中药渣复合基质对设施西瓜生长及果实产量品质的影响

陈亮; 栾倩倩; 蔺毅; 李彦荣; 王赟; 杨世梅; 严宗山; 王翠丽; 张自强

doi:10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2021.12.005

中药渣复合基质对设施西瓜生长及果实产量品质的影响

doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2021.12.005

甘肃省农业工程技术研究院，甘肃　武威　733006

基金项目: 甘肃省陇原青年创新创业人才（个人）项目（甘肃省委组织部—甘组通字〔2021〕17号）；甘肃省青年科技基金计划项目（20JR5RA067）；甘肃省科技计划项目（18JR2TA008）

详细信息

作者简介:
陈亮（1989−），男，硕士，助理研究员，主要从事设施蔬菜生理与栽培技术研究（E-mail:chenliang144358@163.com）

中图分类号: S 651
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2021-06-18
- 修回日期: 2021-08-10
- 网络出版日期: 2021-12-30
- 刊出日期: 2021-12-28

Applying Chinese Herbal Medicine Spent for Greenhouse Watermelon Cultivation

Gansu Provincial Institute of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Wuwei, Gansu　733006, China

摘要

摘要: 目的减少中药渣废弃物资源浪费，有效缓解农业面源污染问题，探讨其资源化利用的可行性。方法以充分发酵腐熟的中药渣为主要原料，按照不同体积比复配牛粪、菇渣等，研究不同中药渣复合基质配方的理化性质变化及其对设施西瓜生长及果实产量品质的影响。结果随着中药渣复配量的增加，基质总孔隙度、通气孔隙、大小孔隙比、pH及EC值（电导率）增大，容重和持水孔隙下降；随生育期推进，各配方处理下的西瓜叶片SPAD值和净光合速率Pn均呈现先升后降的趋势，在开花坐果期达到峰值，胞间CO₂浓度Ci逐渐升高，在成熟期达到峰值；V（中药渣）∶V（牛粪）∶V（菇渣）=3∶4∶3配方的植株地上部干重、地上部鲜重、地下部干重、地下部鲜重和主根长分别较对照显著增加了33.15%、34.29%、35.36%、30.26%和37.33%；在开花坐果期，V （中药渣）∶ V （牛粪）∶ V （菇渣）=3∶4∶3配方的叶片SPAD值、P_n、气孔导度G_s和蒸腾速率T_r较对照显著增加了12.24%、8.47%、93.94%和9.85%，C_i较对照显著减少了8.65%，V （中药渣）∶ V （牛粪）∶ V （菇渣）=3∶3∶4配方的叶片水分利用效率WUE较对照显著增加了70.25%；V （中药渣）∶ V （牛粪）∶ V （菇渣）=3∶4∶3配方的果实产量达最大值，较对照显著增产21.23%，V （中药渣）∶ V （牛粪）∶ V （菇渣）=3∶3∶4配方、V （中药渣）∶ V （牛粪）∶ V （菇渣）=3∶1∶1配方产量较对照显著减产12.49%、36.47%，其他配方产量与对照无显著差异（P＜0.05）；V （中药渣）∶ V （牛粪）∶ V （菇渣）=4∶3∶3配方、V （中药渣）∶ V （牛粪）∶ V （菇渣） =3∶4∶3配方的果实可溶性固性物含量较对照显著增加了9.32%、12.08%，V （中药渣）∶ V （牛粪）∶ V （菇渣）=3∶3∶4配方、V （中药渣）∶ V （牛粪）∶ V （菇渣）=3∶1∶1配方较对照显著降低了8.63%、12.66%，其他各配方间无显著差异。结论利用中药渣复合基质进行设施西瓜栽培是可行的，适宜设施西瓜基质栽培中药渣的复配量为30%，V （中药渣）∶ V （牛粪）∶ V （菇渣）=3∶4∶3为设施西瓜栽培的最佳复合基质配方。
- 西瓜 /
- 中药渣 /
- 无土栽培 /
- 理化性状 /
- 光合特性
Abstract: Objective To utilize spent of Chinese herbal medicine materials after extraction, feasibility of the application as a soilless substrate for watermelon cultivation in a greenhouse was studied. Methods The herbal residues were fully fermented and decomposed prior to mixing with cow dung, mushroom discards, and other waste materials in varied proportions for the experiment. Effects of the substrates on the plant growth and yield and quality of watermelon in a greenhouse were analyzed. Results Increasing amount of the spent material raised the porosity, aeration pores, ratio of pore sizes as well as the pH and EC, but lowered the bulk density and water holding pores of the substrates. As the plants grew, the SPAD and net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of