Spatial Distribution and Quality of Branches on Two Types of High-grafted Loquat Trees
-
摘要:
目的 探讨高接枇杷两种树形的枝梢空间分布特点及质量差异，为高接换种丰产树形的培养提供依据。 方法 以高接换种后5年生多主枝自然圆头形和多主枝矮化开心形枇杷品种贵妃为试材，采用改进网格法进行分格定位，根据树高由下至上分为F1（树高0.0～100.0 cm）、F2（树高100.1～200.0 cm）、F3（树高200.1～300.0 cm）、F4（树高>300.0 cm）层，根据中心干距离远近设P1（内部，距离中心干0.0～100.0 cm）、P2（中部，距离中心干100.1～200.0 cm）、P3（外围，距离中心干＞200. 0 cm）区。测量方格内代表性枝梢的长度、粗度、叶片数和枝角等，统计枝梢数、花穗数、枝梢抽穗率等。 结果 多主枝自然圆头形的树高、叶幕层厚、冠幅、枝梢数、花穗数、枝梢抽穗率、枝角、节间长度均大于多主枝矮化开心形；在水平方向上，两种树形的枝梢数、花穗数主要分布在P2区，其次P1区；在垂直方向上，多主枝自然圆头形枝梢主要分布在F2、F3层，多主枝矮化开心形主要在F2层。多主枝自然圆头形的枝梢抽穗率、枝梢长度、枝梢粗度均为F4＞F3＞F2层；F2层枝梢数、花穗数、枝梢粗度、枝角为P3＞P1，F3层枝梢抽穗率、枝角、节间长度为P3＞ P1区。多主枝矮化开心形的枝梢数和花穗数为F2＞F3层，枝梢长度、粗度为F3＞F2层；F2和F3层叶片数、节间长度为P1＞P3区，枝角为P3＞P1区。 结论 两种树形的枝梢主要分布在次高层和次外层，多主枝矮化开心形的枝梢和花穗在冠层内分布更均匀，树冠内膛无枝梢或枝梢量少的低效或无效空间占比更少，为更高效树形。 Abstract:Objective Differences in spatial distribution and quality of branches between two types of high-grafted loquat trees were examined. Methods Using 5-year-old high-grafted and replanted naturally round head and dwarf open heart-shaped multiple main branch Guifei loquat trees, an improved grid method was applied to compartmentalize into F1, F2, F3, and F4 layers according to plant height measured from the bottom to the top, as well as P1, P2, and P3 zones according to distance from the central trunk for the experimentation. Length, thickness, number of the leaves and angle of representative branches in the target measurement grids were collected. Numbers of the branches, spikes and heading rates of the branches were counted. Results The plant height, curtain layer thickness, crown width, branch number, spike number, branch heading rate, branch angle, and internode distance of the natural round head trees were greater than those of the dwarf open heart-shaped counterparts. Horizontally, the number of branches and spikes of both types of Guifei loquat trees were mainly distributed in the P2, followed by the P1 zone. Vertically, the trees with a naturally round head were largely distributed in the F2 and F3 layers, while the dwarf trees with an open heart-shaped canopy were predominantly distributed in the F2 layer. The heading rate, length, and thickness of the round head-shaped branches were F4＞F3＞F2. The number, spikes, thickness, and angle of the branches in the F2 layer were P3＞P1. The heading rate, branch angle, and internode distance in the F3 layer were P3＞P1. The number of branches and spikes of the dwarf variety were F2＞F3, while the length and thickness of the branches F3＞F2. The number of leaves and internode distance in the F2 and F3 layers were P1＞P3; but the branch angle, P3＞P1. Conclusion The branches on the Guifei loquat trees of two differently shaped canopies grew in the sub-high and sub-outer layers of the plant. The branches and spikes on the canopy of the dwarf open heart-shaped trees were more evenly distributed and had less spaces that grew few or no branches in the inner chamber of the crown making the type of tree potentially more productive than the round head variety. -
Key words:
- Loquat /
- tree shape /
- branch count /
- branch quality /
- heading number
-
图 1 两种树形冠层结构
A：多主枝自然圆头形；B：多主枝矮化开心形；C：分区示意图。
Figure 1. Two types of tree canopy shape
A: Naturally round head tree with multiple main branches；B: Dwarf, open heart-shaped tree with multiple main branches；C: Zoning diagram.
