2016 Vol. 31, No. 9
Display Method:
2016, 31(9): 903-907.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.09.001
Abstract:
An indirect ELISA was developed using the purified recombinant novel duck reovirus(NDRV)σB and σC proteins as coating antigens. The optimized conditions for the methodology were determined to include:concentrations of σB at 12.5 μg·mL-1 and σC at 6.25 μg·mL-1,a blocking buffer of 15% FBS, serum samples being diluted 80 times, goat anti-duck HRP-IgG being diluted 400 times,and substrate incubation at 37℃ for 5 min. The assay was found to be specific without any cross reaction with antibodies of MDRV, DHV, MPV, or MD-GPV. The coincidence rate between the indirect ELISA coated with the recombinant σB and σC proteins and that coated with NDRVwas 92.5%. It appeared that the newly developed ELISA exhibited satisfactory sensitivity and specificity on measurements,and could be an alternative means for detecting anti-NDRV antibodies.
An indirect ELISA was developed using the purified recombinant novel duck reovirus(NDRV)σB and σC proteins as coating antigens. The optimized conditions for the methodology were determined to include:concentrations of σB at 12.5 μg·mL-1 and σC at 6.25 μg·mL-1,a blocking buffer of 15% FBS, serum samples being diluted 80 times, goat anti-duck HRP-IgG being diluted 400 times,and substrate incubation at 37℃ for 5 min. The assay was found to be specific without any cross reaction with antibodies of MDRV, DHV, MPV, or MD-GPV. The coincidence rate between the indirect ELISA coated with the recombinant σB and σC proteins and that coated with NDRVwas 92.5%. It appeared that the newly developed ELISA exhibited satisfactory sensitivity and specificity on measurements,and could be an alternative means for detecting anti-NDRV antibodies.
2016, 31(9): 908-911.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.09.002
Abstract:
Major viral infectious agents that caused reductions in egg-laying ducks were targeted for this study. A clinical sample collection on infected egg-laying ducks at different growing stages from a number of provinces in the nation, as well as an analysis on the samples using the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), was conducted from 2011 to 2015. The samples from the ducks that showed a reduction on egg-laying were positively contaminated with avian influenza viruses (AIV) at a rate of 25.1% (212/843), with duck Tembusu virus (DTV) at a rate of 27.7% (298/1076), with avian paramyxovirus type 1 at a rate of 9.3% (46/495), and with duck enteritis virus at a rate of 1.3% (8/614). DTV infection in Sheldrake ducks at pre-egg-laying stage showed a positive rate of up to 40.8%, with a peak positive rate of 70.5% in 2015. Thus, DTV and AIV were seen as the crucial infectious agents that posted heavy threat to the duck farming in China. DTV is not only harmful in causing drastic reduction in egg production of mature ducks, but also in infecting the growing, pre-egg-laying ducks. Consequently, measures to curb and prevent wide spread of Tembusu viral disease was deemed an urgent task for the duck egg industry.
Major viral infectious agents that caused reductions in egg-laying ducks were targeted for this study. A clinical sample collection on infected egg-laying ducks at different growing stages from a number of provinces in the nation, as well as an analysis on the samples using the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), was conducted from 2011 to 2015. The samples from the ducks that showed a reduction on egg-laying were positively contaminated with avian influenza viruses (AIV) at a rate of 25.1% (212/843), with duck Tembusu virus (DTV) at a rate of 27.7% (298/1076), with avian paramyxovirus type 1 at a rate of 9.3% (46/495), and with duck enteritis virus at a rate of 1.3% (8/614). DTV infection in Sheldrake ducks at pre-egg-laying stage showed a positive rate of up to 40.8%, with a peak positive rate of 70.5% in 2015. Thus, DTV and AIV were seen as the crucial infectious agents that posted heavy threat to the duck farming in China. DTV is not only harmful in causing drastic reduction in egg production of mature ducks, but also in infecting the growing, pre-egg-laying ducks. Consequently, measures to curb and prevent wide spread of Tembusu viral disease was deemed an urgent task for the duck egg industry.
2016, 31(9): 912-916.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.09.003
Abstract:
Ferric uptake regulator (fur) gene from Vibrio vulnificus FJ03-X2 was cloned, and inserted into the prokaryotic expression vector, pET32a. Coding sequence of the gene contained 450 bps, encoding 149 amino acids. Its sequencing showed a greater than 98% homology with that of the fur gene from GenBank. Subsequently, the plasmid, pET32a-FUR, was transformed into E. coli BL21 to express the recombinant protein, rFUR. The soluble rFUR was then subject to the Ni-NTA His Binding affinity purification. The purified rFUR was injected into SD rats to produce polyclonal antibody. The obtained highly specific antibodies of FUR was confirmed by ELISA assay.
