不同株距与灌水量对甜玉米生长及水分利用效率的影响

李建查; 潘志贤; 李义林; 李坤; 岳学文; 方海东

doi:10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2021.12.003

不同株距与灌水量对甜玉米生长及水分利用效率的影响

doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2021.12.003

云南省农业科学院热区生态农业研究所，云南　元谋　651300

基金项目: 云南省科技计划重点研发项目（2019BC001）

详细信息

作者简介:
李建查（1988−），女，硕士，助理研究员，主要从事农田生态学研究（E-mail：921271713@qq.com）

通讯作者:
方海东（1979−），男，硕士，研究员，主要从事农田生态学研究（E-mail：rqsfhd@163.com）

中图分类号: Q 945.79
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-06-23
- 修回日期: 2021-08-27
- 网络出版日期: 2021-12-30
- 刊出日期: 2021-12-28

Effect of Plant-spacing and Water-supply on Growth and Water Use of Sweet Corn Plants

Institute of Tropical Eco-agricultural Sciences, Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yuanmou, Yunnan　651300, China

摘要

摘要: 目的研究不同株距与灌水量对甜玉米生物量、产量、水分利用效率的影响，探究甜玉米获得高产高效的最佳种植株距与灌水量。方法试验设置3 个种植株距（20、30、 40 cm）和3个灌水量（215、265、365 m³·hm⁻²）处理，对不同株距和灌水量处理的甜玉米个体生物量及其分配、群体经济产量和灌溉水利用效率进行分析。结果株距对甜玉米个体生物量有显著影响，灌水量对甜玉米个体生物量分配比例有显著影响，株距与灌水量对甜玉米生物量分配比例有显著交互作用。（1）随着株距增大，甜玉米个体生物量明显增加，株距为40 cm时个体生物量最大；随着灌水量的增加，个体茎生物量和茎比例显著增加；365 m³·hm⁻²+40 cm组合处理的个体生物量最高，且主成分综合得分最高。（2）随着株距、灌水量增加，叶、茎与地上生物量的异速生长指数先减小后增大，果穗与地上生物量的异速生长指数先增大后减小，果穗–地上生物量的异速生长指数最大的株距为30 cm、灌水量为265 m³·hm⁻²、组合为265 m³·hm⁻²+30 cm。（3）甜玉米群体经济产量和灌溉水利用效率均随着株距增大呈现降低趋势，随着灌水量的增加变化均不显著，以265 m³·hm⁻²+20 cm组合处理的群体经济产量和灌溉水利用效率最高。结论 365 m³·hm⁻²+40 cm组合处理的甜玉米个体生物量最大，265 m³·hm⁻²+30 cm组合处理的甜玉米果穗的生物量分配比例最大，265 m³·hm⁻²+20 cm组合处理的甜玉米群体经济产量和灌溉水利用效率最高。
- 株距 /
- 灌水量 /
- 个体生物量 /
- 异速生长 /
- 群体经济产量 /
- 灌溉水利用效率
Abstract: Objective Effects of plant-spacing and water-supply on the biomass, yield, and water use efficiency of sweet corn plants were studied for better irrigation management. Method A field experiment including varied plant-spacing (i.e., 20, 30, and 40 cm) and amount of water supplied for the irrigation (i.e., 215, 265, and 365 m³·hm⁻²) for sweet corn cultivation was conducted to determine their effects on the biomass, yield, and water use efficiency of the plants. Result The spacing between individual plants significantly affected the biomass accumulation of each plant; the water-supply for the irrigation significantly altered the biomass allocation on a plant; and the interactions between the plant-spacing and irrigation significantly modified the allocation as well as the distribution of biomass on a plant. (1) As the spacing increased, the biomass increased significantly to reach a maximum at 40 cm separation between two plants. When that was combined with water-supply, both quantity and proportion of stem biomass on a plant significantly increased; and the weight of fresh ears became the largest and the principal component comprehensive score greatest on a plant at the irrigation that provided 365 m³·hm⁻² of water. (2) The allometric constants of leaf and stem/aboveground biomass rose as the spacing and water-supply decreased and followed by an increase, while that of ear/aboveground biomass being the opposite. Those of ear/aboveground biomass peaked at the combined 30 cm for the spacing and 265 m³·hm⁻² for the water-supply. Meanwhile, the constants of leaf and stem/aboveground biomass lowered but that of ear/aboveground biomass maxed. (3) Increasing spacing significantly decreased the sweet corn population yield. However, the irrigation did not exert significant effect on either yield or water use efficiency as they were the highest at the 265 m³·hm⁻²×20 cm combination. Conclusion The biomass of a sweet corn plant peaked with the combined treatments of 365 m³·hm⁻² on water-supply and 40 cm on plant-spacing. But the greatest population yield and water use efficiency were observed under the combination of 265 m³·hm⁻²×20 cm. The information would lead to an improved irrigation operation for a high yield and high efficiency sweet corn production in arid hot valley and similar areas.
- Plant spacing /
- irrigation /
- individual biomass /
- allometric growth /
- population yield /
- water use efficiency