图 2 两种树形冠层内枝梢和花穗的水平分布
A、B为多主枝自然圆头形；C、D为多主枝矮化开心形；X、Y轴数值为与主干距离。
Figure 2. Horizontal distribution of branches (left) and panicles (right) on canopies of two types of loquat tree
A、B: Naturally round head tree with multiple main branches；C、D: dwarf, open heart-shaped tree with multiple main branches；The X-axis and Y-axis value is the distance from the trunk.
图 3 两种树形冠层内枝梢和花穗的垂直分布
A.多主枝自然圆头形；B.多主枝矮化开心形。
Figure 3. Vertical distribution of branches (left) and panicles (right) on canopies of two types of loquat tree
A: Naturally round head tree with multiple main branches；B: dwarf, open heart-shaped tree with multiple main branches.
图 4 两种树形冠层内不同部位枝梢（左图）和花穗（右图）分布情况
A、B为多主枝自然圆头形；C、D多主枝矮化开心形；X、Y轴数值为与主干距离。
Figure 4. Distribution of branches (left) and panicles (right) in parts of canopies of two types of loquat tree
A、B: Naturally round head tree with multiple main branches；C、D: Dwarf, open heart-shaped tree with multiple main branches；The X-axis and Y-axis value is the distance from the trunk.
表 1 贵妃枇杷两种树形的树体生长量比较
Table 1. Growth of two types of loquat tree
项目Item 多主枝自然圆头形
Naturally round head tree
with multiple main branches多主枝矮化开心形
Dwarf, open heart-shaped
tree with multiple main branches树高 Tree height/cm 355.67±25.11aA 253.07±2.65bB 冠幅 Crown diameter Canopy/cm 500.67±47.16×447.67±61.17aA 427.67±33.56×356.33±31.82bB 树况 Tree condition 叶幕层厚 Thickness of canopy layers/cm 303.21±19.97aA 187.39±12.50bB 枝梢数 Number of branches 191.26±26.51aA 139.38±24.54bB 花穗数 Number of flower spikes 146.27±8.33aA 97.06±11.71bB 枝梢抽穗率 Flowering branch rate/% 76.65±14.57aA 69.60±9.54bA 长度 Length/cm 38.89±3.93bA 45.24±3.29aA 粗度 Diameter/mm 10.95±0.82bB 12.04±0.94aA 枝梢 Branch tip 叶片数 leave number 23.44±3.06bB 29.29±2.32aA 枝角 Branch/° 40.46±6.03aA 30.58±3.68bB 节间长度 Internode length/cm 1.79±0.17aA 1.58±0.14bA 粗长比 Shoot length/diameter ratio 0.28±0.01aA 0.26±0.01bA 同一列中大写字母表示0.01显著水平差异、小写字母表示0.05显著水平差异。下同。
In the same column, majuscule indicate a significant level difference of 0.01 and lowercase letters indicate a significant level difference of 0.05. The same below.
下载: 导出CSV
表 2 两种树形枝梢性状的水平分布特点
Table 2. Horizontal distribution of branch traits on two types of loquat tree
树形
Tree shape水平分区
Horizontal partitioning枝梢长度
Shoot length/cm枝梢粗度
Shoot thickness/ mm叶片数
Number of blades/leaf节间长度
Internode length/cm枝角
Branch/°多主枝自然圆头形
Naturally round head tree
with multiple main branchesP1 39.70±3.96bc 11.78±0.95ab 24.00±2.00bc 1.64±0.14a 30.24±1.53a P2 36.74±3.12c 11.22±0.85ab 21.58±1.98c 1.70±0.14a 38.88±3.65a P3 30.82±6.43d 10.86±0.86b 20.83±2.64c 1.53±0.11a 46.08±2.90a 多主枝矮化开心形
Dwarf, open heart-shaped
tree with multiple main branchesP1 47.78± 1.30a 12.38±0.63a 30.50±1.29a 1.58±0.03a 31.35±2.95a P2 42.60±5.35ab 12.51±0.92a 28.33±1.87ab 1.50±0.15a 38.21±5.92a 多主枝矮化开心形P3区无枝梢。
Multi-main branch dwarfing open-center P3 area without branch tip.