Ferric uptake regulator (fur) gene from Vibrio vulnificus FJ03-X2 was cloned, and inserted into the prokaryotic expression vector, pET32a. Coding sequence of the gene contained 450 bps, encoding 149 amino acids. Its sequencing showed a greater than 98% homology with that of the fur gene from GenBank. Subsequently, the plasmid, pET32a-FUR, was transformed into E. coli BL21 to express the recombinant protein, rFUR. The soluble rFUR was then subject to the Ni-NTA His Binding affinity purification. The purified rFUR was injected into SD rats to produce polyclonal antibody. The obtained highly specific antibodies of FUR was confirmed by ELISA assay.
2016, 31(9): 917-922.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.09.004
Abstract:
A clustering and principal component analysis was conducted to study the correlation between the grain quality and resistance starch content in various genotypes rice.The results indicated that the grain quality of japonica was better than that of indica. There existed an significant correlation among the resistance starch content, amylose content, and chalkiness of the rice varieties. A significant correlation was found between the resistance starch content and quality indicators in indica rice. A total of 37 rice varieties were divided into 6 distinctive categories according to the clustering analysis using 24.55 for the Euclidean distance. Among the principal quality indicators, the appearance factor > cooking factor > milling factor. In addition, the resistance starch could be considered as a part of the cooking factors that affected the total quality, with a 19.48% contribution rate.
A clustering and principal component analysis was conducted to study the correlation between the grain quality and resistance starch content in various genotypes rice.The results indicated that the grain quality of japonica was better than that of indica. There existed an significant correlation among the resistance starch content, amylose content, and chalkiness of the rice varieties. A significant correlation was found between the resistance starch content and quality indicators in indica rice. A total of 37 rice varieties were divided into 6 distinctive categories according to the clustering analysis using 24.55 for the Euclidean distance. Among the principal quality indicators, the appearance factor > cooking factor > milling factor. In addition, the resistance starch could be considered as a part of the cooking factors that affected the total quality, with a 19.48% contribution rate.
2016, 31(9): 923-928.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.09.005
Abstract:
Resource of rice germplasms in Fujian from the International Network for Genetic Evaluation of Rice (INGER) were evaluated for their ecological adaptability, agronomic traits, blast-resistance and storability. The results indicated that the mean plant height, panicle, flag leaf length, panicle count, and grains per spike of INGER were higher, but the average 1 000-grain weight and fertility were lower, than those of control. The growth period of INGER was 23 days longer than that of Youyi 66, and 21 days longer than that of Weiyou 77. Subsequently, 7 germplasms from the collection with excellent agronomic traits were subject to further evaluations on their resistances to the seedling-, leaf-, and neck-blast. As a result, one highly blast-resistant (HR), 39 blast-resistant (R), and 27 moderately blast-resistant (MR) varieties were selected from the INGER collection. After a 42℃, 88% RH artificial aging for 21 days, 126 INGER, accounting for 85.71% of the total, exhibited a greater than 60% germination rate. Most of them also showed desirable shelf life for storage and resistance to aging. In the end, 9 germplasms with more than 90% germination rate were identified.
Resource of rice germplasms in Fujian from the International Network for Genetic Evaluation of Rice (INGER) were evaluated for their ecological adaptability, agronomic traits, blast-resistance and storability. The results indicated that the mean plant height, panicle, flag leaf length, panicle count, and grains per spike of INGER were higher, but the average 1 000-grain weight and fertility were lower, than those of control. The growth period of INGER was 23 days longer than that of Youyi 66, and 21 days longer than that of Weiyou 77. Subsequently, 7 germplasms from the collection with excellent agronomic traits were subject to further evaluations on their resistances to the seedling-, leaf-, and neck-blast. As a result, one highly blast-resistant (HR), 39 blast-resistant (R), and 27 moderately blast-resistant (MR) varieties were selected from the INGER collection. After a 42℃, 88% RH artificial aging for 21 days, 126 INGER, accounting for 85.71% of the total, exhibited a greater than 60% germination rate. Most of them also showed desirable shelf life for storage and resistance to aging. In the end, 9 germplasms with more than 90% germination rate were identified.
