Effects of Long-term Organic Fertilization on Organic Carbon and Microbial Community in Red Soil and Rice Yield
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摘要:
目的 以40年红壤长期有机培肥试验为研究平台，探究长期施用紫云英、猪粪及秸秆还田对稻田土壤有机碳组分、土壤微生物量及水稻产量的影响。 方法 设置6个处理：不施肥处理（CK）、化肥处理（NPK）、早稻施绿肥紫云英处理（M1）、早稻施绿肥紫云英和早稻施猪粪处理（M2）、早稻施绿肥紫云英和晚稻施猪粪处理（M3）、早稻施绿肥紫云英和晚稻秸秆还田处理（M4）。于2020年晚稻收获前采集耕作层（0～20 cm）土壤样品，测定土壤有机碳组分、微生物量碳氮等肥力指标。 结果 （1）长期有机培肥处理提高了水稻产量，较不施肥处理CK相比，绿肥紫云英添加猪粪的M2、M3处理早稻产量，分别提高1.4、1.25倍，晚稻产量则分别提高0.59、0.65倍；绿肥紫云英添加猪粪的M2、M3处理早稻产量，较化肥NPK处理分别提升18.1%、10.6%，晚稻产量分别提升15.7%、20.0%。（2）长期有机培肥处理提高了各形态土壤有机碳组分含量，早稻绿肥紫云英+猪粪的M2处理较不施肥CK处理显著提高易氧化性有机碳、游离态颗粒有机碳、可溶性有机碳含量（P＜0.05），且有机碳各组分含量均高于化肥NPK处理，其中游离态颗粒有机碳含量M2处理（0.97 g·kg−1）显著高于NPK处理（0.68 g·kg−1）（P＜0.05）；化肥NPK处理和有机培肥处理（M1、M2、M3、M4）土壤微生物量碳较不施肥CK处理相比提高了22.1%～58.9%，早稻绿肥紫云英+猪粪的M2处理土壤微生物量碳含量（231.2 mg·kg−1）最高且提升最为明显（P＜0.05）。（3）长期有机培肥提高了游离态颗粒有机碳和可溶性有机碳的分配比例，且早稻施绿肥紫云英+猪粪M2处理效果明显；易氧化性有机碳是红壤有机碳的主要存在形式；土壤有机碳与易氧化性有机碳、游离态颗粒有机碳及可溶性有机碳呈极显著正相关关系（P＜0.01）。（4）长期有机培肥提高了全氮、碱解氮等养分指标，产量与速效磷、有机碳、全氮、速效氮、可溶性有机碳极显著相关（P＜0.01），与全磷、游离态颗粒有机碳、易氧化性有机碳显著相关（P＜0.05）。 结论 长期有机培肥通过提升红壤肥力水平，调增可溶性有机碳含量，促进水稻稳产增产，尤其是紫云英添加猪粪处理模式具有较好的应用潜力。 Abstract:Objective Effects of long-term application of organic waste, such as Chinese milk vetch, pig manure, and/or straws, on the organic carbon components and microbial biomass in the soil, as well as the yield of rice cultivated two consecutive seasons in a year on the land were studied with the aid of a 40-year research project on red soil of rice paddy fields. Methods Six treatments designed for the study included (1) CK of no added fertilizer, (2) NPK of chemical fertilizer application, (3) M1 of Chinese milk vetch fertilization on early rice, (4) M2 of Chinese milk vetch plus pig manure applications on early rice, (5) M3 of Chinese milk vetch applied on early rice and pig manure on late rice, and (6) M4 of Chinese milk vetch application on early rice and straw returning on late rice. Soil samples were collected at a depth of 0–20 cm before the late rice was harvested in 2020 for fertility determinations on organic carbons, microbial biomass, nitrogen, etc. Result (1) Long-term organic fertilization could increase rice yield. As shown in the study, the yields of the early rice under M2 and M3 increased 1.4 and 1.25 times, respectively, and those of the late rice 0.59 and 0.65 times, respectively, over CK. In comparison with NPK, M2 and M3 raised the early rice yield by 18.1% and 10.6%, respectively, and the late rice yield by 15.7% and 20.0%, respectively. (2) Long-term organic fertilization could enhance the organic carbon content in soil. As compared to CK, the contents of permanganate oxidative organic carbon, free particulate organic carbon, and dissolved organic carbon on the early rice field under M2 significantly increased (P＜0.05). The free particulate organic carbon content of 