不同轮作施肥模式对菜田作物产量及养分吸收的影响

张立成; 李娟; 章明清; 姚建族

doi:10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2021.10.011

不同轮作施肥模式对菜田作物产量及养分吸收的影响

doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2021.10.011

1.
福建省农业科学院土壤肥料研究所，福建　福州　350013
2.
永春县农业技术推广站，福建　永春　362600

基金项目: 福建省农业科学院自由探索项目（ZYTS2019015）；福建省农业科学院青年英才项目（YC2019005)

详细信息

作者简介:
张立成（1987−），男，博士，助理研究员，主要从事施肥与土壤生态环境研究（E-mail：zlc730@163.com）

通讯作者:
李娟（1977−）女，硕士，副研究员，主要从事土壤施肥与生态环境研究（E-mail：lj-95@163.com）

中图分类号: S 158.3
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-04-19
- 修回日期: 2021-07-01
- 网络出版日期: 2021-10-23
- 刊出日期: 2021-10-28

Effects of Crop Rotation and Fertilization on Yield and Nutrient Absorption of Vegetables/Rice

1.
Soil and Fertilizer Institute of Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian　350013, China
2.
Agro-technical Extension Station of Yongchun County, Yongchun, Fujian　362600, China

摘要

摘要: 目的探讨菜田不同轮作施肥模式对作物产量稳定性和养分吸收状况的影响。方法利用连续6年田间定位试验，测定每个轮作周年内各季作物的产量，根据产量水平及其变异系数，分析菜-菜-稻和菜-菜-菜2种轮作体系分别在推荐施肥和习惯施肥模式下作物的产量稳定性；根据每个轮作周年各季作物农产品和茎叶的养分含量测定结果，分析不同轮作施肥模式对氮、磷、钾养分吸收、积累和利用效率的影响。结果菜-菜-稻轮作在推荐施肥模式下四季豆、芥菜、水稻产量分别比习惯施肥模式增产9.07%、7.77%和8.43%。菜-菜-菜轮作在推荐施肥模式下四季豆、芥菜、豇豆产量分别比习惯施肥模式增产7.24%、−0.88%和7.54%。轮作施肥模式主要影响四季豆和豇豆的养分利用效率，菜-菜-稻轮作在推荐施肥模式下四季豆作物吸收氮、磷、钾养分利用效率分别比习惯施肥增加13.50%、10.43%、12.16%；菜-菜-菜轮作在推荐施肥模式下豇豆作物吸收钾养分利用效率比习惯施肥增加12.84%。菜-菜-稻轮作中采用推荐施肥模式各季作物的年度养分积累量显著高于习惯施肥，而菜-菜-菜轮作中推荐施肥与习惯施肥对作物的年度养分积累量差异不显著。结论菜-菜-稻轮作结合推荐施肥模式能够促进轮作周年内各季作物高产稳产，并能够提高作物的养分吸收利用率和年度养分积累量，为最佳种植模式。
- 轮作 /
- 施肥模式 /
- 产量 /
- 养分吸收 /
- 定位试验
Abstract: Objective Effects of various types of crop rotation and fertilization on the yield and nutrient absorption of the vegetables and rice grown on the land were studied. Method Seasonal yields of the vegetables/rice were obtained from same assigned test lots for 6 consecutive years to determine the variation coefficient and yield stability of the vegetable-vegetable-rice (V-V-R) and vegetable-vegetable-vegetable (V-V-V) rotations on soil applied with either the recommended fertilization (RF) or conventional fertilization (CF). Efficiencies on nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) utilization by the vegetables/rice under the treatments were analyzed based on the nutrient contents in the leaves, stems, or grains of the plants. Result In V-V-R, the yields on the sequential plantings of kidney beans, mustard, and rice increased under RF by 9.07%, 7.77%, and 8.43%, respectively, over CF. Whereas in V-V-V the yield increases or reduction on kidney beans, mustard, and cowpeas were 7.24%, −0.88%, and 7.54%, respectively. On the other hand, the varied crop rotations and fertilizations appeared to mainly affect the nutrient utilization of kidney beans and cowpeas. The N, P, and K uptakes of the kidney beans were 13.50%, 10.43%, and 12.16%, respectively, higher with RF than CF in V-V-R; and that of the cowpea on K at 12.84% was the only significant difference found between RF and CF under V-V-V. The annual nutrient accumulation by the crops was significantly higher under RF than CF under V-V-R but not under V-V-V. Conclusion Planting vegetables and/or rice in the sequence of V-V-R combined with RF application could result in high and stable annual yields of all crops involved. Consequently, besides the significant improvements on NPK absorption, utilization, and accumulation of the crops, V-V-R rotation with RF was recommended for the farming where applicable.
- Crop rotation /
- fertilization /
- yield /
- nutrient absorption /
- fixed location experiment