2016, 31(9): 929-932.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.09.006
Abstract:
In order to clarify the optimum dosages of cyanamide in grape production,the effects of different dosages of cyanamide treatments on the germination rate, flower formation rate and fruit quality of grapes were studied in grape cultivars ‘Kyoho’ in Tongan, Xiamen.The results showed that the germination rate was not significantly affected by the low dosage of cyanamide, and the high dose treatment could result in partial bud damage. 4.00% of the treatment had the best germination effect. At the same time, different dosages of cyanamide treatment had no significant effect on the rate of flowering and the fruit quality of Kyoho grape.
In order to clarify the optimum dosages of cyanamide in grape production,the effects of different dosages of cyanamide treatments on the germination rate, flower formation rate and fruit quality of grapes were studied in grape cultivars ‘Kyoho’ in Tongan, Xiamen.The results showed that the germination rate was not significantly affected by the low dosage of cyanamide, and the high dose treatment could result in partial bud damage. 4.00% of the treatment had the best germination effect. At the same time, different dosages of cyanamide treatment had no significant effect on the rate of flowering and the fruit quality of Kyoho grape.
2016, 31(9): 933-938.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.09.007
Abstract:
A plant-specific protein, BURP plays an important role in the growth, development, and stress response of a plant. In this study, a BURP gene designated as BoBURP2 was isolated from broccoli, Brassica oleracea var. italica, using PCR. The gene sequencing showed its genome DNA was 1 218 bp with a single intron. The complete coding sequence was 840 bp in length, encoding 279 amino acids. It shared a high homology with RD22, which is also a member of the BURP family. Phylogenetic analysis on BoBURP2 showed its sequence to be highly similar to those of B. oleracea, B. rapa, and B. napus. They could possibly be grouped in a same clade. On the other hand, the low similarity it shared with the sequence of Tarenaya hassleriana suggested a remote relationship between them. The RT-PCR results indicated the expression of BoBRUP2 was induced by both NaCl and drought stresses, with the highest levels detected at 24 h and 48 h. The cloning and expression analysis on BoBURP2 provided the information for further studies on the identification of its genetic function as well as the molecular breeding for stress resistant B. oleracea var. italica.
A plant-specific protein, BURP plays an important role in the growth, development, and stress response of a plant. In this study, a BURP gene designated as BoBURP2 was isolated from broccoli, Brassica oleracea var. italica, using PCR. The gene sequencing showed its genome DNA was 1 218 bp with a single intron. The complete coding sequence was 840 bp in length, encoding 279 amino acids. It shared a high homology with RD22, which is also a member of the BURP family. Phylogenetic analysis on BoBURP2 showed its sequence to be highly similar to those of B. oleracea, B. rapa, and B. napus. They could possibly be grouped in a same clade. On the other hand, the low similarity it shared with the sequence of Tarenaya hassleriana suggested a remote relationship between them. The RT-PCR results indicated the expression of BoBRUP2 was induced by both NaCl and drought stresses, with the highest levels detected at 24 h and 48 h. The cloning and expression analysis on BoBURP2 provided the information for further studies on the identification of its genetic function as well as the molecular breeding for stress resistant B. oleracea var. italica.
2016, 31(9): 939-944.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.09.008
Abstract:
Two-year-old Magnolia officinalis seedlings were used in this experimentation. Effects of Cd stress on the biomass, chlorophyll SPAD value, and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics, as well as Cd contents in various parts of the plant, under 5 gradients of Cd stress including 0 (CK), 50, 100, 200, and 300 mg·kg-1 were studied to unveil the underlying mechanism. In the seedling plants and parts, it was found that the highest accumulated Cd concentrations (dry weight) were 325.76 mg·kg-1 in the roots, and 13.56 mg·kg-1 in the aboveground parts. In general, 95.71%-96.23% of the total Cd accumulated on the plant were found in the roots. The seedling height decreased with increasing Cd concentration. Compared with CK, all treatment groups except 50 mg·kg-1, showed significant decreases on SPAD chlorophyll. When the Cd concentration was low, the plants appeared to adapt and continue to grow and metabolize. Nonetheless, the PSII maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm), actual photochemical quantum yield (ΦPSⅡ), chemical quenching (qP), and electron transport efficiency (ETR) were significantly decreased due to high Cd stress as compared to CK indicating that the energy capture from the sunlight, ETR, PSII activity, and metabolism were all suppressed resulting in damage to the plant.
