青脚麻鸡父系D的选育及其杂交配套研究

陈建; 王俐智; 赵小玲; 杜晓惠

doi:10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.011.001

青脚麻鸡父系D的选育及其杂交配套研究

doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.011.001

陈建^{1, 2,},
王俐智³,
赵小玲¹,
杜晓惠^1, ,

1.
四川农业大学动物科技学院，四川　成都　611130
2.
重庆正大农牧食品有限公司，重庆　400021
3.
广东省肇庆市四会鸿鹄养殖发展有限公司，广东　肇庆　526100

基金项目: 西藏自治区科技计划项目（XZ202101ZY0002N）；贵州省中央引导地方科技发展资金项目（黔科中引地[2021]4003）

详细信息

作者简介:
陈建（1989−），男，硕士，主要从事畜牧学研究（E-mail：626908137@qq.com）

通讯作者:
杜晓惠（1970−），女，博士，教授，主要从事家禽生产与遗传育种、家禽行为与福利方面研究（E-mail：10400@sicau.edu.cn）

中图分类号: S 831
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- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2022-04-29
- 修回日期: 2022-07-17
- 网络出版日期: 2022-12-28
- 刊出日期: 2022-11-28

Breeding and Hybridizing Paternal Line D of Cyan-shank Partridge Chickens

CHEN Jian^{1, 2
,},
WANG Lizhi³,
ZHAO Xiaoling¹,
DU Xiaohui^{1
, ,}

1.
College of Animal Science and Technology，Sichuan Agricultural University，Chengdu，Sichuan　611130，China
2.
Chongqing Zhengda Agriculture and Animal Husbandry Food Co., Ltd., Chongqing　400021, China
3.
Zhaoqing Sihui Honghu Breeding Development Co., Ltd., Zhaoqing, Guangdong　526100, China

摘要

摘要: 目的在商业育种背景下，提升现有青脚麻鸡的外貌整齐度和生产性能，以实现青脚麻鸡父系D的提纯和杂交利用。方法用PCR法剔除TYR杂合型种公鸡，对合成系D的羽色、疾病、体重、产蛋性能等进行3个世代的纯繁选育，再以D系作为终端父本进行三系配套，并测定其性能。结果（1）D系鸡的羽色整齐度达到培育要求。通过逐代剔除D系种公鸡中的TYR基因杂合子，使后代白羽率从1世代的50.49%降低至3世代的1.89%；通过表型选择淘汰非麻羽鸡只，使后代黄麻羽比率从1世代的21.12%提高到3世代的93.78%。（2）D系各世代鸡白痢的疾病净化效果显著。白痢阳性率公鸡从1世代的14.6%降低到3世代的2.4%，母鸡从2世代的6.83%降低到3世代的2.08%。（3）D系鸡的主要生产性能提升明显。3世代43周龄公鸡体重3993.70 g，母鸡体重3397.14 g，相比1世代分别提高了174.64 g（P ＜0.05）和67.6 g（P ＞0.05）。3世代母鸡43周产蛋量和蛋重都有所提升，分别由1世代60.3个和63.38 g提高到3世代的82.5个和64.42 g。（4）以D系为终端父本组建的三系配套D♂×（K♂×Y♀）（DKY）的总体生产效果好于其他4个杂交组合。80日龄时，DKY公、母鸡的平均体重（2992.46 g和2395.7 g）、半净膛率（85.57%和85.27%）、胸肌率（19.19%和21.56%）均高于其他组合。结论合成系D经过3个世代的选育，外貌整齐度和生产性能得到较大改善，杂交配套效果良好，是一个可以商业化应用的优良父本品系。
- 青脚麻鸡 /
- 品系选育 /
- 杂交配套 /
- TYR基因 /
- 疾病净化
Abstract: Objective Purifying and cross-matching the male line D of Cyan-shank Partridge chickens were studied to sustain a desired appearance and performance for commercial breeding. Method Using PCR, the breeder cocks with TYR heterozygous genotype were eliminated to achieve feather color selection, disease eradication, body weight, and egg laying. A synthesized D line was obtained by pure breeding for 3 generations, and then, employed as the terminal male parent for performance testing on a 3-line crossing. Result （1）A consistent feather color on the D line was reached by eliminating the heterozygote of TYR gene in the cocks from generation 1 (G1) to generation 3 (G3). The proportion of white feather on the cocks decreased from 50.49% in G1 to 1.89% in G3. Through the phenotypic selection, the proportion of chickens with wild-quail-like feather increased from 21.12% in G1 to 93.78% in G3. （2）A significant result on the pullorosis eradication in each generation was realized with a positive disease rate reduced from 14.6% in G1 to 2.4% in male D3, and from 6.83% in G2 to 2.08% in female G3 chickens.（3）The body weights of the 43-week-old G3 roosters and hens were 3 993.70 g and 3 397.14 g, respectively, being 174.64 g and 67.6 g, respectively, heavier than G1 counterparts (P＞0.05). Those hens laid 60.3 eggs per week with an average weight of 63.38 g per egg in G1 increasing to 82.5 eggs per week with an average weight of 64.42 g in G3. The average generation-to-generation improvements were 12.27% on egg production and 1.64% on egg weight. （4）D♂× (K♂×Y♀) produced a breed more productive in meat than the other 4 crosses. In 80 d, the average body weights of the DKY male and female broilers reached 2992.46 g and 2395.7 g, the half-eviscerated percentage of 85.57% and 85.27%, and the pectoral muscle percentage of 19.19% and 21.56%, respectively. Conclusion After 3 generations of breeding, the appearance and meat productivity of the paternal D line Cyan-shank Partridge chickens had been greatly improved for the commercial breeding.
- Cyan-shank Partridge chicken /
- line breeding /
- cross combination /
- TYR gene /
- disease eradication

