福建甘薯氮磷钾推荐施肥与有机肥替代化肥技术模式

李娟; 张立成; 张华; 张世昌; 潘住财; 张民生; 林明贤; 章明清

doi:10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.008.002

福建甘薯氮磷钾推荐施肥与有机肥替代化肥技术模式

doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.008.002

1.
福建省农业科学院土壤肥料研究所，福建　福州　350013
2.
福建省农田建设与土壤肥料技术推广站，福建　福州　350003
3.
福建省南安市农业局，福建　南安　362300
4.
福建省云霄县土肥站，福建　云霄　363300
5.
福建省漳浦县土壤肥料技术推广站，福建　漳浦　363200

基金项目: 福建省科技计划公益类专项（2021R1025005）；福建省农业高质量发展超越“5511” 协同创新工程项目（XTCXGC2021009）

详细信息

作者简介:
李娟（1977−），女，硕士，副研究员，研究方向：作物营养与施肥（E-mail：lj-95@163.com）

通讯作者:
章明清（1963−），男，博士，研究员，研究方向：作物施肥原理和技术（E-mail：zhangmq2001@163.com）

中图分类号: S 147.2
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-04-24
- 修回日期: 2022-05-24
- 网络出版日期: 2022-08-29
- 刊出日期: 2022-08-28

Recommended NPK Fertilization and Partial Replacement with Organic Manure for Sweet Potato Cultivation in Fujian

1.
Soil and Fertilizer Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, Fujian　350013, China
2.
Fujian Cropland Construction and Soil and Fertilizer Station, Fuzhou, Fujian　350003, China
3.
Nanan Agricultural Bureau, Nanan, Fujian　362300, China
4.
Yunxiao Soil and Fertilize Station, Yunxiao, Fujian　363300, China
5.
Zhangpu Agricultural Technology Popularization Station, Zhangpu, Fujian　363200, China

摘要

摘要: 目的提高甘薯施肥效益，实现化肥减施增效目标，探讨推荐施肥和有机肥替代化肥的技术模式。方法根据甘薯氮磷钾田间肥效试验结果，定量确定福建甘薯最佳施肥类别；然后分别建立各施肥类别的三元非结构肥效模型和推荐施肥量，在此基础上开展有机肥替代化肥潜力的试验研究，并进行田间示范。结果甘薯施肥可划分为高产田、中产田、中低产田和低产田等4个施肥类别，高产田的氮肥增产效应明显高于其他施肥类别，但磷钾肥的增产效应则反之。基于不同施肥类别的三元非结构肥效模型，甘薯平均经济施肥量为N 160 kg∙hm⁻²、P₂O₅ 62 kg∙hm⁻²、K₂O 212 kg∙hm⁻²，三要素适宜比例为1 ∶ 0.4 ∶ 1.3，但不同施肥类别的推荐施肥量有明显差异。在推荐施肥基础上有机肥替代25%化肥具有最佳增产增收效果，平均比推荐施肥增产13.0%，净增收1802元∙hm⁻²。在N、P₂O₅投入比习惯施肥下降16.7%和47.4%以及K₂O投入提高94.0%的条件下，79个化肥推荐施肥田间示范比习惯施肥平均增产7.9%，净增收3 394元∙hm⁻²；基于推荐施肥量的16个有机肥替代25%化肥的田间示范则平均增产11.3%，净增收4 192元∙hm⁻²。结论化肥推荐施肥和在此基础上有机肥替代25%化肥是可供推广应用的甘薯化肥减施增效技术模式，后者效果更佳。
- 甘薯 /
- 施肥类别 /
- 化肥 /
- 有机肥 /
- 推荐施肥 /
- 施肥模式
Abstract: Objective NPK fertilization and utilization of manure for partial replacement in sweet potato farming were optimized for the agriculture in Fujian. Method Based on field experiments, sweet potato growing fields in the province were classified. A ternary non-structural fertilization response model was constructed for each class to optimize the fertilization. Field tests and demonstrations were conducted to scrutinize and promote the recommended program. Result The 4 classes of sweet potato fields in the province included (1) high yield paddy, (2) medium yield paddy, (3) medium-to-low yield field, and (4) low yield field. The sweet potato plants were highly responsive to N fertilizer application on the fields of higher yield, but P or K tended to benefit more the plants grown on lands of lower yields. According to the fertilization response models, the economic applications averaged 160 kg·hm⁻² on N, 62 kg·hm⁻² on P₂O₅, and 212 kg·hm⁻² on K₂O in the ratio of 1:0.4:1.3. However, the recommendation for different classes of field differed significantly. By replacing 25% NPK in the recommended fertilizations (RF) with manure, on average a 13.0% increase on tuber yield and 1 802 yuan·hm⁻² increase on net revenue over RF were realized. In the 79 field demonstrations with RF, the application of N was reduced by 16.7% and P₂O₅ by 47.41% while K₂O increased by 79.3% which resulted in 7.9% rise on yield and 3 394 yuan·hm⁻² more on net revenue over what practiced by the farmers (FP). On the other hand, in the 16 field tests where 25% NPK fertilizers was replaced with manure, the average yield rose by 11.0% with 4 192 yuan·hm⁻² higher in revenue. Conclusion Although either RF or 25% NPK replaced by organic manure could significantly improve the sweet potato productivity and profitability, the use of organic manure to partially substitute chemical fertilizer was deemed superior for the farming in the province.
- Sweet potato /
- field classification /
- fertilizer /
- organic manure /
- recommended fertilization /
- fertilization model