Two-year-old Magnolia officinalis seedlings were used in this experimentation. Effects of Cd stress on the biomass, chlorophyll SPAD value, and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics, as well as Cd contents in various parts of the plant, under 5 gradients of Cd stress including 0 (CK), 50, 100, 200, and 300 mg·kg-1 were studied to unveil the underlying mechanism. In the seedling plants and parts, it was found that the highest accumulated Cd concentrations (dry weight) were 325.76 mg·kg-1 in the roots, and 13.56 mg·kg-1 in the aboveground parts. In general, 95.71%-96.23% of the total Cd accumulated on the plant were found in the roots. The seedling height decreased with increasing Cd concentration. Compared with CK, all treatment groups except 50 mg·kg-1, showed significant decreases on SPAD chlorophyll. When the Cd concentration was low, the plants appeared to adapt and continue to grow and metabolize. Nonetheless, the PSII maximum quantum yield (Fv/Fm), actual photochemical quantum yield (ΦPSⅡ), chemical quenching (qP), and electron transport efficiency (ETR) were significantly decreased due to high Cd stress as compared to CK indicating that the energy capture from the sunlight, ETR, PSII activity, and metabolism were all suppressed resulting in damage to the plant.
2016, 31(9): 945-949.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.09.009
Abstract:
Main agronomic characteristics, quality criteria, and genetic diversity of 10 varieties of yam (Dioscorea polystachya) found in Fujian and Iron Yam (Dioscorea opposita) introduced from overseas were compared. The results showed that Dehua Qinfeng and Mingxi varieties had the properties of high yield, pleasing taste, white color, and being not easily oxidized after peeling, which were considered suitable for processing applications. Whereas, Dehua Ziwei yam had the highest amino acid content among all tested samples, with appealing taste and a yield only next to that of Dehua large yam. According to the ISSR cluster analysis on genetic diversity, these tested varieties were classified into 4 categories. A comprehensive evaluation on them concluded that Dehua Qinfeng, Mingxi and Dehua Ziwei yam were potential candidates as a raw material for value-added processed products.
Main agronomic characteristics, quality criteria, and genetic diversity of 10 varieties of yam (Dioscorea polystachya) found in Fujian and Iron Yam (Dioscorea opposita) introduced from overseas were compared. The results showed that Dehua Qinfeng and Mingxi varieties had the properties of high yield, pleasing taste, white color, and being not easily oxidized after peeling, which were considered suitable for processing applications. Whereas, Dehua Ziwei yam had the highest amino acid content among all tested samples, with appealing taste and a yield only next to that of Dehua large yam. According to the ISSR cluster analysis on genetic diversity, these tested varieties were classified into 4 categories. A comprehensive evaluation on them concluded that Dehua Qinfeng, Mingxi and Dehua Ziwei yam were potential candidates as a raw material for value-added processed products.
2016, 31(9): 950-956.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.09.010
Abstract:
Functional components and their contents in Anoectochilus roxburghii found in the wild in the eastern Fujian regions were compared by ultraviolet spectrophotometry analysis. Four counties in the province and 5 altitudes above sea level in Fu'an were where the herbal materials collected for this study. The analysis showed that the content of polysaccharides in the samples ranged from 5.60% to 6.20%, total amino acids, from 3.48% to 3.95%, total flavonoids, from 0.55% to 0.82%, and total alkaloids, from 0.062% to 0.098%. Variance analysis and multiple comparison indicated significant differences existed in these contents among the wild A. roxburghii from different counties and altitudes in the area. The highest polysaccharide and total alkaloid contents were found in the samples from Zhouning County; and, those of amino acids and flavonoids, from Shouning County which was highly significantly different for those from Fu'an and significantly different for those from Zherong County. The polysaccharide content in the samples increased significantly in high altitudes. For instance, at 730 m and 840 m, the polysaccharide content was greater than that at 420 m and 530 m, at a highly significant or significant difference level. The total amino acid content increased with altitude as well, but the difference was not significant. The total flavonoids and alkaloids increased from 420 m to 730 m. At 730 m and 840 m, they were greater than those at 420 m and 530 m with highly significant differences. Over all, the contents of polysaccharide, flavonoids, and alkaloids were significantly different between below and above 650 m sea level. The differences on the contents of the 3 functional components in A. roxburghii were not significant at altitude beyond 650 m. The results suggested it be preferable to choose the wild A. roxburghii from Shouning and Zhouning County for germplasm resources, and the artificial plant tissue cultivation be located in areas above 650 m sea level, in order to foster accumulation of the active ingredients.