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图 1 闭锁繁育流程

Figure 1. Flowchart of closed breeding process

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表 1 参与生产性能测定的杂交组合鸡群数量(只)

Table 1. Cross combinations involved in productivity test

杂交组合 cross combination	SY S♂×Y♀	KY K♂×Y♀	SKY S♂×（K♂×Y♀）	DKY D♂×（K♂×Y♀）	G
公鸡♂ 母鸡♀	100	100	100	100	100
公鸡♂ 母鸡♀	100	100	100	100	100

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表 2 D系各世代选育情况

Table 2. Selection of D line in generations

世代 Generation	出雏数 Chicks	家系数 Families	初选留种数 First retention	初选留种率 First retention rate/%	复选留种数 Second retention	复选留种率 Second retention rate/%
世代1 G1	♂ 2073	55	1165	56.20	211	10.18
世代1 G1	♀ 2745	55	2281	83.10	1661	60.51
世代2 G2	♂ 6584	60	3773	57.31	1410	21.42
世代2 G2	♀ 5376	60	4479	83.31	4049	75.32
世代3 G3	♂ 23990	60	16347	68.14	8298	34.59
世代3 G3	♀ 7140	60	6000	84.03	5481	76.76

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表 3 D系公鸡隐性白羽基因检测及后代羽色统计结果

Table 3. Detection of recessive white-feather gene and statistical results on feather color of D line cocks

世代 Generation	基因型频率 Genotype frequency/%			后代羽色占比 Feather color proportion/%
世代 Generation	TT	Tt	tt	白羽 White	麻羽 Partridge	黑羽 Black	灰羽 Grey
世代1 G1(n=1365)	79.87	20.13	0	50.49	21.12	21.09	7.30
世代2 G2(n=1544)	84.54	15.46	0	3.11	82.89	10.89	3.11
世代3 G3(n=1665)	98.96	1.04	0	1.89	93.78	4.33	0.00
TT为野生型纯合子，表型为有色羽；Tt为杂合子，表型为有色羽；tt为突变纯合子，表型为白羽。 TT is a wild homozygous, the phenotype is colored feather; Tt is heterozygote, the phenotype is colored feather; tt is mutant pure, the phenotype is white feather.

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表 4 D系各世代疾病净化情况

Table 4. Disease eradication of each D line generation

	检测项目 Test item	世代1 G1		世代2 G2		世代3 G3
	检测项目 Test item	1^*	2	1	2	1	2	3	4	5
鸡白痢阳性率 Positive rate of pullorosis/%	♂	16.29	14.6	1.63	1.37	1.95	2.40	-	-	-
鸡白痢阳性率 Positive rate of pullorosis/%	♀	-	-	6.83	4.40	3.89	2.08	-	-	-
白血病阳性率 Positive rate of leukemia/%	♂	1.73	45.37	0.82	5.33	1.14	11.30	16.48	11.52	6.47
白血病阳性率 Positive rate of leukemia/%	♀	-	-	0.82	2.89	1.14	11.30	9.33	4.10	3.71
：鸡白痢的两次净化分别于14和16周龄翅膀静脉采血。鸡白血病净化除第1次是出雏时检测胎粪外，1、2世代的第2次检测在20周龄进行，3世代的第2~5次检测分别在6、9、12、20周龄进行。 : Blood samples of pullorum disease collected from wing veins at 14- and 16-week-old chickens. In addition to 1^st meconium detection held at hatching, 2^nd detection in G1 and G2 was conducted on 20-week-old chickens, and 2^nd to 5^th detections in G3 on 6-, 9-, 12-, and 20-week-olds, respectively.