下载: 导出CSV
表 3 两种树形枝梢质量的垂直分布特点
Table 3. Vertical distribution of branch traits on two types of loquat tree
树形
Tree shape层级
Vertical hierarchy枝梢长度
Shoot length/cm枝梢粗度
Shoot thickness/mm叶片数
Number of blades/leaf节间长度
Internode length/cm枝角
Branch/°多主枝自然圆头形
Naturally round head tree
with multiple main branchesF4 48.49±5.03a 12.88±0.28a 26.3±1.32a 1.85±0.09a 31.27±3.96ab F3 33.13±3.51c 11.38±0.44b 21.68±2.27b 1.54±0.10b 35.12±3.85ab F2 32.06±3.69c 10.45±0.47c 19.96±1.15b 1.69±0.10ab 42.84±5.02a 多主枝矮化开心形
Dwarf, open heart-shaped tree
with multiple main branchesF3 46.44±6.74a 12.80±1.03a 30.20±2.83a 1.53±0.14b 28.97±4.02b F2 40.70±3.57b 11.36±0.27b 26.87±0.92a 1.51±0.12b 40.02±7.14ab 多主枝矮化开心形F4层无枝梢。
Multi-main branch dwarfed open-center F4 layer without branch tip.
下载: 导出CSV
-
[1] 李静江, 杨复康, 宋永宏, 等. 杏树不同树形冠层分析研究 [J]. 果树资源学报, 2021, 2(4):11−15.LI J J, YANG F K, SONG Y H, et al. Canopy analysis of apricot trees with different tree shapes [J]. Journal of Fruit Resources, 2021, 2(4): 11−15.(in Chinese) [2] 张雲慧, 李文胜, 周文静, 等. 苹果分层纺锤形冠层结构与果实产量品质的关系 [J]. 新疆农业科学, 2018, 55(7):1218−1226.ZHANG Y H, LI W S, ZHOU W J, et al. Study on the relationship between apple layered spindle canopy structure and yield and quality [J]. Xinjiang Agricultural Sciences, 2018, 55(7): 1218−1226.(in Chinese) [3] 刘珊珊, 令狐田, 赵志霞, 等. 不同树形对砀山酥梨冠层结构、光合特性及果实品质的影响 [J]. 果树资源学报, 2022, 3(5):41−49.LIU S S, LINGHU T, ZHAO Z X, et al. Effects of different tree shapes on canopy structure, photosynthetic characteristics, fruit quality of ‘Dangshan’ pear [J]. Journal of Fruit Resources, 2022, 3(5): 41−49.(in Chinese) [4] 罗家坤, 高磊, 郑焕, 等. 阳光玫瑰葡萄WH树形枝条垂化处理对叶片光合特性及果实品质的影响 [J]. 果树学报, 2022, 39(11):2064−2073.LUO J K, GAO L, ZHENG H, et al. Effect of branch drooping treatment on photosynthetic characteristics and fruit quality in Shine Muscat grapevines with WH-shaped tree shape [J]. Journal of Fruit Science, 2022, 39(11): 2064−2073.(in Chinese) [5] 张晓云, 唐玉薇, 王凯, 等. 苹果冠层枝梢类型对光能截获效率和光合生产力影响的模拟分析 [J]. 园艺学报, 2022, 49(4):709−722.ZHANG X Y, TANG Y W, WANG K, et al. Simulation analysis of effects of shoot type composition on canopy light interception efficiency and photosynthetic productivity in apple trees [J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2022, 49(4): 709−722.(in Chinese) [6] 田海青, 赵艳艳, 梁振旭, 等. 京白梨郁闭园树体结构改造对冠层光照分布、枝类组成与果实品质的影响 [J]. 西北农业学报, 2020, 29(10):1576−1582.TIAN H Q, ZHAO Y Y, LIANG Z X, et al. Effect of tree form improvment on light penetration, branch composition and fruit quality in canopy overcrowd ‘jingbai’ pear orchard [J]. Acta Agriculturae Boreali-Occidentalis Sinica, 2020, 29(10): 1576−1582.(in Chinese) [7] 陈久红, 马建江, 李永丰, 等. 香梨不同树形冠层结构、光合特性及产量品质的比较 [J]. 河南农业科学, 2021, 50(8):113−123.CHEN J H, MA J J, LI Y F, et al. Comparison of canopy structure, photosynthetic characteristics, yield and quality of Korla fragrant pear with different tree shapes [J]. Journal of Henan Agricultural Sciences, 2021, 50(8): 113−123.(in Chinese) [8] 杨学林. 苹果高光效树形及其冬剪技术 [J]. 南方农业, 2019, 13(12):51−52.YANG X L. Apple tree shape with high light efficiency and its winter shear technology [J]. South China Agriculture, 2019, 13(12): 51−52.(in Chinese) [9] 张红欢, 杨兴旺, 王莹莹, 等. 