Functional components and their contents in Anoectochilus roxburghii found in the wild in the eastern Fujian regions were compared by ultraviolet spectrophotometry analysis. Four counties in the province and 5 altitudes above sea level in Fu'an were where the herbal materials collected for this study. The analysis showed that the content of polysaccharides in the samples ranged from 5.60% to 6.20%, total amino acids, from 3.48% to 3.95%, total flavonoids, from 0.55% to 0.82%, and total alkaloids, from 0.062% to 0.098%. Variance analysis and multiple comparison indicated significant differences existed in these contents among the wild A. roxburghii from different counties and altitudes in the area. The highest polysaccharide and total alkaloid contents were found in the samples from Zhouning County; and, those of amino acids and flavonoids, from Shouning County which was highly significantly different for those from Fu'an and significantly different for those from Zherong County. The polysaccharide content in the samples increased significantly in high altitudes. For instance, at 730 m and 840 m, the polysaccharide content was greater than that at 420 m and 530 m, at a highly significant or significant difference level. The total amino acid content increased with altitude as well, but the difference was not significant. The total flavonoids and alkaloids increased from 420 m to 730 m. At 730 m and 840 m, they were greater than those at 420 m and 530 m with highly significant differences. Over all, the contents of polysaccharide, flavonoids, and alkaloids were significantly different between below and above 650 m sea level. The differences on the contents of the 3 functional components in A. roxburghii were not significant at altitude beyond 650 m. The results suggested it be preferable to choose the wild A. roxburghii from Shouning and Zhouning County for germplasm resources, and the artificial plant tissue cultivation be located in areas above 650 m sea level, in order to foster accumulation of the active ingredients.
2016, 31(9): 957-961.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.09.011
Abstract:
Coat protein of Rice stripe virus plays important roles in several biological processes, such as viral transcription and replication. Interactions among viral proteins are essential for viral infection activity on host and insect vectors. In the present study, yeast two-hybrid system was used to detect the functional region inolving in the self-interaction of the RSV coat protein (CP). It was revealed that N-and C-terminal 81 amino acid residues played an essential role in self-interaction of RSV CP. Our results will be contributed to better understanding not only for functions of CP on viral stabilization and replication in insect vectors or host plants, but also for the relationship among virus, insect vectors and host plants.
Coat protein of Rice stripe virus plays important roles in several biological processes, such as viral transcription and replication. Interactions among viral proteins are essential for viral infection activity on host and insect vectors. In the present study, yeast two-hybrid system was used to detect the functional region inolving in the self-interaction of the RSV coat protein (CP). It was revealed that N-and C-terminal 81 amino acid residues played an essential role in self-interaction of RSV CP. Our results will be contributed to better understanding not only for functions of CP on viral stabilization and replication in insect vectors or host plants, but also for the relationship among virus, insect vectors and host plants.
2016, 31(9): 962-965.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.09.012
Abstract:
To avoid a possible loss of blast-resistance in rice when a single resistance gene was dependent upon for the disease prevention, new rice varieties with durable rice blast-resistance were cultivated. Forty-eight field materials of advanced-generation were obtained through a multiple-generation selection from the crosses using 4 maintainer lines, 6 restorer lines and 3 conventional rice varieties as receptor parents with 75-1-127 (harboring blast gene Pi9) and U19 (harboring blast resistance gene Pi25) as donor parents. Evaluated by their resistance to the leaf blast disease, 5 lines were classified as highly resistant, 25 moderately resistant, and the remainders moderately or highly susceptible varieties. A marker-assisted selection showed that, among them, 19 advanced-generation lines carried blast-resistance gene Pi9, and 5 had blast-resistance gene Pi25.
To avoid a possible loss of blast-resistance in rice when a single resistance gene was dependent upon for the disease prevention, new rice varieties with durable rice blast-resistance were cultivated. Forty-eight field materials of advanced-generation were obtained through a multiple-generation selection from the crosses using 4 maintainer lines, 6 restorer lines and 3 conventional rice varieties as receptor parents with 75-1-127 (harboring blast gene Pi9) and U19 (harboring blast resistance gene Pi25) as donor parents. Evaluated by their resistance to the leaf blast disease, 5 lines were classified as highly resistant, 25 moderately resistant, and the remainders moderately or highly susceptible varieties. A marker-assisted selection showed that, among them, 19 advanced-generation lines carried blast-resistance gene Pi9, and 5 had blast-resistance gene Pi25.
