2022 Vol. 37, No. 8
Display Method:
2022, 37(8): 961-967.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.008.001
Abstract:
Objective The haploid technology for high-efficient commercial corn breeding was applied to provide an exemplary breeding program in Fujian. Method The external high-frequency induction MHI and EDI and the oil-rich induction H3 were combined with the materials from local adaptive sweet and waxy corn cultivars to establish a base population. Through continuous testing for oil content, adaptability, and haploid induction rate during breed self-purification, new corn varieties were obtained. Result Two haploid-induced corn lines suitable for fresh consumption were selected. FSI-4 had a relatively high oil content with an average induction rate of 10.32%. It displayed desirable agronomic characters, large amount of pollen, and strong overall resistance. The 8.99% oil content could be further improved by selective breeding using the target markers. The haploid-induced common waxy corn FWI-2 had an average induction rate of 11.08%. It also demonstrated with desirable agronomic characters, large amount of pollen, strong overall resistance, and distinct color markers. The two breeds were both applicable for haploid induction of new corn variety breeding program. Conclusion Two haploid-induced corn lines were obtained to be used as a material for haploid breeding of fresh-consumption corn cultivars in Fujian.
2022, 37(8): 968-976.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.008.002
Abstract:
Objective NPK fertilization and utilization of manure for partial replacement in sweet potato farming were optimized for the agriculture in Fujian. Method Based on field experiments, sweet potato growing fields in the province were classified. A ternary non-structural fertilization response model was constructed for each class to optimize the fertilization. Field tests and demonstrations were conducted to scrutinize and promote the recommended program. Result The 4 classes of sweet potato fields in the province included (1) high yield paddy, (2) medium yield paddy, (3) medium-to-low yield field, and (4) low yield field. The sweet potato plants were highly responsive to N fertilizer application on the fields of higher yield, but P or K tended to benefit more the plants grown on lands of lower yields. According to the fertilization response models, the economic applications averaged 160 kg·hm−2 on N, 62 kg·hm−2 on P2O5, and 212 kg·hm−2 on K2O in the ratio of 1:0.4:1.3. However, the recommendation for different classes of field differed significantly. By replacing 25% NPK in the recommended fertilizations (RF) with manure, on average a 13.0% increase on tuber yield and 1 802 yuan·hm−2 increase on net revenue over RF were realized. In the 79 field demonstrations with RF, the application of N was reduced by 16.7% and P2O5 by 47.41% while K2O increased by 79.3% which resulted in 7.9% rise on yield and 3 394 yuan·hm−2 more on net revenue over what practiced by the farmers (FP). On the other hand, in the 16 field tests where 25% NPK fertilizers was replaced with manure, the average yield rose by 11.0% with 4 192 yuan·hm−2 higher in revenue. Conclusion Although either RF or 25% NPK replaced by organic manure could significantly improve the sweet potato productivity and profitability, the use of organic manure to partially substitute chemical fertilizer was deemed superior for the farming in the province.
2022, 37(8): 977-984.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.008.003
Abstract:
Objective In order to evaluate the effects of modified polyaspartic acid (PASP) urea with different molecular weights on rice yield, nitrogen use efficiency and nitrogen（N）concentrations in the surface water of paddy fields. Method The Liaohe River delta, a rice-producing area in Liaoning Province, was selected as the experimental area, Modified PASP with different molecular weights was combined with urea. Then the effects of modified PASP urea with different molecular weights on N concentrations in the paddy field ponding water, rice growth, N uptake and utilization were studied under the condition of reduced nitrogen application. And the effects of basal modified PASP urea application with different molecular weights in paddy field were comprehensively evaluated by Grey Relational Analysis. Result The results showed that modified PASP urea treatment tests decreased the N concentrations in the surface water compared with the large particle urea treatment test. In particular, NH4+-N concentrations in the surface water in 7500mw, 10000mw and 12500mw modified PASP urea treatments test were significantly reduced by 20.23%～56.66% compared with large particle urea treatment test on the third day after basal fertilization. Among them, NH4+-N concentrations in the surface water in 10000 mw modified PASP urea treatment test was significantly lower (36.84%～45.67%) than 7500,12500 and 14700 mw modified PASP urea treatment tests. The application of 10000 mw modified PASP urea could significantly promote rice growth, nutrient absorption, and increase yield, with a 8.22% higher yield, a 36.47% higher N uptake in grain, a 62.39% higher N absorption in straw, a 38.31 percentage point higher of N use-efficiency, compared to the control. Conclusion Considering rice yield, nitrogen uptake, nitrogen use efficiency and N concentrations in the surface water, basal application of modified PASP urea treatment based on reduced nitrogen application was better than the treatment using large particle urea. Therefore, urea mixed with 10000 mw modified PASP urea is recommended to be used in Liaohe Delta rice region.