the leaves rose at first to peak in the flowering and fruit setting stages and declined afterward. Meanwhile, the intercellular CO₂ concentration (Ci) continuously increased to reach a maximum at maturity. For the various formulations, Chinese medicine residue V ∶ cow dung V ∶ mushroom residue V=3 ∶ 4 ∶ 3 produced plants with 33.15% increase on the dried weight of aboveground parts, 34.29% on the fresh weight of aboveground parts, 35.36% on the dried weight of underground parts, 30.26% on the fresh weight of underground parts, and 37.33% on the main root length over control. During flowering and fruit setting, the leaf SPAD, Pn, stomatal conductance (Gs), and transpiration rate (Tr) were significantly higher than those of control by 12.24%, 8.47%, 93.94%, and 9.85%, respectively, but Ci significantly lower by 8.65%. The leaf water use efficiency (WUE) of the plants grown on Chinese medicine residue V ∶ cow dung V ∶ mushroom residue V=3 ∶ 3 ∶ 4 was significantly greater than that of control by 70.25%. On fruit yield, the plants under Chinese medicine residue V ∶ cow dung V ∶ mushroom residue V= 3 ∶ 4 ∶ 3 were the highest with a significant increase over control by 21.23%. In contrast, Chinese medicine residue V ∶ cow dung V ∶ mushroom residue V =3 ∶ 3 ∶ 4 and Chinese medicine residue V ∶ cow dung V ∶ mushroom residue V =3 ∶ 1 ∶ 1 cultivations resulted in significantly reduced yields by 12.49% and 36.47%, respectively, while the other formulations exerted no significant differences in comparison to control (P＜0.05). The melons harvested from Chinese medicine residue V ∶ cow dung V ∶ mushroom residue V =4 ∶ 3 ∶ 3 and Chinese medicine residue V ∶ cow dung V ∶ mushroom residue V =3 ∶ 4 ∶ 3 treatments had significantly higher soluble solid contents than control, but those from Chinese medicine residue V ∶ cow dung V ∶ mushroom residue V =3 ∶ 3 ∶ 4 and Chinese medicine residue V ∶ cow dung V ∶ mushroom residue V =3 ∶ 1 ∶ 1 significantly lower by 8.63% and 12.66%, respectively. No significant effects by other treatments were observed. Conclusion It seemed feasible to use the traditional Chinese medicine spent for watermelon cultivation. An inclusion of the material with cow dung and mushroom discards in the ratio of 3 ∶ 4 ∶ 3 in the soilless substrate was considered optimal for melon cultivation, and at the same time, for effective cost reduction on production and waste disposal.
- Watermelon /
- Chinese medicine spent /
- soilless cultivation /
- physiochemical properties /
- photosynthetic characteristics