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表 5 D系各世代的生长性能

Table 5. Growth performance of D Line chickens in different generations

世代 Generation	世代1 G1		世代2 G2		世代3 G3
世代 Generation	生长指标 Growth index	变异系数 CV/%	生长指标 Growth index	变异系数 CV/%	生长指标 Growth index	变异系数 CV/%
初生重 Birth weight/g	43.53±3.22	7.40	43.75±2.88	6.58	44.29±3.28	7.41
11周龄体重 Weight at 11 weeks ♂/g	3501.24±203.53	5.81	3443.63±192.70	5.60	3576.44±127.04	3.55
9周龄体重 Weight at 9 weeks ♀/g	1980.18±67.49 b	3.41	1845.01±124.31 b	6.74	2171.51±75.6 a	3.48
5%开产体重 Weight at 5% laying rate/g	3304.28±198.63	6.01	3322.22±190.75	5.74	3350.11±189.68	5.66
43周龄体重 Weight at 43 weeks ♂/g	3819.06±216.84 b	5.68	3826.18±314.71 ab	8.23	3993.70±277.99 a	6.96
43周龄体重 Weight at 43 weeks ♀/g	3329.54±368.69	11.07	3372.69±383.17	11.36	3397.14±401.36	11.81
66周龄体重Weight at 66 weeks ♂/g	3916.71±212.61	5.43	4007.71±377.79	9.43	4083.59±265.23	6.50
66周龄体重 Weight at 66 weeks ♀/g	3621.93±374.47	10.34	3616.95±389.51	10.77	3652.85±395.08	10.82
43周龄胫长 Shank length at 43 weeks ♂/mm	106.33±3.32 b	3.12	107.81±3.67 b	3.40	110.48±3.75 a	3.39
43周龄胫长 Shank length at 43 weeks ♀/mm	94.72±3.70	3.90	95.06±3.87	4.07	95.72±3.84	4.01
43周龄胫围 Shank girth at 43 weeks ♂/mm	64.3±0.33 b	5.13	64.5±0.34 ab	5.27	65.5±0.18 a	2.75
43周龄胫围 Shank girth at 43 weeks ♀/mm	56.4±0.22 b	3.90	56.6±0.18 ab	3.18	57.7±0.19 a	3.29
表中生长性能为平均值±标准差，同行数据后无标注或含相同字母表示差异不显著（P＞0.05），字母不同表示差异显著（P＜0.05）。 Growth performance presented as mean±standard deviation; data with no or same letter on same row indicates no significant differences (P＞0.05); those with different letters, significant differences (P＜0.05).

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表 6 D系各世代繁殖性能选育结果

Table 6. Reproductive performance of D line chickens in different generations

世代数 Generation		世代1 G1	世代2 G2	世代3 G3
开产周龄 Age at first egg/周		25	27	27
43周龄产蛋量 Total eggs during 43 week/枚		60.3	80.8	82.5
43周龄蛋重 Egg weight at 43 weeks/g		63.38±1.34	63.96±1.67	64.42±0.98
变异系数CV/%		2.11	2.61	1.52
43周平均产蛋率 Average laying rate at 43 weeks/%		45.37	56.12	49.67
合格种蛋数 Number of eligible eggs*		56.0	78.3	77.3
种蛋合格率 Eligible egg rate/%*		92.9	96.9	93.7
种蛋受精率 Fertility rate/%*		88.25	88.95	90.37
种蛋孵化率 Hatching rate/%*		83.35	88.43	87.83
种蛋成活率 Surviving rate/%*	0～22周	95.37	96.83	95.87
种蛋成活率 Surviving rate/%*	23～43周	98.86	97.89	98.13
：所在的性能的统计时间为各世代繁育下一代的时间，大约在30～43周龄，根据留种数量而不同。 : Statistical performance time for each generation was about 30-43 weeks per period depending on number of chickens needed for breeding following generation.

