯菊酯、啶虫脒 Bifenthrin, Acetamiprid 1 000 1 0.004 1 0.05 1 0.05 5 0.23 2 000 1 0.004 2 0.14 1 0.05 5 0.35 4 000 1 0.035 5 0.30 9 0.34 18 0.56 阿维菌素 Abamectin 1 000 0.28 12 11 101 2 000 0.28 14 50 171 4 000 0.28 64 101 200 咪鲜胺 Prochloraz 1 000 0.056 22 − − 2 000 0.56 38 − − 4 000 7 41 − − 吡虫啉 Imidacloprid 1 000 0.028 1 0.21 6 2 000 0.10 2 0.45 11 4 000 0.16 3 2 14 异丙威 Isoprocarb 1 000 1 4 2 35 2 000 1 8 2 61 4 000 3 23 − 375 哒螨灵、啶虫脒 Pyridaben, Acetamiprid 1 000 0.028 0.004 − − 0.51 0.04 7 0.28 2 000 0.028 0.004 − − − − − − 4 000 0.028 0.004 − − − − − −
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表 4 不同食物日均膳食量及农药膳食风险评估
Table 4. Average daily dietary intake and risk assessment of pesticide residues
食物
种类a膳食
量/kg联苯菊酯
(ADI:0.01 mg·kg−1 )啶虫脒
(ADI:0.07 mg·kg−1 )阿维菌素
(ADI:0.001 mg·kg−1 )咪鲜胺
(ADI:0.01 mg·kg−1 )登记作物 MRL or
STMR/
（mg·kg−1）NEDI/mg 登记作物 MRL or
STMR/
（mg·kg−1）NEDI/mg 登记作物 MRL or
STMR/
（mg·kg−1）NEDI/mg 登记作物 MRL or
STMR/
（mg·kg−1）NEDI/mg 米及
制品0.1766 水稻 0.5 0.088 水稻 0.02 0.004 水稻 0.5 0.088 面及
制品0.1422 小麦 0.5 0.071 小麦 0.5 0.071 小麦 0.01 0.001 小麦 0.5 0.071 薯类 0.0357 深色
蔬菜0.0884 番茄等 0.5 0.044 菠菜等 5 0.442 茄子等 0.2 0.018 蒜苔等 2 0.177 浅色
蔬菜0.1735 银耳等 0.02～3.23 0.003～0.560 银耳等 ND～0.69 0.001～0.120 银耳等 ND～1.14 0.001～0.198 银耳等 0.01～7.39 0.002～1.282 水果 0.0406 苹果等 0.5 0.020 柑橘等 2 0.081 苹果等 0.02 0.001 苹果等 2 0.090 植物油 0.0371 棉籽 0.5 0.018 棉籽 0.1 0.004 棉籽 0.01 0.001 糖 0.0021 甘蔗 0.05 0.001 合计 0.158～0.715 0.687～0.806 0.025～0.222 0.419～1.699 RQc (%) 29.7～134.3 18.4～21.6 47.0～417.1 78.7～319.2
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食物种类a 膳食量/kg 吡虫啉
(ADI:0.06 mg·kg−1 )异丙威
(ADI:0.002 mg·kg−1 )哒螨灵
(ADI:0.01 mg·kg−1 )登记作物 MRL or
STMR/
（mg·kg−1）NEDI/ mg 登记作物 MRL or
STMR/
（mg·kg−1）NEDI/ mg 登记作物 MRL or
STMR/
（mg·kg−1）NEDI/ mg 米及制品 0.1766 水稻 0.05 0.009 水稻 0.2 0.035 水稻 1 0.177 面及制品 0.1422 小麦 0.05 0.007 小麦 NA − 薯类 0.0357 马铃薯 0.5 0.018 深色蔬菜 0.0884 茄子等 1 0.088 甘蓝等 2 0.177 浅色蔬菜 0.1735 银耳等 0.03～14.91 0.005～2.587 银耳等 0.05～2.17 0.009～0.376 银耳等 ND～1.28 0.001～0.222 水果 0.0406 苹果等 0.5 0.020 苹果等 2 0.081 植物油 0.0371 棉籽等 0.5 0.018 棉籽等 0.1 0.004 糖 0.0021 甘蔗 0.2 0.001 合计 0.167～2.748 0.044～0.412 0.439～0.660 RQc (%) 5.2～86.0 41.3～387.0 82.5～124.0 注：（1）表中除银耳农药残留数据外，其余农产品信息参考GB2763-2019[15]；（2）a因研究的农药种类未在动物性食物、豆制品、坚果、乳及乳制品、饮料中登记，故未列出；（3）MRL，最大残留限量；（4）NA，GB2763-2019中未列出小麦的异丙威MRL值；（5）STMR，规范残留试验中值；（6）NEDI，国家估算每日摄入量。
Note: Except the data of pesticide residues on snow fungus, others are available in GB2763-2019[15]. Because these pesticides had not been registered in animal foods, bean products, nuts, beverage, and milk products, consumption amount for them were not listed. MRL, maximum residual limit. NA, the MRL value of isoprocarb for wheat was not available in GB2763-2019. STMR, the supervised trial median residue. NEDI, national estimated daily intake.
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表 5 银耳栽培过程农药使用建议
Table 5. Suggested pesticide applications for Tr21 cultivation
农药 Pesticide 剂型 Dosage form 方式、浓度范围 Modes/（mg·L−1） 3%联苯菊酯、3%啶虫脒 Bifenthrin, acetamiprid 微乳剂 Micro-emulsion M1、M2（≤4000）M3、M4（≤2000） 5%阿维菌素 Abamectin 乳油 Emulsifiable concentrate M1（≤4000） 45%咪鲜胺 Prochloraz 乳油 Emulsifiable concentrate M1（≤1000） 10%吡虫啉 Imidacloprid 粉剂 Dustpowder M1、M2、M3（≤4000） 20%异丙威 Isoprocarb 乳油 Emulsifiable concentrate M1（≤4000）M3（≤2000） 5%哒螨灵、5%啶虫脒 Pyridaben, acetamiprid 微乳剂 Micro-emulsion M1（≤4000）
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表 6 银耳农药残留限量建议值
Table 6. Recommended MRLs on 7 pesticides for Tr21 cultivation
序号 No. 农药 Pesticide MRL/（mg kg−1） RQc/% CPLc 1 联苯菊酯 Bifenthrin 1.00 61.57 3.07 2 啶虫脒 acetamiprid 0.70 21.66 30.69 3 阿维菌素 Abamectin 0.10 77.34 3.07 4 咪鲜胺 Prochloraz 0.02 79.07 153.46 5 吡虫啉 Imidacloprid 5.00 32.22 3.68 6 异丙威 Isoprocarb 0.10 49.47 6.14 7 哒螨灵 Pyridaben 0.01 82.64 306.92
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