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图 1 不同基质配方对西瓜叶片光合特性的影响

注：图中小写字母表示不同处理在P＜0.05（Duncan新复极差法）水平下差异显著。

Figure 1. Effect of substrates on photosynthetic characteristics of watermelon leaves

Note: The lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different treatments at P＜0.05 (Duncan new multiple range method) probability level in the figure.

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表 1 中药渣复合基质配方设计

Table 1. Formulation of watermelon cultivation substrates with Chinese herbal medicine spent

配方 Formula	基质原料体积比 Rate of substrate			中药渣比例 The ratio of Chinese medicine residue/%
配方 Formula	中药渣 Chinese medicine residue	牛粪 Cow dung	菇渣 Mushroom residue	中药渣比例 The ratio of Chinese medicine residue/%
F1	1	1	0	50.0
F2	0	1	1	0.0
F3	4	3	3	40.0
F4	3	4	3	30.0
F5	3	3	4	30.0
F6	2	1	1	50.0
F7	3	1	1	60.0

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表 2 不同基质配方的主要理化性状

Table 2. Major physiochemical properties of formulated substrates

配方 Formula	容重 Bulk density/（g·cm⁻³）	总孔隙度 Total porosity/%	通气孔隙 Aeration porosity/%	持水孔隙 Water holding porosity/%	大小孔隙比 The void ratio	EC值 EC value/（ms·cm⁻¹）	pH
F1	0.25±0.05 a	71.25±0.72 bc	17.60±0.38 b	53.64±1.09 b	0.33±0.02 b	2.01±0.08 bc	6.97±0.11 b
F2	0.30±0.08 a	68.20±0.20 e	9.90±0.12 e	58.29±0.13 a	0.17±0.00 c	1.70±0.16 d	6.40±0.15 ef
F3	0.26±0.02 a	71.00±0.11 bcd	17.48±0.44 bc	53.52±0.54 b	0.33±0.02 b	1.96±0.09 bc	6.85±0.10 bc
F4	0.28±0.07 a	70.30±0.88 cd	16.60±0.35 d	53.71±0.82 b	0.31±0.01 b	1.82±0.08 cd	6.72±0.05 cd
F5	0.28±0.05 a	70.10±0.50 d	16.55±0.36 d	53.56±0.64 b	0.31±0.01 b	1.75±0.09 d	6.55±0.11 de
F6	0.24±0.06 a	71.35±0.46 b	17.75±0.41 b	53.60±0.54 b	0.33±0.01 b	2.10±0.18 ab	6.91±0.10 bc
F7	0.22±0.08 a	72.31±0.35 a	18.96±0.57 a	53.34±0.91 b	0.36±0.02 a	2.23±0.10 a	7.30±0.16 a
CK	0.26±0.06 a	70.20±0.50 d	16.82±0.34 cd	53.38±0.49 b	0.32±0.01 b	0.48±0.09 e	6.25±0.05 f
注：表中小写字母表示不同处理在P＜0.05（Duncan新复极差法）水平下差异显著，下表同。 Note: The lowercase letters indicate significant differences among different treatments at P＜0.05（Duncan new multiple range method） probability level in the table, the following table is the same.

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表 3 不同基质配方对西瓜植株生物量累积的影响

Table 3. Effect of substrates on biomass accumulation of watermelon plants

配方 Formula	鲜质量 Fresh weight/g		干质量 Dry weight/g		主根长 Root length/cm
配方 Formula	地上部 Above ground	地下部 Under ground	地上部 Above ground	地下部 Under ground	主根长 Root length/cm
F1	380.00±26.46 d	10.73±0.40 e	60.73±1.54 e	1.61±0.13 de	29.2±1.40 e
F2	533.33±30.55 b	14.17±0.32 b	82.77±1.10 b	2.15±0.08 b	44.0±1.85 b
F3	506.67±25.17 bc	13.20±0.20 c	77.73±1.57 c	1.95±0.07 bc	40.7±2.08 c
F4	626.67±25.17 a	15.67±0.31 a	95.87±1.42 a	2.45±0.19 a	49.3±2.52 a
F5	476.67±25.17 c	12.30±0.46 d	72.60±1.28 d	1.85±0.07 cd	36.3±1.53 d
F6	470.00±20.00 c	12.13±0.21 d	72.33±1.32 d	1.83±0.15 cd	36.1±1.66 d
F7	360.00±34.64 d	9.90±0.40 f	58.07±0.70 f	1.49±0.11 e	25.7±1.18 f
CK	466.67±32.15 c	12.03±0.15 d	72.00±1.10 d	1.81±0.19 cd	35.9±1.95 d

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表 4 不同基质配方对西瓜果实产量的影响

Table 4. Effect of substrates on watermelon yield

配方 Formula	果实纵径 Fruit longitudinal diameter/cm	果实横径 Fruit transect diameter/cm	单果重 Single fruit weight/kg	单株产量 Single plant yield/kg	667m²产量 Yield per 667m²/kg
F1	13.33±0.08 bc	13.36±0.09 bc	1.29±0.01 c	1.29±0.01 c	3306.52±32.58 c
F2	13.68±0.43 ab	13.67±0.76 abc	1.42±0.12 b	1.42±0.12 b	3654.25±303.34 b
F3	13.62±0.40 ab	13.72±0.42 ab	1.33±0.07 bc	1.33±0.07 bc	3414.81±175.74 bc
F4	14.22±0.25 a	14.33±0.29 a	1.62±0.03 a	1.62±0.03 a	4150.22±69.12 a
F5	12.91±0.31 c	12.86±0.20 c	1.17±0.07 d	1.17±0.07 d	2995.80±169.81 d
F6	13.62±0.51 ab	13.61±0.24 abc	1.36±0.04 bc	1.36±0.04 bc	3480.37±106.80 bc
F7	11.91±0.14 d	11.90±0.15 d	0.85±0.04 e	0.85±0.04 e	2174.88±96.12 e
CK	13.56±0.39 b	13.61±0.79 abc	1.33±0.06 bc	1.33±0.06 bc	3423.36±153.05 bc

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表 5 不同基质配方对西瓜果实品质的影响

Table 5. Effect of substrates on quality of watermelons

配方 Formula	果皮厚度 Pericarp thickness/cm	可溶性固形物含量 Fruit soluble sugar content/%
F1	1.61±0.06 a	8.40±0.69 cd
F2	1.41±0.00 c	9.18±0.30 ab
F3	1.46±0.06 bc	9.50±0.52 a
F4	1.47±0.06 bc	9.74±0.15 a
F5	1.51±0.00 b	7.94±0.06 de
F6	1.53±0.06 b	8.54±0.49 bcd
F7	1.50±0.00 b	7.59±0.10 e
CK	1.53±0.06 b	8.69±0.10 bc

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