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表 7 各组合羽色统计

Table 7. Statistics on feather color of each combination　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　（单位：%）

羽色 Feather color	SY	KY	SKY	DKY	G
麻羽 Partridge	95.21	96.73	95.03	96.16	95.45
黑羽 Black	4.36	3.27	4.13	3.84	4.37
灰羽 Grey	0.43	0.00	0.84	0.00	0.18

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表 8 不同杂交组合商品肉鸡的生长性能（n=200，公母各100只）

Table 8. Production performance of hybrid chickens

生长指标 Growth index	SY	KY	SKY	DKY	G
体重 Average weight ♂/g	2670.29±277.32 c	2763.02±250.51 b	2776.12±290.60 b	2992.46±301.63 a	2642.10±320.47 c
变异率 CV♂/%	10.39	9.07	10.47	10.08	12.13
体重 Average weight ♀/g	2085.79±220.26 d	2127.30±211.50 c	2158.19±247.04 c	2395.70±183.88 a	2245.82±179.13 b
变异率 CV♀/%	10.56	9.94	11.45	7.68	7.98
料重比 Feed to weight ♂	2.35	2.6	2.37	2.65	2.72
料重比 Feed to weight♀	2.57	2.84	2.51	2.81	2.87
成活率 Surviving rate/%	97.17	95.17	96.5	95.84	96.84
同行数据后不同小写字母表示差异显著(P＜0.05)。体重是在70日龄屠宰时测定。其余性能的统计期为1～70 d。 Data with different lowercase letters on same row indicate significant difference (P＜0.05). Weights measured on 70-d-old chickens at time of slaughter. Statistical period for other performance data ranged from 1 to 70 d.

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表 9 不同杂交组合商品代公鸡的屠宰性能（n=10）

Table 9. Slaughter performance of hybrid cocks （单位：%）

杂交组合 Hybird combination	屠宰率 Dressed percentage	半净膛率 Half eviscerated rate	全净膛率 Eviscerated rate	胸肌率 Breast muscle rate	腿肌率 Leg muscle rate	腹脂率 Abdomen fat rate
SY	91.51±1.87 a	85.57±1.93 a	67.87±2.37 ab	17.45±1.45 ab	24.44±2.62	3.33±0.99 ab
KY	90.83±1.27 b	84.50±1.94 c	67.57±2.40 b	18.14±1.47 a	23.44±2.08	4.46±0.95 a
SKY	90.92±0.80 a	85.18±1.96 bc	69.34±3.12 a	16.99±1.92 b	22.62±3.53	3.25±1.57 b
DKY	92.17±1.80 a	87.19±1.83 a	70.08±1.82 a	19.19±1.39 a	23.67±1.72	3.78±1.45 ab
G	91.41±0.58 a	85.69±1.22 a	69.54±1.35 a	18.08±1.94 a	24.28±1.82	3.47±1.33 ab
同列数据后不同小写字母表示差异显著（P＜0.05）。屠宰测定在70日龄进行。表10同。 Data with different lowercase letters on same column indicate significant difference (P＜0.05). Slaughter held on 70-d-old chickens. Same for Table 10.

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表 10 不同杂交组合商品代母鸡的屠宰性能（n=10）

Table 10. Slaughter performance of hybrid hens （单位：%）

杂交组合 Cross combination	屠宰率 Dressed percentage	半净膛率 Half eviscerated rate	全净膛率 Eviscerated rate	胸肌率 Breast muscle rate	腿肌率 Leg muscle rate	腹脂率 Abdomen fat rate
SY	91.28±1.17 ab	84.03±2.12	67.36±3.97 ab	19.46±1.80 b	22.71±2.39 a	4.29±1.67 c
KY	89.91±2.79 b	83.21±2.97	66.48±4.69 b	21.02±2.42 ab	22.59±2.02 ab	6.06±1.70 b
SKY	91.63±0.53 a	84.46±1.45	69.93±1.73 a	18.06±1.62 b	21.67±1.71 ab	4.75±1.24 c
DKY	91.06±0.95 ab	85.27±1.46	68.68±2.56 ab	21.56±0.93 a	20.97±1.57 b	7.43±1.27 a
G	90.20±1.22 b	82.87±1.38	66.48±1.18 b	20.25±2.46 ab	23.08±1.25 a	5.66±1.17 bc

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