2016, 31(9): 966-970.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.09.013
Abstract:
A typical climate-related disease, the wheat head blight has mostly been controlled by spraying fungicide rather than by preventive measures. This study utilized the available database, Android mobile operating system, Internet access, and weather forecast to predict and broadcast possible occurrence of wheat head blight. Through this forewarning system, relevant information could be disseminated on real-time basis via Internet and WiFi to be retrieved on a computer or mobile devices. The system was designed to make forecast using a well-tested simulation model with inputs from the data bank that stored the information on the growth and flowering of wheat according to the specific sowing date, variety, and locality of the crop, as well as the weather conditions. It would provide a new, rapid means for the farmers to most efficiently prevent the epidemic of wheat head blight from happening.
A typical climate-related disease, the wheat head blight has mostly been controlled by spraying fungicide rather than by preventive measures. This study utilized the available database, Android mobile operating system, Internet access, and weather forecast to predict and broadcast possible occurrence of wheat head blight. Through this forewarning system, relevant information could be disseminated on real-time basis via Internet and WiFi to be retrieved on a computer or mobile devices. The system was designed to make forecast using a well-tested simulation model with inputs from the data bank that stored the information on the growth and flowering of wheat according to the specific sowing date, variety, and locality of the crop, as well as the weather conditions. It would provide a new, rapid means for the farmers to most efficiently prevent the epidemic of wheat head blight from happening.
2016, 31(9): 971-974.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.09.014
Abstract:
Using the dried powder made of Pleurotus eryngii by-product along with wheat flour, sugar, palm oil, seasonings and other ingredients, a crunchy cookie product was developed. Based on the orthogonal experiment and sensory evaluation, the optimized ratio of the crust:pastry was determined to be 3:5; the mixture for the coating crust, 70% of high gluten wheat flour, 5% of the mushroom powder, 0.9% of baking powder; and, the formulas for the cookie dough, 45% of low gluten wheat flour, 10% of the mushroom powder, 30% of palm oil, and 15% of sugar. The resulting product had a typical brownish baked color, crunchy texture, and appealing P.eryngii aroma. Its nutritional value was improved over the similar conventional products on the market suggesting a plausible new venue for the utilization of P.eryngii by-product.
Using the dried powder made of Pleurotus eryngii by-product along with wheat flour, sugar, palm oil, seasonings and other ingredients, a crunchy cookie product was developed. Based on the orthogonal experiment and sensory evaluation, the optimized ratio of the crust:pastry was determined to be 3:5; the mixture for the coating crust, 70% of high gluten wheat flour, 5% of the mushroom powder, 0.9% of baking powder; and, the formulas for the cookie dough, 45% of low gluten wheat flour, 10% of the mushroom powder, 30% of palm oil, and 15% of sugar. The resulting product had a typical brownish baked color, crunchy texture, and appealing P.eryngii aroma. Its nutritional value was improved over the similar conventional products on the market suggesting a plausible new venue for the utilization of P.eryngii by-product.
2016, 31(9): 975-980.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.09.015
Abstract:
The phase-field model which coupled the concentration field and phase field is applied to simulate microstructure evolution during crystal growth of juice binary in 2-D, exploring the process of fruit juice crystallization. In this paper, the influence of interfacial thickness on ice crystal growth morphology and solute distribution was investigated, and a reasonable value of interfacial thickness was estimated. The simulated results showed that the interfacial thickness had positive and negative effects on ice crystal morphology.In the range of disturbance, the secondary dendrite became more and more developed and the dendrite tip was also more sharper with the increase of the interfacial thickness. Outside the range of disturbance, the secondary dendrite didn't grow, and the principal axis of the dendrite became thin and even some disappeared. The growth speed of ice crystal would increase and the tip radius would decreased with the increase of interfacial thickness.When the interfacial thickness was around 3dx, the best simulation result of the dendrite morphology and high calculation efficiency could be obtained.
The phase-field model which coupled the concentration field and phase field is applied to simulate microstructure evolution during crystal growth of juice binary in 2-D, exploring the process of fruit juice crystallization. In this paper, the influence of interfacial thickness on ice crystal growth morphology and solute distribution was investigated, and a reasonable value of interfacial thickness was estimated. The simulated results showed that the interfacial thickness had positive and negative effects on ice crystal morphology.In the range of disturbance, the secondary dendrite became more and more developed and the dendrite tip was also more sharper with the increase of the interfacial thickness. Outside the range of disturbance, the secondary dendrite didn't grow, and the principal axis of the dendrite became thin and even some disappeared. The growth speed of ice crystal would increase and the tip radius would decreased with the increase of interfacial thickness.When the interfacial thickness was around 3dx, the best simulation result of the dendrite morphology and high calculation efficiency could be obtained.