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图 1 不同轮作施肥模式下四季豆、芥菜、早稻和豇豆的年度产量动态

Figure 1. Annual yields of kidney beans, mustard green, rice, and cowpeas under treatments

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图 2 不同轮作施肥处理各季作物吸收氮、磷、钾养分利用效率

注：不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异显著（P＜0.05）。

Figure 2. N, P, and K uptake efficiency of vegetables/rice under treatments

Note: Data with different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between different treatments at P＜0.05.

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图 3 不同轮作施肥模式对作物吸收氮、磷、钾年度累积量回归分析

Figure 3. Regression analysis on annual accumulation and NPK absorption of experiment plots of vegetables/rice under treatments

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表 1 一年三熟制轮作施肥定位试验设计方案

Table 1. Experimental design of 3-crops rotation and fertilization on vegetables and/or rice

处理 Treatment	轮作施肥模式 Crop rotation Fertilization mode	N-P₂O₅-K₂O施肥量 N-P₂O₅-K₂O amount of fertilizer/（kg·hm⁻²）
处理 Treatment	轮作施肥模式 Crop rotation Fertilization mode	四季豆（第1季） Kidney beam （The first）	芥菜（第2季） Mustard leaf （The second）	早稻（第3季） Early rice （The third）	豇豆（第3季） Cowpea （The third）
T1	菜-菜-稻（推荐施肥） V-V-R（RF）	150-45-105	270-75-150	75-0-60	−
T2	菜-菜-菜（推荐施肥） V-V-V（RF）	150-45-105	270-75-150	−	150-45-105
T3	菜-菜-稻（习惯施肥） V-V-R（PF）	171-67.5-67.5	286.5-204-189	141-45-0	−
T4	菜-菜-菜（习惯施肥） V-V-V（PF）	171-67.5-67.5	286.5-204-189	−	201-135-135
注：四季豆种植时间9月初至11月底，芥菜种植时间为每年的12月初至2月底，早稻和豇豆每年种植时间为4月初至7月底。V-V-V表示菜-菜-稻轮作，V-V-R表示菜-菜-稻轮作，RF表示推荐施肥模式，CF表示习惯施肥模式。 Note: the planting time of kidney bean is from early September to the end of November, and mustard leaf is from early December to the end of February, rice and cowpea are planted from early April to the end of July. V-V-V means the vegetable-vegetable-vegetable rotation, V-V-R means the vegetable-vegetable-rice rotation, RF means the recommended fertilization, CF means the conventional fertilization.

