Acute Toxicities and Safety of Common Aquaculture Drugs on Juvenile Pseudogobio vaillanti
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摘要:
目的 明确常用渔药对似鮈的毒性和安全使用剂量，为似鮈养殖病害防治中渔药的选择和安全使用提供参考依据。 方法 在水温21.3～23.5 ℃的室内条件下，采用静水式生物测试法测定了8种常用渔药对似鮈幼鱼的急性毒性，并应用药物毒性蓄积系数（MAC）分析了药物对似鮈幼鱼的急性致毒效应特征。 结果 8种常用渔药对似鮈幼鱼的急性毒性大小依次为：硫酸铜＞二氧化氯＞高锰酸钾＞45%苯扎溴铵溶液＞敌百虫＞20%浓戊二醛溶液＞10%聚维酮碘溶液＞食盐，其安全质量浓度（SC）分别为：0.019、0.061、0.346、0.701、1.377、2.674、6.906、910.6 mg·L−1；8种常用渔药对似鮈幼鱼的药物毒性蓄积程度系数（MAC）随着试验时间的延长表现出不同的变化趋势。 结论 综合分析表明，10%聚维酮碘溶液、20%浓戊二醛溶液、45%苯扎溴铵溶液、敌百虫和二氧化氯在似鮈养殖过程中可安全使用；而食盐、高锰酸钾和硫酸铜需谨慎使用。 -
关键词:
- 似鮈 /
- 常用渔药 /
- 急性毒性 /
- 安全质量浓度（SC） /
- 药物毒性蓄积程度系数（MAC） /
- 安全性评价
Abstract:Objective Acute toxicities of commonly applied drugs on juvenile Pseudogobio vaillanti were determined for safe disease control in aquaculture ponds. Method Using a static bioassay method, toxicities of 8 antimicrobial agents, i.e., ncluded potassium permanganate, copper sulfate, dipterex, chlorine dioxide, 20% concentrated glutaraldehyde solution, 45% benzalkonium bromide solution, 10% povidone iodine solution, and salt, on juvenile P. vaillanti were studied. The tank water temperature was maintained within 21.3 to 23.5 ℃. Toxicity accumulation coefficient (MAC) was also employed as index for the evaluation. Result The agents displayed toxicities on the fish ranking from the strongest to the weakest as: copper sulfate＞chlorine dioxide＞potassium permanganate＞45% benzalkonium bromide solution＞dipterex＞20% concentrated glutaraldehyde solution＞10% povidone iodine solution＞salt, with the safety mass concentrations (SC) of 0.019, 0.061, 0.346, 0.701, 1.377, 2.674, 6.906, and 910.6 mg·L−1, respectively. However, no consistent pattern on MAC of the agents could be obtained as it varied with the duration of treatment. Conclusion It appeared that most of the commonly used drugs could be safely applied on juvenile P. vaillanti for the aquaculture, but special cautions would be required on the use of salt, potassium permanganate, and copper sulfate. -
图 1 不同质量浓度高锰酸钾对似鮈幼鱼死亡率的影响
Figure 1. Mortality of juvenile P. vaillanti at different mass concentrations of potassium permanganate
图 2 不同质量浓度硫酸铜对似鮈幼鱼死亡率的影响
Figure 2. Mortality of juvenile P. vaillanti at different mass concentrations of copper sulfate
图 3 不同质量浓度敌百虫对似鮈幼鱼死亡率的影响
Figure 3. Mortality of juvenile P. vaillanti at different mass concentrations of dipterex
图 4 不同质量浓度20%浓戊二醛溶液对似鮈幼鱼死亡率的影响
Figure 4. Mortality of juvenile P. vaillanti at different mass concentrations of 20% concentrated glutaraldehyde solution
图 5 不同质量浓度45%苯扎溴铵溶液对似鮈幼鱼死亡率的影响