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表 1 供试土壤主要理化性状

Table 1. Major physiochemical properties of soils at test fields

试验或示范类型 Experiment or demonstration	试验数 No. of trials	pH	有机质 Organic Matter/ （g∙kg⁻¹）	碱解氮 Alkaline hydrolytic nitrogen/ （mg∙kg⁻¹）	有效磷 Olsen-P/ （mg∙kg⁻¹）	速效钾 Available K/ （mg∙kg⁻¹）
试验或示范类型 Experiment or demonstration	试验数 No. of trials	pH	有机质 Organic Matter/ （g∙kg⁻¹）	碱解氮 Alkaline hydrolytic nitrogen/ （mg∙kg⁻¹）	有效磷 Olsen-P/ （mg∙kg⁻¹）	速效钾 Available K/ （mg∙kg⁻¹）	“3414”肥效试验 Fertilizer effect experiment using “3414”design	110	5.2±1.4	24.94±10.56	121.9±43.6	32.0±26.3	77.5±45.7
有机肥替代试验 Replacement fertilizer with organic manure	14	5.7±0.5	19.04±6.48	103.0±19.3	66.4±29.8	120.7±33.3
化肥推荐施肥田间示范 Recommended fertilization demonstration	76	5.6±0.7	19.66±8.18	88.3±38.7	53.1±31.7	81.6±43.7
有机肥替代化肥田间示范 Organic manure replacement fertilizer demonstration	16	5.6±0.4	17.46±7.67	102.4±18.1	67.4±29.1	121.4±33.5

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表 2 甘薯有机肥替代化肥田间试验设计

Table 2. Field experiment design on sweet potato grown under NPK fertilization with organic manure

序号 No.	处理 Treatments	施肥量 Application rate/（kg∙hm⁻²）
序号 No.	处理 Treatments	N	P₂O₅	K₂O	有机肥 Organic manure
1	空白 CK	0	0	0	0
2	习惯施肥 FP	216	114	116	0
3	推荐施肥 RF	180	60	225	0
4	25%有机肥替代化肥 OR25%	135	45	170	3 000
5	50%有机肥替代化肥 OR50%	90	30	113	6 000
有机肥指商品有机肥，N+P₂O₅+K₂O≥5%，养分总量以5%计，含水量以25%计；处理3、处理4和处理5为等氮磷钾养分数量。FP、RF、OR25%、OR50%处理分别表示习惯施肥、化肥推荐施肥、有机肥替代25%化肥和有机肥替代50%化肥。下同。 Commercial organic manure contained N+P₂O₅+K₂O≥5%, total nutrients of 5%, and moisture content of 25%; same application rates of N, P₂O₅, and K₂O for Treatments 3, 4, and 5. FP: farmer practice; RF: recommend fertilization; OR25% and OR50%: 25% and 50% of chemical fertilizer replaced with organic manure, respectively. Same for below.