2016, 31(9): 981-985.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.09.016
Abstract:
Extracellular metabolites of Bacillus aryabhattai FJAT-14220 during fermentation were analyzed with liquid chromatography-hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Saquinavir in the fermentation broth was targeted for the study. Molecular feature extraction and database retrieval were applied to access the information on the metabolites of B. aryabhattai. A total of 883 compounds were detected with 148 of them identified. The matching score of saquinavir was 93.08 with a relative concentration of 1.73%. Its retention time was 2.7191 min; and, accurate mass, 670.3837. The results could be the foundation for future development and utilization of saquinavir by B. aryabhattai fermentation.
Extracellular metabolites of Bacillus aryabhattai FJAT-14220 during fermentation were analyzed with liquid chromatography-hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Saquinavir in the fermentation broth was targeted for the study. Molecular feature extraction and database retrieval were applied to access the information on the metabolites of B. aryabhattai. A total of 883 compounds were detected with 148 of them identified. The matching score of saquinavir was 93.08 with a relative concentration of 1.73%. Its retention time was 2.7191 min; and, accurate mass, 670.3837. The results could be the foundation for future development and utilization of saquinavir by B. aryabhattai fermentation.
2016, 31(9): 986-992.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.09.017
Abstract:
Composition and predominant groups of the bacterial community in Lake Zouhai in the city of Fuzhou were determined and analyzed by using PCR-DGGE. Water samples were collected from 4 sites each time in December 2011, February 2012, April 2012, and June 2012. The results showed that the water samples from the different sites on a same date had a similar bacterial composition, while the numbers and positions of DGGE profiles indicated significant compositional differences on different dates. Twenty DGGE bands with varied phylotypes were excised, cloned, sequenced, and analyzed to show 11 of them having possible affiliations with Proteobacteria, 5 with Bacteroidetes, two with Actinobacteria, and two with Cyanobacteria. Analysis on the bacterial compositions suggested that Proteobacteria was the predominant group existed in the lake.
Composition and predominant groups of the bacterial community in Lake Zouhai in the city of Fuzhou were determined and analyzed by using PCR-DGGE. Water samples were collected from 4 sites each time in December 2011, February 2012, April 2012, and June 2012. The results showed that the water samples from the different sites on a same date had a similar bacterial composition, while the numbers and positions of DGGE profiles indicated significant compositional differences on different dates. Twenty DGGE bands with varied phylotypes were excised, cloned, sequenced, and analyzed to show 11 of them having possible affiliations with Proteobacteria, 5 with Bacteroidetes, two with Actinobacteria, and two with Cyanobacteria. Analysis on the bacterial compositions suggested that Proteobacteria was the predominant group existed in the lake.
2016, 31(9): 993-999.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.09.018
Abstract:
An incubation test on the yellow and alpine meadow soils collected from the tea plantations in the subtropical region was conducted at 10, 20, and 30℃ to examine the response of the soil organic carbon (SOC) mineralization due to the temperature changes. The results showed that, in a 47 d incubation, both soil type and temperature significantly affected the SOC mineralization with significant interactions between the two factors. At a same incubation temperature, the SOC mineralization accumulation and mineralization constant (k) were significantly higher in the alpine meadow than the yellow soil, but not on the mineralization rate. The cumulative SOC mineralization increased with increasing temperature by 20.90%-91.88% on the yellow soil, and 48.52%-113.88% on the alpine meadow soil. The temperature sensitivity, Q10, on SOC of the alpine meadow soil was significantly higher than that of the yellow soil, suggesting a greater effect of climate warming on SOC mineralization for tea plantations at higher altitudes. In addition, Q10 were higher at lower temperatures (<20℃) than higher temperatures (>20℃), indicating that the mineralization was more sensitive to temperature rise at low temperatures. And, when the temperature was lower than 20℃, the sensitivity of the alpine meadow soil was significant higher than that of its counterpart. Whereas, as the temperature raised beyond 25℃, no significant difference was found between them. The dynamics of SOC mineralization appeared to fit a first-order kinetics function, while the SOC mineralization potential (Co) increased with increasing incubation temperature.