Figure 5. Mortality of juvenile P. vaillanti at different mass concentrations of 45% benzalkonium bromide
图 6 不同质量浓度10%聚维酮碘溶液对似鮈幼鱼死亡率的影响
Figure 6. Mortality of juvenile P. vaillanti at different mass concentrations of 10% povidone iodine solution
图 7 不同质量浓度二氧化氯对似鮈幼鱼死亡率的影响
Figure 7. Mortality of juvenile P. vaillanti at different mass concentrations of chlorine dioxide
图 8 不同质量浓度食盐对似鮈幼鱼死亡率的影响
Figure 8. Mortality of juvenile P. vaillanti at different mass concentrations of salt
表 1 试验用渔药
Table 1. Aquaculture drugs under study
渔药名称
Name of fishery drugs主要成分及含量
Main components and content生产厂家
Production factories高锰酸钾 Potassium permanganate KMnO4，99.5% 南京化学试剂股份有限公司 Nanjing Chemical Reagent Co., Ltd. 硫酸铜 Copper sulfate CuSO4，99.0% 广东省台山市众城化工有限公司 Guangdong Taishan Zhongcheng Chemical Co., Ltd. 敌百虫 Dipterex O,O-二甲基-（2,2,2-三氯-1-羟基乙基）膦酸酯 o,o-dimethyl- (2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl) phosponate，90.0% 南通江山农药化工股份有限公司 Nantong Jiangshan Agrochemical & Chemicals Co., Ltd. 浓戊二醛溶液 Concentrated glutaraldehyde solution 戊二醛 Glutaraldehyde，20.0% 武汉兴旺生物技术发展有限公司 Wuhan Xingwang Biological Technology Development Co., Ltd. 苯扎溴铵溶液 Benzalkonium bromide solution 苯扎溴铵 Benzalkonium bromide，45.0% 常州市武进动物药品有限公司 Changzhou Wujin Veterinary Medicine Co., Ltd. 聚维酮碘溶液 Povidone iodine solution 聚维酮碘 Povidone iodine，10.0% 山西晋昌化工有限公司 Shanxi Jinchang Chemical Co., Ltd. 二氧化氯消毒粉Ⅱ型 Chlorine dioxide disinfection powder Ⅱ A剂（二氧化氯ClO2），（48.0±4.8）%；B剂（活化剂碘），（9.0±0.9）% 。A(chlorine dioxide), (48.0±4.8)%; B(activator iodine), (9.0±0.9)%. 山东华实药业有限公司 Shandong Huashi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. 食盐 Salt NaCl，≥93.5% 福建省泉州晶海轻化有限公司 Fujian Quanzhou Jinghai Light Chemical Co., Ltd. 
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表 2 各试验渔药质量浓度
Table 2. Mass concentration of aquaculture drugs under study
渔药 Fishery drugs 质量浓度 Mass concentration/（mg·L−1） 空白对照组 CK 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 高锰酸钾 Potassium permanganate 1.580 1.990 2.510 3.160 3.980 5.020 6.320 7.950 10.000 硫酸铜 Copper sulfate 0.080 0.126 0.199 0.316 0.501 0.794 1.260 敌百虫 Dipterex 5.020 7.950 12.600 20.000 31.600 50.000 80.000 20%浓戊二醛溶液 20% Concentrated glutaraldehyde solution 18.000 24.000 32.010 42.680 56.920 45%苯扎溴铵溶液 45% Benzalkonium bromide solution 5.000 6.000 7.200 8.640 10.370 10%聚维酮碘溶液 10% Povidone iodine solution 50.000 63.000 79.000 100.000 125.000 二氧化氯消毒粉Ⅱ型 Chlorine dioxide disinfection powder Ⅱ 0.490 0.560 0.650 0.750 0.870 1.00 食盐 Salt 6 310 7 940 10 000 12 600 15 800 注：二氧化氯消毒粉II型的质量浓度以二氧化氯（ClO2）浓度计。
Note: Mass concentration of chlorine dioxide disinfection powder type II calculated based on chlorine dioxide（ClO2）.