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表 1 株距、灌水量及其交互作用对甜玉米个体生物量特征值的方差分析（F值）

Table 1. Variance analysis on effects of plant-spacing, water-supply, and their interactions on biomass of sweet corn plants (F value)

项目 Item	株距 Plant spacing	灌水量 Irrigation amount	株距×灌水量 Plant spacing × irrigation amount
叶生物量 Leaf biomass	4.47*	0.58	1.55
茎生物量 Stem biomass	9.07**	8.00**	2.24
果穗生物量 Corn ear biomass	3.00*	0.10	1.90
总生物量 Total biomass	5.85**	1.64	1.92
叶比例 Fraction of leaf	0.86	2.97*	1.62
茎比例 Fraction of stem	0.24	4.67**	3.12*
果穗比例 Fraction of corn ear	0.02	1.48	2.57*
注：表中数值后标* 者表示P＜0.05，标*者表示P＜0.01。 Note: indicate significant difference at 0.05 level, ** indicate significant difference at 0.01 level.

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表 2 株距、灌水量及其配置处理对甜玉米个体生物量特征值的影响

Table 2. Effect of plant-spacing, water-supply, and their combinations on biomass of sweet corn plants

灌水量 Irrigation amount/m³·hm⁻²	株距 Plant spacing/cm	叶生物量 Leaf biomass/g	茎生物量 Stem biomass/g	果穗生物量 Corn ear biomass/g	总生物量 Total biomass/g	叶比例 Fraction of leaf/%	茎比例 Fraction of stem/%	果穗比例 Fraction of corn ear/%
	20	36.47±1.85 b	75.13±4.77 c	59.25±8.62 b	170.84±13.73 b	21.45±0.76 a	44.01±1.47 bc	34.54±2.10 abc
215	30	38.76±1.85 b	78.54±4.77 bc	80.95±8.62 ab	198.24±13.73 b	19.74±0.76 ab	39.94±1.47 c	40.32±2.10 a
	40	40.94±1.85 ab	91.11±4.77 b	81.32±8.62 ab	213.38±13.73 ab	19.71±0.76 ab	42.91±1.47 bc	37.38±2.10 a
	平均值 Mean value	38.72±1.07 A	81.59±2.75 B	73.84±4.98 A	194.16±7.93 A	20.30±0.44 AB	42.29±0.85 B	37.41±1.21 A
	20	38.45±1.85 b	79.11±4.77 bc	73.39±8.62 ab	190.94±13.73 b	20.61±0.76 ab	42.27±1.47 bc	37.12±2.10 a
	30	38.27±1.85 b	76.19±4.77 bc	70.55±8.62 b	185.02±13.73 b	21.44±0.76 a	42.44±1.47 bc	36.12±2.10 abc
265	40	38.53±1.85 b	80.85±4.77 bc	73.24±8.62 ab	192.63±13.73 b	21.63±0.76 a	44.58±1.47 bc	33.79±2.10 b
	平均值 mean value	38.42±1.07 A	78.72±2.75 B	72.40±4.98 A	189.53±7.93 A	21.23±0.44 A	43.10±0.85 B	35.68±1.21 A
	20	36.58±1.85 b	79.32±4.77 bc	69.18±8.62 b	185.08±13.73 b	20.15±0.76 ab	43.59±1.47 bc	36.26±2.10 abc
	30	38.13±1.85 b	91.36±4.77 b	61.16±8.62 b	190.65±13.73 b	20.49±0.76 ab	48.94±1.47 a	30.56±2.10 c
365	40	45.16±1.85 a	109.55±4.77 a	96.48±8.62 a	251.20±13.73 a	18.56±0.76 b	44.83±1.47 b	36.62±2.10 a
	平均值 Mean value	39.96±1.07 A	93.41±2.75 A	75.61±4.98 A	208.97±7.93 A	19.74±0.44 B	45.79±0.85 A	34.48±1.21 A
注：同列无相同小写字母表示不同株距与灌水量配置处理间差异显著(P＜0.05)，无相同大写字母表示不同灌水量处理间差异显著(P＜0.05)，表7同。 Note: Different lowercase in the same column meant significant difference between different irrigation amount and plant spacing combination treatment at 0.05 level. Different uppercase in the same column meant significant difference between different irigation amount at 0.05 level. The same as the table 7.

