不同采收期褐苞薯蓣品质变化规律

张武君; 陈菁瑛; 刘保财; 赵云青; 黄颖桢; 程远航

doi:10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2021.11.002

不同采收期褐苞薯蓣品质变化规律

doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2021.11.002

张武君^{1, 2,},
陈菁瑛^{1, 2, ,},
刘保财^{1, 2},
赵云青^{1, 2},
黄颖桢^{1, 2},
程远航²

1.
福建省农业科学院农业生物资源研究所, 福建　福州　350003
2.
福建省农业科学院药用植物研究中心, 福建　福州　350003

基金项目: 福建省科技计划公益类专项（2020R1034004）；福建省财政专项－福建省农业科学院科技创新团队建设项目（CXTD2021014-2）；福建省农业高质量发展超越“5511”协同创新工程（XTCXGC2021003）；福建省农业科学院生产性工程化实验室建设项目（2015GCH-6）

详细信息

作者简介:
张武君(1988−)，女，硕士，助理研究员，主要从事药用植物生理生化研究（E-mail: 352047618@qq.com）

通讯作者:
陈菁瑛(1966−)，女，研究员，从事药用植物资源利用（E-mail: cjy6601@163.com）

中图分类号: S 632.1
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-07-02
- 修回日期: 2021-08-31
- 网络出版日期: 2021-12-30
- 刊出日期: 2021-11-28

Quality of Dioscorea persimilis Tubers Harvested at different Stages

ZHANG Wujun^{1, 2
,},
CHEN Jingying^{1, 2
, ,},
LIU Baocai^{1, 2},
ZHAO Yunqing^{1, 2},
HUANG Yingzhen^{1, 2},
CHEN Yuanhang²

1.
Institute of Agricultural Bioresource, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian　350003
2.
Research Center for Medicinal Plant, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian　350003, China