桃高光效省力化树形研究进展 [J]. 中国果树, 2023(7):10−14. doi: 10.16626/j.cnki.issn1000-8047.2023.07.002ZHANG H H, YANG X W, WANG Y Y, et al. Research progress of peach tree shapes with high photosynthetic efficiency and labor saving [J]. China Fruits, 2023(7): 10−14.(in Chinese) doi: 10.16626/j.cnki.issn1000-8047.2023.07.002 [10] 刘丽, 李秋利, 高登涛, 等. 树形对桃树生长、产量和品质的影响 [J]. 果树学报, 2022, 39(1):36−46.LIU L, LI Q L, GAO D T, et al. Effects of tree shapes on growth, yield and quality of peach [J]. Journal of Fruit Science, 2022, 39(1): 36−46.(in Chinese) [11] 闫帅, 张莹, 曹玉芬, 等. 西南地区梨轻简化栽培品种和树形综合评价 [J]. 果树学报, 2023, 40(2):274−285.YAN S, ZHANG Y, CAO Y F, et al. Comprehensive evaluation on pear varieties and tree shapes used for labor-saving and simplified cultivation in Southwest of China [J]. Journal of Fruit Science, 2023, 40(2): 274−285.(in Chinese) [12] 蔚露, 牛自勉, 程晓廷, 等. 梨高光效果园标准化生产关键技术 [J]. 果树资源学报, 2021, 2(4):39−43.YU L, NIU Z M, CHENG X T, et al. Standardized production technique of high light-efficiency pear orchard [J]. Journal of Fruit Resources, 2021, 2(4): 39−43.(in Chinese) [13] 胡又厘, 林顺权. 世界枇杷研究与生产 [J]. 世界农业, 2002(1):18−20. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-4433.2002.01.006HU Y L, LIN S Q. World loquat research and production [J]. World Agriculture, 2002(1): 18−20.(in Chinese) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1002-4433.2002.01.006 [14] 袁丽华. 枇杷整形修剪的标准化与专业化 [J]. 现代农业科技, 2016(5):114,118.YUAN L H. Standardization and specialization of loquat shaping and pruning [J]. Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, 2016(5): 114,118.(in Chinese) [15] 戴曲顺, 许奇志, 邓朝军, 等. “贵妃”枇杷两种树形枝梢生长与果实品质表现 [J]. 中国南方果树, 2018, 47(6):31−33.DAI Q S, XU Q Z, DENG (C /Z)J, et al. Shoot growth and fruit quality performance of two tree-shaped loquat varieties “Guifei” [J]. South China Fruits, 2018, 47(6): 31−33.(in Chinese) [16] 张彦苹, 郑俊华, 周青, 等. 苏州地区枇杷设施栽培技术 [J]. 现代农业科技, 2022(21):94−97.ZHANG Y P, ZHENG J H, ZHOU Q, et al. Protected cultivation techniques of loquat in Suzhou area [J]. Modern Agricultural Science and Technology, 2022(21): 94−97.(in Chinese) [17] 刘小英, 黄飞龙, 张游南, 等. ‘东湖早’枇杷在莆田的引种表现及丰产栽培技术 [J]. 福建热作科技, 2022, 47(1):61−63,66.LIU X Y, HUANG F L, ZHANG Y N, et al. Introduction performance and high yield cultivation technique of loquat’Donghuzao’ in Putian [J]. Fujian Science & Technology of Tropical Crops, 2022, 47(1): 61−63,66.(in Chinese) [18] 陈英子, 胡远党, 李建军, 等. 宁海白枇杷绿色栽培技术 [J]. 上海农业科技, 2020(5):84−85,133.CHEN Y Z, HU Y D, LI J J, et al. Green cultivation techniques of Ninghai white loquat [J]. Shanghai Agricultural Science and Technology, 2020(5): 84−85,133.(in Chinese) [19] 陈秀萍, 姜帆, 黄爱萍, 等. 枇杷种质资源幼龄树丰产性鉴定及模糊综合评判 [J]. 热带作物学报, 2010, 31(12):2103−2110.CHEN X P, JIANG F, HUANG A P, et al. Evaluation on the Fielding ability of little seedlings among loquat germplasm and its fuzzy comprehensive estimation [J]. Chinese Journal of Tropical Crops, 2010, 31(12): 2103−2110.(in Chinese) [20] 邓朝军, 陈秀萍, 许奇志, 等. 3种矮化生长型枇杷种质的枝梢生长及空间分布 [J]. 果树学报, 2019, 36(2):185−194.DENG C J, CHEN X P, XU Q Z, et al. Research on shoot growth and spatial distribution of three dwarf-growth type loquat genotypes [J]. Journal of Fruit Science, 2019, 36(2): 185−194.