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表 3 主成分的特征根及贡献率

Table 3. Eigen values and contributions of two principal components

主成份 Principal component	特征根 Eigen value	贡献率 Contribution/%	累计贡献率 Cumulative contribution/%
1	7.37	56.69	56.69
2	2.37	18.21	74.90
3	1.59	12.22	87.12

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表 4 生物量特征指标在各主成分中的因子载荷量

Table 4. Factor load of biomass characteristics on individual principal component

项目 Item	主成分 Component
项目 Item	1	2	3
叶鲜重 Leaf fresh weight	0.82	0.44	0.18
茎鲜重 Stem fresh weight	0.74	0.61	−0.05
果穗鲜重 Corn ear fresh weight	0.87	0.09	0.00
叶生物量 Leaf biomass	0.87	0.36	−0.21
茎生物量 Stem biomass	0.76	0.45	−0.43
果穗生物量 Corn ear biomass	0.95	−0.25	0.00
总生物量 Total biomass	0.98	0.07	−0.19
叶含水率 Water content of leaf	0.22	0.30	0.78
茎含水率 Water content of stem	0.07	0.45	0.72
果穗含水率 Water content of corn ear	−0.64	0.53	−0.03
叶比例 Fraction of leaf	−0.84	0.34	0.08
茎比例 Fraction of stem	−0.67	0.62	−0.35
果穗比例 Fraction of corn ear	0.78	−0.57	0.22

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表 5 生物量特征指标主成分得分及综合得分

Table 5. Principal components and comprehensive scores on sweet corn biomass characteristics

灌水量+株距 Irrigation amount/(m³·hm⁻²)+ plant spacing/cm	主成分1得分 Score of principle component 1	主成分2得分 Score of principle component 2	主成分3得分 Score of principle component 3	综合得分 Comprehensive score
215+20	−0.42	−0.23	0.06	−0.31
215+30	0.20	−0.31	0.74	0.17
215+40	0.23	−0.09	−0.39	0.07
265+20	−0.03	−0.12	0.39	0.01
265+30	−0.10	0.11	0.77	0.07
265+40	−0.17	0.08	0.00	−0.09
365 +20	−0.23	−0.54	−0.39	−0.32
365+30	−0.21	0.76	−0.22	−0.01
365+40	0.73	0.35	−0.96	0.41

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表 6 不同处理下甜玉米个体叶、茎、果穗生物量与地上生物量的异速生长关系

Table 6. Allometric scaling relationships among biomasses of leaves, stems, corn ears, and aboveground parts of sweet corn plants under treatments

灌水量 Irrigation amount/ (m³·hm⁻²)	株距 Plant spacing/cm	叶–地上生物量 Leaf-aboveground biomass		茎–地上生物量 Stem-aboveground biomass		果穗–地上生物量 Corn ear-aboveground biomass
灌水量 Irrigation amount/ (m³·hm⁻²)	株距 Plant spacing/cm	a	R²	a	R²	a	R²
	20	0.888	0.891	0.963	0.901	1.155	0.784
215	30	0.667	0.820	0.720	0.691	1.422	0.845
	40	0.529	0.719	0.905	0.836	1.463	0.863
	平均值 mean value	0.658	0.798	0.865	0.819	1.370	0.839
	20	0.679	0.895	0.716	0.660	1.454	0.850
265	30	0.479	0.793	0.560	0.800	2.00	0.935
	40	0.525	0.949	0.629	0.910	1.852	0.974
	平均值 mean value	0.549	0.870	0.631	0.786	1.799	0.927
	20	0.724	0.789	0.756	0.736	1.544	0.838
365	30	0.709	0.791	0.741	0.887	1.642	0.957
	40	0.404	0.737	0.479	0.628	1.878	0.943
	平均值 mean value	0.654	0.856	0.735	0.780	1.580	0.893
注：a为异速生长指数，R²为决定系数。 Note: a was allometric index, R² was coefficient of determination.

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表 7 不同处理下甜玉米群体经济产量及灌溉水利用效率

Table 7. Population yield and water use efficiency of sweet corn plants under treatments

灌水量 Irrigation amount/ (m³·hm⁻²)	株距 Plant spacing/cm	种植密度 Density/ (株·hm⁻²)	灌溉定额 Irrigation quota/ (m³·hm⁻²)	经济产量 Yield/g	灌溉水利用效率 Irrigation water use efficiency/ (kg·m⁻³)
	20	79 200	7 382.36±175.66 c	24 096.81±2087.91 ab	3.26±0.25 a
215	30	52 800	7 382.36±175.66 c	19 728.30±999.41 bcd	2.68±0.20 abc
	40	39 600	7 382.36±175.66 c	15 550.92±1074.85 cd	2.11±0.10 bcd
	平均值 mean value		7 382.36±175.66 C	19 792.01±3914.61 A	2.68±0.53 A
	20	79 200	8 277.22±519.29 b	29 177.92±4261.57 a	3.52±0.42 a
265	30	52 800	8 277.22±519.29 b	19 324.20±6821.96 bcd	2.35±0.86 bcd
	40	39 600	8 277.22±519.29 b	14 212.33±6579.59 cd	1.74±0.83 d
	平均值 mean value		8 277.22±519.29 B	20 904.81±8390.31 A	2.54±1.01 A
	20	79 200	8 737.03±259.35 a	25 976.65±3534.46 ab	2.98±0.50 ab
365	30	52 800	8 737.03±259.35 a	18 884.83±4800.01 bcd	2.17±0.62 bcd
	40	39 600	8 737.03±259.35 a	17 086.24±2472.09 c	1.96±0.33 cd
	平均值 mean value		8 737.03±259.35 A	20 649.24±5194.42 A	2.37±0.64 A

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