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表 3 常用渔药对似鮈幼鱼的半致死质量浓度、药物毒性蓄积程度系数和安全质量浓度
Table 3. LC50, MAC, and SC of 8 aquaculture drugs on juvenile P. vaillanti
渔药
Fishery drugs时间
Time/h概率回归方程
Probability equationR2 LC50/
（mg·L−1）95%置信区间
95% Confidence interval/（mg·L−1）MAC/% SC/
（mg·L−1）高锰酸钾 Potassium permanganate 24 P=4.698 lg（x）−3.438 0.991 5.393 4.911～5.973 0.346 48 P=4.085 lg（x）−2.737 0.999 4.676 4.224～5.208 37.131 72 P=4.434 lg（x）−2.450 0.991 3.569 3.234～3.931 57.328 96 P=4.538 lg（x）−2.447 0.994 3.462 3.139～3.806 5.541 硫酸铜 Copper sulfate 24 P=3.538 lg（x）+1.086 0.980 0.493 0.425～0.579 0.019 48 P=4.143 lg（x）+2.100 0.996 0.311 0.271～0.358 59.283 72 P=3.835 lg（x）+2.531 0.997 0.219 0.189～0.253 29.967 96 P=4.848 lg（x）+3.542 0.993 0.186 0.163～0.211 10.749 敌百虫 Dipterex 24 P=3.926 lg（x）−5.800 0.995 30.013 26.058～34.821 1.377 48 P=3.682 lg（x）−5.259 0.997 26.793 23.147～31.153 19.824 72 P=4.098 lg（x）−5.366 0.990 20.393 17.764～23.458 39.402 96 P=5.347 lg（x）−6.090 1.000 13.770 12.187～15.562 40.774 20%浓戊二醛溶液
20% Concentrated glutaraldehyde solution24 P=11.310 lg（x）−17.995 0.985 39.001 36.496～41.766 2.674 48 P=12.496 lg（x）−18.961 0.954 32.912 30.813～35.046 49.649 72 P=11.819 lg（x）−17.235 0.997 28.782 26.911～30.693 33.676 96 P=11.800 lg（x）−116.810 0.997 26.737 25.015～28.542 16.675 45%苯扎溴铵溶液
45% Benzalkonium bromide solution24 P=21.276 lg（x）−20.399 1.000 9.094 8.739～9.467 0.701 48 P=19.557 lg（x）−117.929 0.997 8.256 7.930～8.607 40.250 72 P=14.901 lg（x）−12.953 0.995 7.403 7.070～7.758 40.970 96 P=15.004 lg（x）−12.691 0.974 7.012 6.697～7.345 18.780 10%聚维酮碘溶液
10% Povidone iodine solution24 P=16.638 lg（x ）−33.155 0.989 98.354 93.654～103.544 6.906 48 P=10.587 lg（x）−20.545 0.985 87.194 82.027～92.928 38.098 72 P=11.199 lg（x）−21.198 0.996 78.132 73.556～82.943 30.936 96 P=15.60 lg（x）−28.066 0.999 69.061 65.555～72.712 30.966 二氧化氯 Chlorine dioxide 24 P=20.580 lg（x）+1.910 0.982 0.808 0.780～0.837 0.061 48 P=12.955 lg（x）+2.036 0.990 0.696 0.666～0.728 56.281 72 P=23.296 lg（x）+4.923 1.000 0.615 0.595～0.636 40.704 96 P=23.054 lg（x）+4.962 1.000 0.609 0.589～0.630 3.015 食盐 Salt 24 P=29.393 lg（x）−120.096 1.000 12187.566 11529.237～12636.012 910.6 48 P=13.066 lg（x）−52.481 0.999 10391.501 9828.093～10987.162 58.286 72 P=13.925 lg（x）−55.304 0.966 9365.390 8877.825～9892.051 33.300 96 P=15.118 lg（x）−59.858 0.999 9106.116 8646.059～9595.307 8.414 注：P：死亡率-概率单位；x：药物质量浓度。
Note：P: The unit of mortality-probability；x: Drug mass concentration.
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