An incubation test on the yellow and alpine meadow soils collected from the tea plantations in the subtropical region was conducted at 10, 20, and 30℃ to examine the response of the soil organic carbon (SOC) mineralization due to the temperature changes. The results showed that, in a 47 d incubation, both soil type and temperature significantly affected the SOC mineralization with significant interactions between the two factors. At a same incubation temperature, the SOC mineralization accumulation and mineralization constant (k) were significantly higher in the alpine meadow than the yellow soil, but not on the mineralization rate. The cumulative SOC mineralization increased with increasing temperature by 20.90%-91.88% on the yellow soil, and 48.52%-113.88% on the alpine meadow soil. The temperature sensitivity, Q10, on SOC of the alpine meadow soil was significantly higher than that of the yellow soil, suggesting a greater effect of climate warming on SOC mineralization for tea plantations at higher altitudes. In addition, Q10 were higher at lower temperatures (<20℃) than higher temperatures (>20℃), indicating that the mineralization was more sensitive to temperature rise at low temperatures. And, when the temperature was lower than 20℃, the sensitivity of the alpine meadow soil was significant higher than that of its counterpart. Whereas, as the temperature raised beyond 25℃, no significant difference was found between them. The dynamics of SOC mineralization appeared to fit a first-order kinetics function, while the SOC mineralization potential (Co) increased with increasing incubation temperature.
2016, 31(9): 1000-1004.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.09.019
Abstract:
For sustainable agriculture to maximize resource utilization, a biogas generation technology by integrating the solids-liquid separation, methane gas generation, and fiberglass-reinforced plastic biogas storage into a system for waste treatment at swine farms was designed and evaluated. The combined system with automatic controls could be scaled up for large biogas production applications. The experimental model was implemented for observation and testing at Xinxing Pigs Breeding Co., Ltd. in Fujian. The results showed significantly improved yield and utilization efficiency of biogas as compared to the conventional devices. The technology was expected to become a model for practical ecological sewage treatment for effective agricultural recycling at swine farms.
For sustainable agriculture to maximize resource utilization, a biogas generation technology by integrating the solids-liquid separation, methane gas generation, and fiberglass-reinforced plastic biogas storage into a system for waste treatment at swine farms was designed and evaluated. The combined system with automatic controls could be scaled up for large biogas production applications. The experimental model was implemented for observation and testing at Xinxing Pigs Breeding Co., Ltd. in Fujian. The results showed significantly improved yield and utilization efficiency of biogas as compared to the conventional devices. The technology was expected to become a model for practical ecological sewage treatment for effective agricultural recycling at swine farms.
2016, 31(9): 1005-1010.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.09.020
Abstract:
Intensive farming has significantly contributed to the improvement on the global food production and security. However, ecologically, the uniformity in genetics and plant variety as well as the high demand on resources, which is characteristic to the practice,invariably restricts utilization of the crops and rejuvenation capacity of the nature. Compared with monoculture, appropriate intercropping can generally improve crop yield with reduced inputs. And, at the same time, make full use of the available resources, time, space, and nutrients on farmlands. Furthermore, intercropping can also minimize environmental pollution by eliminating or reducing the use of agrochemicals. Since all plants have their natural niches, the morphological and physiological differences among them oftentimes permit capitalization of a wide range of advantages through mutual compensations. Unfortunately, the information in regard to the eco-niche on intercropping is rather scant. Therefore, this article reviews the relevent literature published domestically and internationally with an attempt to bring attention to agriculture scientists for in increased effort in this field of study. Recent advances on yield-improvement by intercropping from the aspects of spatial, nutritional, and temporal niches are discussed. Several proposed directions for future research, such as ecological niche, interspecies relationship, and resource utilization,are included.
Intensive farming has significantly contributed to the improvement on the global food production and security. However, ecologically, the uniformity in genetics and plant variety as well as the high demand on resources, which is characteristic to the practice,invariably restricts utilization of the crops and rejuvenation capacity of the nature. Compared with monoculture, appropriate intercropping can generally improve crop yield with reduced inputs. And, at the same time, make full use of the available resources, time, space, and nutrients on farmlands. Furthermore, intercropping can also minimize environmental pollution by eliminating or reducing the use of agrochemicals. Since all plants have their natural niches, the morphological and physiological differences among them oftentimes permit capitalization of a wide range of advantages through mutual compensations. Unfortunately, the information in regard to the eco-niche on intercropping is rather scant. Therefore, this article reviews the relevent literature published domestically and internationally with an attempt to bring attention to agriculture scientists for in increased effort in this field of study. Recent advances on yield-improvement by intercropping from the aspects of spatial, nutritional, and temporal niches are discussed. Several proposed directions for future research, such as ecological niche, interspecies relationship, and resource utilization,are included.