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表 2 不同轮作施肥模式对供试作物产量的影响

Table 2. Effect on crop yield under treatments

试验处理 Treatment	四季豆 Kidney beam		芥菜 Mustard leaf		早稻 Early rice		豇豆 Cowpea
试验处理 Treatment	平均产量 Average yield/ （kg·hm⁻²）	变异系数 Coefficient of variation/%	平均产量 Average yield/ （kg·hm⁻²）	变异系数 Coefficient of variation/%	平均产量 Average yield/ （kg·hm⁻²）	变异系数 Coefficient of variation/%	平均产量 Average yield/ （kg·hm⁻²）	变异系数 Coefficient of variation/%
T1	23.25±2.09 a	8.99	57.95±13.27 a	22.90	7.47±0.45 a	6.02	−	−
T2	20.31±3.31 c	16.30	47.93±16.11 c	33.61	−	−	16.32±4.22 a	25.86
T3	21.14±2.03 b	9.60	53.45±15.43 b	28.87	6.84±0.49 b	7.16	−	−
T4	18.84±3.31 d	17.57	48.35±17.30 c	35.78	−	−	15.09±3.57 b	23.66
注：表中四季豆、芥菜和豇豆产量为鲜重产量，早稻则为稻谷干重产量。不同小写字母表示不同处理间差异显著（P＜0.05）。下表同。 Note: the products of kidney bean and mustard and cowpea are the fresh weight, and that of early rice is the dry weight. Data with different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between different treatments at P＜0.05 . The same as follows.

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表 3 2014至2019年不同轮作施肥处理各季作物氮、磷、钾平均含量（单位：%）

Table 3. Average N, P, and K contents of vegetables/rice under treatments, 2014–2019

养分元素 Nutriment element	处理 Treatment	四季豆 Kidney beam		芥菜 Mustard leaf	早稻 Early rice		豇豆 Cowpea
养分元素 Nutriment element	处理 Treatment	籽粒 Grain	植株 Plant	植株 Plant	籽粒 Grain	植株 Plant	籽粒 Grain	植株 Plant
氮 N	T1	4.28 a	2.33 c	3.65 a	1.53 a	1.02 a	−	−
	T2	3.93 b	2.45 b	3.71 a	−	−	3.46 a	1.53 a
	T3	4.02 b	2.54 a	3.73 a	1.42 b	0.99 a	−	−
	T4	4.20 a	2.42 b	3.73 a	−	−	3.41 a	1.59 a
磷 P	T1	0.55 a	0.31 a	0.73 a	0.31 b	0.16 a	−	−
	T2	0.53 a	0.31 a	0.67 a	−	−	0.67 a	0.36 a
	T3	0.53 a	0.32 a	0.71 a	0.38 a	0.15 a	−	−
	T4	0.54 a	0.29 a	0.72 a	−	−	0.62 a	0.37 a
钾 K	T1	3.10 a	2.22 b	5.01 b	1.03 b	4.03 a	−	−
	T2	2.85 b	2.42 a	4.99 b	−	−	2.89 a	3.99 a
	T3	2.89 b	2.29 b	5.03 b	1.12 a	3.99 a	−	−
	T4	3.00 a	2.31 b	5.19 a	−	−	1.93 b	4.01 a

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表 4 不同轮作施肥模式处理氮、磷、钾年度养分吸收积累量灰度线性模型

Table 4. Linear grey model on NPK absorption of vegetables/rice as affected by treatments

处理 Treatment	氮养分积累量 N nutrient accumulation			磷养分积累量 P nutrient accumulation			钾养分积累量 K nutrient accumulation
处理 Treatment	y=a+bt	R²	b的95%置信区间 95% confidence interval of b	y=a+bt	R²	b的95%置信区间 95% confidence interval of b	y=a+bt	R²	b的95%置信区间 95% confidence interval of b
T1	y=0.085+1.293t	0.994	1.15～1.43	y=−0.032+0.242t	1.000	0.23～0.26	y=−0.158+1.549t	1.000	1.47～1.63
T2	y=0.311+0.852t	0.955	0.60～1.11	y=0.025+0.147t	0.997	0.12～0.18	y=0.0311+1.013t	0.986	0.85～1.18
T3	y=0.098+1.199t	0.994	1.07～1.33	y=−0.068+0.235t	1.000	0.23～0.24	y=−0.286+1.374t	1.000	1.26～1.49
T4	y=0.380+0.883t	0.958	0.63～1.14	y=0.020+0.155t	0.981	0.13～0.18	y=0.379+1.046t	0.988	0.89～1.21

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