0.97 g·kg−1 was significantly higher than that under NPK treatment at 0.68 g·kg−1. The microbial biomass carbon in the soil under NPK, M1, M2, M3, or M4 was 22.1% to 58.9% higher than CK with the early rice field rendering the most significant effect at 231.2 mg·kg−1 (P＜0.05). (3) Long-term organic fertilization could heighten the ratio of free particulate carbon and dissolved organic carbon distributions in soil. The most significant results were observed on the early rice lots under M2, and the main form of carbon was permanganate oxidative organic carbon. In the soil, organic carbon correlated with permanganate oxidative organic carbon, free particulate carbon, and dissolved organic carbon (P＜0.01). And (4) long-term organic fertilization could also increase the total nitrogen, alkali-hydrolyzed nitrogen, and other nutrients in the soil. The rice yield was found significantly correlate with the available phosphorus, organic carbon, total nitrogen, available nitrogen, and dissolved organic carbon in soil at P＜0.01, as well as with the total phosphorus, free particulate organic carbon, and permanganate oxidative organic carbon at P＜0.05. Conclusion Long-term organic fertilization could materially improve the fertility and adequately regulate the dissolved organic carbon in the red soil promoting the yield of rice cultivated on the fertilized land. The application of Chinese milk vetch and pig manure presented a promising potential for sustainable agricultural development. -
图 2 不同施肥处理下有机碳组分含量的分配比例
Figure 2. Proportions of individual organic carbon components under varied treatments
图 3 不同施肥处理2006–2020年水稻产量分析
Figure 3. Yields of rice under varied treatments from 2006 to 2020
图 4 基于 Random Forest 分析下不同因子下产量的显著性差异
注：图中*表示在 P＜0.05水平差异显著；**表示在P＜0.01 水平差异极显著。
Figure 4. Significant differences on rice yield affected by factors of Random Forest analysis
Note: * represents in P＜0.05 level reached significant level; ** represents in P＜0.01 level was extremely significant.
表 1 不同处理间施肥方案
Table 1. Fertilization treatments applied
处理
Treatment早季稻 Early-season rice 晚季稻 Late-season rice 肥料
Fertilizer施用量
Dosage/
（kg·hm−2）肥料
Fertilizer施用量
Dosage/
（kg·hm−2）CK 不施肥
No fertilizer— 不施肥
No fertilizer— NPK N 159.0 N 159 P2O5 75.0 P2O5 75 K2O 142.5 K2O 142.5 M1 绿肥
Green manure22500 绿肥
Green manure0 M2 绿肥
Green manure22500 绿肥
Green manure0 猪粪
Pig manure22500 猪粪
Pig manure0 M3 绿肥
Green manure22500 猪粪
Pig manure22500 M4 绿肥
Green manure22500 秸秆还田
Straw returning4500 
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表 2 不同施肥处理对土壤理化性质的影响
Table 2. Soil physiochemical properties under varied treatments
处理
TreatmentpH 有机碳
Organic carbon/
（g·kg−1）全氮
Total nitrogen/
（g·kg−1）全磷
Total phosphorus/
（g·kg−1）全钾
Total potassium/
（g·kg−1）碱解氮
Alkaline hydrolysis
nitrogen/（mg·kg−1 ）速效磷
Available phosphorus/
（mg·kg−1 ）速效钾
Available potassium/