(in Chinese) [21] 刘雪峰, 胡德玉, 马晓丽, 等. 不同树形柑橘冠层春梢、叶片营养及果实的空间分布[J/OL]. 甘肃农业大学学报, 2023.LIU X F, HU D Y, MA X L, et al. Spatial distribution of spring shoot, leaf nutrition and fruit in citrus canopy with different tree shapes[J/OL]. Journal of Gansu Agricultural University, 2023. (in Chinese) [22] CHENG X L, LIAO K, LI N, et al. Analysis on the composition and structure of branches of two kinds of tree shapes in Korla fragrant pear [J]. Agricultural Science & Technology, 2013, 14(7): 954−958. [23] 高照全, 赵晨霞, 程建军, 等. 我国4种主要苹果树形冠层结构和辐射三维分布比较研究 [J]. 中国生态农业学报, 2012, 20(1):63−68. doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2012.00063GAO Z Q, ZHAO C X, CHENG J J, et al. Tree structure and 3-D distribution of radiation in canopy of apple trees with different canopy structures in China [J]. Chinese Journal of Eco-Agriculture, 2012, 20(1): 63−68.(in Chinese) doi: 10.3724/SP.J.1011.2012.00063 [24] 张显川, 高照全, 付占方, 等. 苹果树形改造对树冠结构和冠层光合能力的影响 [J]. 园艺学报, 2007, 34(3):537−542.ZHANG X C, GAO Z Q, FU Z F, et al. Influences of tree form reconstruction on canopy structure and photosynthesis of apple [J]. Acta Horticulturae Sinica, 2007, 34(3): 537−542.(in Chinese) [25] 高登涛, 韩明玉, 李丙智, 等. 渭北3种不同类型苹果园冠层特征及光照特性 [J]. 果树学报, 2007, 24(3):259−262.GAO D T, HAN M Y, LI B Z, et al. Canopy characteristics and light distribution in three types of apple orchards in Weibei area, Shaanxi Province [J]. Journal of Fruit Science, 2007, 24(3): 259−262.(in Chinese) [26] BĂLAN V, CIMPOIES G. Culture system of trees fruit production efficiency in relation to light as an output influencing factor [J]. Bulletin of University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca:Horticulture, 2009, 66: 120−125. [27] 张学英, 贾浩, 邸葆, 等. 不同树形对燕红桃树体冠层光照分布及生长结果的影响 [J]. 中国果树, 2023(3):91−95.ZHANG X Y, JIA H, DI B, et al. Effects of different tree shapes of ‘Yanhong’ peach on canopy light distribution and growth and fruiting [J]. China Fruits, 2023(3): 91−95.(in Chinese) [28] 单幼霞. 光胁迫对枇杷果实发育期间生理生化的影响[D]. 杭州: 浙江农林大学, 2018.SHAN Y X. The effect of light stress on physiological and biochemical characteristics on loquat during fruit development[D]. Hangzhou: Zhejiang A & F University, 2018. (in Chinese) [29] 武红霞, 陈彦军, 王荣荣, 等. 太行山区4个板栗品种留枝量与产量关系分析 [J]. 烟台果树, 2020(2):13−14.WU H X, CHEN Y J, WANG R R, et al. Analysis on the relationship between branch retention and yield of four chestnut varieties in Taihang Mountain area [J]. Yantai Fruits, 2020(2): 13−14.(in Chinese) [30] 张海旺. 桃树不同留枝量对冠层参数变化及果实产量和品质的影响 [J]. 辽宁林业科技, 2017(6):15−19.ZHANG H W. Effects of different shoot amounts after pruning on canopy parameter variation and fruit yield and quality [J]. Liaoning Forestry Science and Technology, 2017(6): 15−19.(in Chinese) [31] 蒋际谋, 邓朝军, 许奇志, 等. 贵妃枇杷在重庆万州的表现及关键栽培技术 [J]. 中国南方果树, 2016, 45(4):149−151. doi: 10.13938/j.issn.1007-1431.20150373JIANG J M, DENG (C /Z)J, XU Q Z, et al. Performance and key cultivation techniques of Guifei loquat in Wanzhou, Chongqing [J]. South China Fruits, 2016, 45(4): 149−151.(in Chinese) doi: 10.13938/j.issn.1007-1431.20150373 -
点击查看大图
图(4) / 表(3)
计量
- 文章访问数: 211
- HTML全文浏览量: 124
- PDF下载量: 47
- 被引次数: 0