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表 3 甘薯氮磷钾施肥类别及各类别的施肥效应

Table 3. Sweet potato field classes for NPK fertilization study and resulting tuber yields

施肥类别 Fertilization category	试验数 No. of trials	处理（6）施肥量 Application rate of treatment 6/（kg∙hm⁻²）			各处理甘薯产量 Peanut yield/（kg∙hm⁻²）
施肥类别 Fertilization category	试验数 No. of trials	N	P₂O₅	K₂O	CK	N₂P₂K₂	N₀P₂K₂	N₂P₀K₂	N₂P₂K₀
高产田 High yield field	5	180±16	60±17	288±24	35 445±7 102	73 650±7 881	45 510±8 091	66 000±8 091	63 915±8 164
中产田 Middle yield field	26	176±3	70±19	237±31	26 024±5 776	44 571±5 681	29 492±5 846	36 922±6 944	33 994±5 637
中低产田 Middle-low yield field	28	182±5	60±10	248±18	14 321±3 603	27 106±4 550	17 842±4 246	22 478±4 147	21 159±3 951
低产田 Low yield field	51	181±3	66±20	248±22	11 587±3 306	19 339±3 504	14 000±4 019	15 579±4 302	13 833±3 285

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表 4 甘薯不同施肥类别的氮磷钾三元非结构肥效模型

Table 4. Ternary non-structural fertilization response models for sweet potato cultivated on fields of different classes

施肥类别 Fertilization category	模型参数 Model parameter							统计检验 Statistical test		模型典型性 Model typicality
施肥类别 Fertilization category	A×10³	N₀	P₀	K₀	c₁×10³	c₂×10³	c₃×10³	F	R²	模型典型性 Model typicality
高产田 High yield field	8.302 5	91.573	120.420	387.340	3.483 7	4.889 2	1.444 2	18.93**	0.942 0	典型式
中产田 Middle yield field	10.455 0	115.41	86.937	226.160	3.567 1	6.952 2	2.274 7	18.81**	0.941 6	典型式
中低产田 Middle-low yield field	5.301 3	119.21	89.095	237.590	3.158 7	6.419 4	2.093 0	62.49**	0.981 7	典型式
低产田 Low yield field	3.178 6	150.140	100.520	219.120	3.169 8	5.951 4	2.149 0	14.87**	0.927 2	典型式
“”表示P＜0.01。 “” represents P＜0.01.

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表 5 基于农学效应的甘薯氮磷钾推荐施肥量

Table 5. Limit standards of NPK fertilization based on agronomic effects for sweet potato cultivation

施肥类别 Fertilization categories	空白区产量 Blank yield/ （kg∙hm⁻²）	目标产量 Target yield/ （kg∙hm⁻²）	最高施肥量及产量 Maxium fertilizer rate and yield/（kg∙hm⁻²）				经济施肥量及产量 Economic fertilizer rate and yield/（kg∙hm⁻²）
施肥类别 Fertilization categories	空白区产量 Blank yield/ （kg∙hm⁻²）	目标产量 Target yield/ （kg∙hm⁻²）	N	P₂O₅	K₂O	产量Yield	N	P₂O₅	K₂O	产量 Yield
高产田 High yield field	35 000±7 100	73 000±7 900	195	84	305	72 880	191	82	284	72 833
中产田 Middle yield field	26 000±5 800	45 000±5 700	165	57	213	42 636	158	55	199	42 595
中低产田 Middle-low yield field	14 000±3 600	27 000±4 600	197	67	240	26 400	183	64	213	26 322
低产田 Low yield field	11 000±3 300	19000±3500	165	68	246	18300	145	62	210	18192
表中各施肥类别的空白区产量和目标产量是在肥效模型计算值的基础上取整数。 Control and target yields of each sweet potato field class were rounded values from fertilization response models.