摘要

摘要: 目的比较不同采收期褐苞薯蓣块茎主要品质的变化，为褐苞薯蓣最适采收期的确定奠定基础。方法以宁化特色褐苞薯蓣地方品种为材料，于2020年10月20日至翌年5月5日对其块茎进行9个批次的采收，测定其折干率、蛋白质、淀粉、氨基酸、可溶性糖、蔗糖、粗多糖、尿囊素、总酚等9个品质指标，并采用多重比较、相关性分析等方法进行分析。结果 2020年10月20日块茎生物量积累基本完成时采收，可溶性糖、蔗糖、粗多糖含量较高，分别可达5.69%、5.29%和2.73%，口感较佳，但总酚含量较高，较适合鲜食。2020年12月5日左右茎叶基本枯萎时及翌年3月15日块茎休眠解除至4月10日刚发芽期间采收，折干率为33.84%～35.50%，且淀粉、蛋白质、尿囊素、总氨基酸、必需氨基酸和呈味氨基酸含量均较高，分别可达73.14%～78.12%、6.33%～6.51%、3.95～4.29 mg·g⁻¹、48.5～50.8 mg·g⁻¹、15.0～15.5 mg·g⁻¹和18.9～20.2 mg·g⁻¹，并且2021年3月15日至4月10日采收的多糖含量高于2.92%，表明以上两个时期采收品质较高且不易折断。2020年11月10日左右以及12月底至翌年3月初采收的块茎的折干率高于36%，采收易折断，但折断块茎可烘干加工。2020年4月10日至5月5日采收，块茎长出新生嫩茎，营养及外观品质下降，总酚含量上升，且影响下茬种植安排，因此不适合采收。结论褐苞薯蓣块茎在生物量积累基本完成至翌年开始发芽期间均可根据市场需求和加工利用偏好进行采收。若综合考虑产量、采收折断率、采后褐变、外观及营养品质及茬口安排，最适采收期为茎叶大部分枯萎到完全枯萎期间，以及翌年块茎休眠解除至刚开始发芽期间。
- 褐苞薯蓣 /
- 采收期 /
- 品质 /
- 变化规律
Abstract: Objective Tuber quality of Dioscorea persimilis at different times of harvesting were compared. Method Tubers from a local Ninghua variety of D. persimilis were collected in 9 batches from October 20 to May 5 in the following year. Quality indicators including drying rate, protein, starch, amino acid, soluble sugar, sucrose, crude polysaccharide, allantoin, and total phenol of the tubers were determined. Multiple comparison and correlation analysis were performed on the data for analysis. Result On October 20 when biomass accumulation in tubers is normally near completion in a year, the contents of soluble sugar, sucrose, and crude polysaccharide reached their high levels, that were up to 5.69%, 5.29%, and 2.73%, respectively. The harvested tubers at the time generally taste better, but the total phenol content tends to be high, which make them more suitable for fresh consumption. Whereas, the tubers harvested around December 5 as the stems and leaves largely withered and those picked from March 15, at which time the tuber dormancy had terminated, till April 10, when germination already began, had a drying rate of 33.84%-35.50% along with the contents of starch, protein, allantoin, total amino acids, essential amino acids, and flavor amino acids up to 73.14%-78.12%, 6.33%-6.51%, 3.95-4.29 mg·g⁻¹, 48.5-50.8 mg·g⁻¹, 15.0-15.5 mg·g⁻¹, and 18.9-20.2 mg·g⁻¹, respectively. The polysaccharides in the tubers harvested between March 15 and April 10 were more than 2.92%. The compositional change led to a more desirable eating quality of the tubers harvested during those two periods. In addition, the change also reduced the rate of tuber breakage at and after harvest. In contrast, tube harvesting on around November 10 and from the end of December to the following March would result in an increase on the drying rate to above 36% making the tubers break more easily after picking that rendered them fit only for further processing. In between April 10 and May 5, when new shoots started to appear, nutritional quality and appearance became less desirable, and the total phenol content rose to a high level on the tubers, the planting of following crop was disrupted and tuber-harvesting was deemed improper. Conclusion Depending upon market demand for fresh consumption or need for further processing, D. persimilis tubers could be harvested from the time the biomass accumulation was completed till the beginning of new shoot germination. However, when tuber yield, breakage, post-harvest browning, appearance, nutritional quality, and new crop planting of D. persimilis are taken into consideration, the optimum harvest time would fall in the periods between when the stems and leaves wither on the plants and as the tuber dormancy ends before new shoots start to emerge in the following year.
- Dioscorea persimilis /
- harvesting time /
- quality /
- change pattern

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图 1 不同采收日期块茎品质变化趋势

注：图中不同小写字母表示差异显著（P<0.05）。

Figure 1. Tuber quality at time of harvesting

Note: Data with different lowercase letters indicate significant differences (P<0.05).