（mg·kg−1）碳氮比
C/NCK 5.05 ± 0.11 b 13.98 ± 0.40 c 1.79 ± 0.04 d 1.04 ± 0.04 bc 10.68 ± 0.35 a 143.07 ± 6.73 b 13.08 ± 0.07 b 53.50 ± 4.36 a 7.82 ± 0.24 a NPK 4.92 ± 0.08 b 16.05 ± 0.54 bc 2.09 ± 0.08 cd 1.32 ± 0.05 b 11.26 ± 0.18 a 164.92 ± 7.64 b 18.43 ± 0.30 b 51.00 ± 1.38 a 7.69 ± 0.13 a M1 4.95 ± 0.03 b 17.20 ± 0.51 b 2.23 ± 0.08 c 1.22 ± 0.04 b 10.61 ± 0.32 a 172.78 ± 4.05 b 15.83 ± 0.20 b 63.67 ± 6.57 a 7.71 ± 0.10 a M2 5.11 ± 0.04 b 20.73 ± 0.87 a 2.78 ± 0.11 a 1.81 ± 0.13 a 10.60 ± 0.47 a 216.38 ± 4.59 a 73.53 ± 12.23 a 60.50 ± 4.11 a 7.46 ± 0.05 a M3 5.46 ± 0.07 a 20.16 ± 0.91 a 2.70 ± 0.13 ab 1.78 ± 0.08 a 10.96 ± 0.12 a 208.64 ± 12.77 a 69.97 ± 6.42 a 58.83 ± 3.51 a 7.47 ± 0.05 a M4 5.03 ± 0.05 b 18.26 ± 0.57 ab 2.37 ± 0.07 bc 0.81 ± 0.02 c 10.38 ± 0.20 a 176.35 ± 9.05 b 15.83 ± 0.84 b 70.33 ± 10.08 a 7.70 ± 0.02 a 注：同行数据后不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异显著（P<0.05），表4同。
Note: Different lowercase letters indicated significant difference among different treatment(P <0.05). The same as Table 4.
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表 3 红壤性水稻土各形态有机碳相关性分析
Table 3. Correlations among different forms of organic carbon in red paddy soil
有机碳形态
Carbon fraction有机碳
SOC易氧化性有机碳
POXC游离态颗粒有机碳
FPOC闭蓄态颗粒有机碳
OPOC可溶性有机碳
DOCSOC 1 POXC 0.745** 1 FPOC 0.678** 0.543* 1 OPOC 0.414 0.459 0.516* 1 DOC 0.858** 0.606** 0.818** 0.43 1 注：表中*表示在 P＜0.05水平差异显著；**表示在P＜0.01 水平差异极显著。
Note: * represents in P＜0.05 level reached significant level; ** represents in P＜0.01 level was extremely significant.
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表 4 不同施肥处理对土壤微生物碳氮及衍生指数的影响
Table 4. Effects of treatments on microbial carbon, nitrogen, and derived indices of soil
处理
Treatment微生物量碳
Soil microbial biomass
carbon/（mg·kg−1）微生物量氮
Soil microbial biomass
nitrogen/（mg·kg−1）微生物熵
Microbial quotient/%微生物量碳氮比
C/N ratio of
microbial biomass土壤基础呼吸
Soil base respiration/
（ mg·kg−1·h−1）CK 145.48 ± 3.40 b 9.15 ± 0.83 a 1.04 ± 0.04 a 16.12 ± 2.13 a 1.30 ± 0.13 c NPK 177.61 ± 15.29 ab 8.75 ± 0.68 a 1.11 ± 0.08 a 20.28 ± 0.39 a 1.56 ± 0.17 bc M1 193.98 ± 6.61 ab 10.91 ± 0.53 a 1.13 ± 0.05 a 17.82 ± 0.92 a 1.88 ± 0.26 abc M2 231.16 ± 7.68 a 10.61 ± 1.31 a 1.12 ± 0.07 a 22.28 ± 3.52 a 2.34 ± 0.02 a M3 196.91 ± 15.56 ab 10.50 ± 1.44 a 0.98 ± 0.05 a 19.16 ± 3.12 a 2.13 ± 0.12 ab M4 178.16 ± 16.36 ab 9.70 ± 0.49 a 0.98 ± 0.08 a 18.33 ± 1.93 a 1.79 ± 0.13 abc
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表 5 不同施肥处理2006–2020年水稻产量稳定性
Table 5. Stability of rice yield under varied treatments from 2006 to 2020
处理 Treatments 早稻 Early rice 晚稻 Late rice 变异系数 CV 稳定性系数 SYI 变异系数 CV 稳定性系数 SYI CK 0.269 0.423 0.153 0.604 NPK 0.218 0.522 0.199 0.609 M1 0.210 0.487 0.199 0.603 M2 0.229 0.551 0.221 0.614 M3 0.202 0.603 0.237 0.634 M4 0.196 0.550 0.202 0.608
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