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表 6 不同有机肥替代化肥比例对甘薯产量和施肥效益的影响

Table 6. Sweet potato yield and economic benefits under varied percentages of organic manure replacement on NPK application

施肥类别 Fertilization categories	项目 Items	施肥处理 Treatments					方差分析 Variance analysis
施肥类别 Fertilization categories	项目 Items	CK	FP	RF	OR25%	OR50%	方差分析 Variance analysis
高产田 High yield field（n=5）	产量 Yield/（kg∙hm⁻²）	35 586 d	40 055 c	41 710 b	43 397 a	41 357 b	F=57.2**
	增产 Yield increase/%	−14.5	−4.0	—	4.0	−0.8
	净增收 Net income/（元∙hm⁻²）	−668 1	−236 3	—	751	−408 0
中产田 Middle yield field（n=5）	产量 Yield/（kg∙hm⁻²）	23 072 c	33 477 b	34 816 b	36 969 a	34 510 b	F=146.4**
	增产 Yield increase/%	−33.7	−3.8	—	6.2	−0.9
	净增收 Net income/（元∙hm⁻²）	−15 111	−1 889	—	1 450	−4 009
中低产田 Middle-low yield field（n=3）	产量 Yield/（kg∙hm⁻²）	19 051 c	28 165 b	30 492 ab	33 656 a	29 212 b	F=28.2**
	增产 Yield increase/%	−37.5	−7.6	—	10.4	−4.2
	净增收 Net income/（元∙hm⁻²）	−14 656	−3 371	—	2 966	−5 470
低产田 Low yield field（ n =1）	产量 Yield/（kg∙hm⁻²）	13 150 c	18 167 b	19 433 b	24 167 a	22 083 a	F=6.4*
	增产 Yield increase/%	−32.3	−6.5	—	24.4	13.6
	净增收 Net income/（元∙hm⁻²）	−6920	−1780	—	5321	425
① “”表示P＜0.05， “”表示P＜0.01，同列数据后不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。②CK、FP、RF、OR25%、OR50%处理的肥料成本分别为0、2386、2505、4285和6055元∙hm⁻²。 ① “”: P＜0.05, “**”: P＜0.01. Different lowcase letters of the same row in the table showed significant difference(P<0.05). ② Fertilizer costs of CK, FP, RF, OR25 % and OR50% were 0, 2 386, 2 505, 4 285, and 6 055 yuan·hm⁻², respectively.

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表 7 化肥减施增效示范田的甘薯产量和施肥效益

Table 7. Sweet potato yield and economic benefit on demonstration field with fertilizer reduction and efficiency improvement

施肥类别 Fertilization categories	项目 Items	化肥推荐施肥 Recommended fertilization			有机肥替代化肥 organic manure replacement of chemical fertilizer
施肥类别 Fertilization categories	项目 Items	CK	FP	RF	CK	PF	OR25/%
高产田 High yield field	产量 Yield/（kg∙hm⁻²）	37 513±7 186	47 455±1 735	51 026±3 412	32 625±1 199	45 381±1 637	48 871±1 412
	增产 Yield increase/%	—	—	7.0	—	—	7.1
	净增收 Net income/（元∙hm⁻²）	—	—	5 008	—	—	3 333
中产田 Middle yield field	产量 Yield/（kg∙hm⁻²）	26 704±5 406	34 119±3 209	36 091±5 442	26 862±6 261	34 786±3 496	39 210±1 412
	增产 Yield increase/%	—	—	5.5	—	—	11.3
	净增收 Net income/（元∙hm⁻²）	—	—	2457	—	—	4737
中低产田 Middle-low yield field	产量 Yield/（kg∙hm⁻²）	17 819±5 432	26 175±3 249	29 190±3 227	22 061±2 610	28 410±3 057	32 217±2 839
	增产 Yield increase/%	—	—	10.3	—	—	11.8
	净增收 Net income/（元∙hm⁻²）	—	—	4 094	—	—	3 812
低产田 Low yield field	产量Yield/（kg∙hm⁻²）	13 537±2 256	17 611±1 663	21 291±1 400	13 158	18 141	24 192
	增产 Yield increase/%	—	—	17.3	—	—	25.0
	净增收 Net income/（元∙hm⁻²）	—	—	5 271	—	—	7 177
化肥推荐施肥的高产田、中产田、中低产田、低产田的示范田数量分别为7、40、24、5个，有机肥替代化肥的示范田数量则分别为4、5、6、1个。 There were 7 demonstration fields for high yield, 40 for medium yield, 24 for middle-low yield, and 5 for low-yield class in RF treatment; and 4 demonstration fields for high yield, 5 for medium yield, 6 for middle-low yield, and one for low-yield class in 25% organic manure replacement treatment.

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