Abstract: Abstract: In a commercial livestock or dairy farm, the so-called “empty sows” of those female animals failed to conceive in impregnation means economic loss for the business. Being able to accurately detect a pregnancy early, therefore, is indispensable for a timely determination allowing a short calving interval to enhance operational efficiency and profitability. This article reviewed the availability and advancements in the techniques and markers for the diagnosis on cattle and sheep. Published reports on the methodologies, examination time, and test result accuracy on the diagnosis are summarized with comments. For instance, B-ultrasound is commonly applied in clinical practices for 28-35 d pregnancy in the animals. Although relatively reliable results can be expected from the tests, they depend on the frequency and equipment selected as well as the skill of the operator. As a marker, progesterone (P4) is an indicator whose concentration in the animal is measured for the diagnosis. The method required specific testing environment, and consequently, is not popularly employed in the field. The initial fertilization indicator or physiochemical pregnancy signs in impregnated animals are currently detected by using the complex erythrocyte rosette test. Hence, not until a simple method is developed can a wide application based on the approach be realized. In theory, the interferon-stimulated genes and exosomal miRNAs may be useful for the diagnosis, but no testing technology has yet been established. And the commercially available PAG test kits for early-stage pregnancy or late-stage embryo loss are cost prohibitive for average farmers at present. By briefly describing the basics and presenting the pros and cons of various available devices and methods, this article provides a concise reference for the livestock ranchers in their decision-making and for the animal husbandry scientists in directing their efforts to develop a reliable and affordable means of fertilization detection in cattle and sheep.