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表 1 不同采收日期块茎氨基酸变化趋势

Table 1. Amino acids in tubers harvested in different time periods

氨基酸 Amino acids	不同采收日期（月-日）氨基酸含量 Amino acids content at ifferent collecting date/（mg·g⁻¹）
氨基酸 Amino acids	10-20	11-10	12-05	12-30	01-25	02-20	03-15	04-10	05-05
天冬氨酸# Aspartate	5.0 d	5.2 cd	6.3 a	5.5 bc	5.6 b	5.2 cd	6.4 a	6.4 a	4.3 f
苏氨酸* Threonine	1.6 b	1.6 b	1.8 a	1.6 b	1.9 a	1.6 b	1.9 a	1.9 a	1.8 a
丝氨酸 Serine	2.4 e	2.3 e	2.9 d	2.5 e	3.3 b	2.5 e	3.1 c	3.2 bc	4.1 a
谷氨酸# Glutamate	7.4 ef	6.9 f	8.4 c	8.0 cd	9.2 b	7.7 de	9.6 ab	9.3 ab	9.8 a
甘氨酸# Glycine	1.6 b	1.6 b	1.8 a	1.6 b	1.8 a	1.5 b	1.8 a	1.8 a	1.8 a
丙氨酸# Alanine	2.2 d	2.2 d	2.4 c	2.0 e	2.6 b	2.0 e	2.4 c	2.4 c	3.2 a
胱氨酸 Cystine	0.2 c	0.3 b	0.3 b	0.3 b	0.4 a	0.4 a	0.4 a	0.4 a	0.4 a
缬氨酸* Valine	2.0 de	1.9 e	2.3 ab	2.0 de	2.2 bc	2.0 de	2.4 a	2.4 a	2.1 cd
蛋氨酸 Methionine	0.2 b	0.3 a	0.3 a	0.1 c	0.2 b	0.2 b	0.2 b	0.3 a	0.2 c
异亮氨酸* Isoleucine	1.6 b	1.6 b	1.8 a	1.6 b	1.8 a	1.6 b	1.9 a	1.9 a	1.5 b
亮氨酸* Leucine	3.2 bc	3.1 c	3.6 a	3.2 bc	3.4 ab	3.1 c	3.6 a	3.6 a	3.0 c
酪氨酸 Tyrosine	1.2 d	1.2 d	1.3 c	1.3 c	1.6 a	1.1 e	1.4 b	1.2 d	1.4 b
苯丙氨酸* Phenylalanine	2.6 c	2.6 c	3.0 ab	2.7 c	2.9 b	2.7 c	3.1 a	3.0 ab	2.3 d
赖氨酸* Lysine	2.2 c	2.1 c	2.5 ab	2.2 c	2.4 b	2.2 c	2.6 a	2.6 a	2.5 ab
组氨酸 Histidine	1.1 c	1.0 d	1.2 b	1.1 c	1.1 c	1.0 d	1.2 b	1.3 a	1.2 b
精氨酸 Arginine	5.0 c	4.6 d	6.3 a	5.1 c	5.4 b	4.4 d	6.5 a	6.3 a	4.0 e
脯氨酸 Proline	2.2 ab	2.1 bc	2.3 a	2.1 bc	2.3 a	2.0 c	2.3 a	2.3 a	2.2 ab
总氨基酸 TAA	41.7 de	40.6 e	48.5 b	42.9 d	48.1 b	41.2 e	50.8 a	50.3 a	45.8 c
必需氨基酸 EAA	13.2 d	12.9 d	15 bc	13.3 d	14.6 c	13.2 d	15.5 ab	15.4 a	13.2 d
呈味氨基酸 FAA	16.2 f	15.9 f	18.9 c	17.1 d	19.2 bc	16.4 f	20.2 ab	19.9 a	19.1 c
注：表示必需氨基酸；#表示呈味氨基酸，同行数据不同小写字母表示差异显著（P<0.05）。 Note:: EAA; #: FAA; data with different lowercase letters on same row indicate significant differences (P<0.05).

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表 2 品质指标相关性分析

Table 2. Correlations among quality indices

指标 Index	折干率 DR	可溶性糖 SS	蔗糖 Sucrose	粗多糖 CP	淀粉 Starch	蛋白质 Protein	总氨基酸 TAA	必需氨基酸 EAA	呈味氨基酸 FAA	尿囊素 Allantoin
可溶性糖 SS	−0.605
蔗糖 Sucrose	−0.485	0.781^*
粗多糖 CP	0.073	−0.073	−0.089
淀粉 Starch	0.066	−0.644	−0.721^*	−0.003
蛋白质 Protein	−0.687^*	0.005	−0.174	0.364	0.508
总氨基酸 TAA	−0.380	−0.050	−0.326	0.266	0.625	0.757^*
必需氨基酸 EAA	−0.210	−0.313	−0.481	0.434	0.694^*	0.764^*	0.943^**
呈味氨基酸 FAA	−0.415	0.104	−0.263	0.164	0.562	0.690^*	0.975^**	0.852^**
尿囊素 Allantoin	−0.427	−0.314	−0.481	0.353	0.635	0.913^**	0.746^*	0.834^**	0.640
总酚 TP	−0.281	0.683^*	0.965^**	−0.029	−0.722^*	−0.317	−0.360	−0.481	−0.310	−0.596
注：表示显著相关（P<0.05），表示极显著相关（P<0.01）。 Note: : significant correlation (P<0.05); **: extremely significant correlation (P<0.01).

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