2022, 37(8): 985-994.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.008.004
Abstract:
Objective Effects of peanut/maize intercropping on crop yield, rhizosphere enzyme activity, and nutrients in soil were studied. Method In a field experiment, Quanhua 557 peanut and Xuetian 7401 maize plants were cultivated either separately or under intercropping. The resulting crop yields as well as the nutrient content and enzyme activity in the rhizosphere soils were monitored at different growth stages of peanut monoculture, maize monoculture and peanut/maize intercropping for a correlation analysis. Result (1) In comparison with monoculture, peanut intercropped with maize raised the rhizosphere urease activity by 4.7% at peanut flowering stage, and by 5.0% at pod setting stage. For maize, the increases at the stages were 2.6% and 4.3%, respectively. (2) During seedling, flowering/needle setting, and maturation of the peanut plants, the acid phosphatase activities in soil were 8.0%, 13.0%, and 34.7%, respectively, higher under intercropping than monoculture. For maize, the activities rose by 11.1%, 19.6%, and 6.4%, respectively. (3) In the seedling, flowering/needle setting, pod setting, and maturation of peanut plants, the invertase activity in soil increased 1.5%, 21.5%, 11.2%, and 6.4%, respectively, by the intercropping. In those stages of maize plants, the increases were 46.4%, 33.8%, 27.3%, and 11.1%, respectively. (4) At peanut maturation, the contents of alkali hydrolyzable nitrogen and available potassium in the intercropped rhizosphere soil were 15.11% and 5.66%, respectively, higher than those of maize monoculture, while the contents of alkali hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium 3.42%, 13.17%, and 11.39%, respectively, higher than those of monoculture. (5) A significant correlation existed between the alkali hydrolyzable nitrogen and the activities of acid phosphatase and sucrase, as well as between the available phosphorus and the activities of acid phosphatase and sucrase, in soil when the peanut plants were flowering and needle setting (P＜0.05). At the pod setting stage, it was one between the alkali hydrolyzable nitrogen and the invertase activity (P＜0.05), and another between the available potassium and the acid phosphatase (P＜0.05). At maturity of peanut, available potassium in the rhizosphere soil correlated significantly with catalase activity (P＜0.05). (6) The intercropping generated 48 217.50 yuan·hm−2 in revenue, which was 8 842.50 yuan·hm−2 more than the peanut monoculture or 3 157.50 yuan·hm−2 more than the maize monoculture. Conclusion The peanut/maize intercropping significantly increased the enzyme activity and nutrient contents in the rhizosphere soil as well as the economic return over monoculture of either crop.
2022, 37(8): 995-1007.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.008.005
Abstract:
Objective Physiological changes in seeds of Polygonatum cyrtonema Hua during stratification under natural climatic conditions were investigated. Method Mature P. cyrtonema seeds were stratified in wet sand under natural climatic changes for 5 months from postharvest to massive germination. Contents of accumulated substances, related enzyme activities, and endogenous hormones in the seeds were continuously monitored. Result The seed cellulose content was higher than starch, i.e., 263.5mg·g−1 vs. 85.4mg·g−1 , in the beginning of stratification but degraded continuously to provide energy in dormancy and for germination. The content of soluble sugar (SS) increased significantly on 23-01-2020 and after germination, while that of soluble protein (SP) increased significantly on 23-01-2020 and decreased rapidly after germination. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) peaked on 23-01-2020, those of α-amylase and β-amylase correlated with the soluble sugar content, and that of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (6-PGDH) decreased significantly before germination and increased significantly afterward. In contrast, the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide kinase (NADK) activity significantly negatively correlated with 6-PGDH . On the accumulated chemicals, jasmonates increased alternately in the period prior to and middle of stratification and then decreased; isopentenyl adenosine (IPA), kinetin (K), trans zeatin (tZ), cis zeatin (cZ), dihydrozeatin (dh-z), methyl Indole-3-acetate (ME-IAA), and abscisic acid (ABA) decreased continuously; isoopentenyl adenine (IP), trans zeatin nucleoside (tZR), indole-3-formaldehyde (ICA), and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) decreased continuously before germination and increased rapidly after germination; gibberellin A7 (GA7) and 1-aminocyclopropane carboxylic acid (ACC) increased during stratification and rapidly after germination; and salicylic acid (SA) increased rapidly after germination. Conclusion Starch and cellulose were the main metabolites of P. cyrtonema seeds under stratification. The activities of protective enzymes and the contents of SS and SP were constantly changing to adapt to the environmental conditions in preparation for germination. Jasmonates, auxins, and ABA jointly promoted the seed dormancy, ACC and GA7 released dormancy for germination, while ICA, IAA, IP, TZR, and SA stimulated germination.
2022, 37(8): 1008-1015.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.008.006
Abstract:
Objective Transcriptome of Stellaria yunnanensis root was sequenced and genes associated with the flavonoid biosynthesis identified. Method Transcriptome of S. yunnanensis root was sequenced using the high-throughput Illumina Novaseq 6 000. Functional annotation of the unigenes were conducted and genes related to the biosynthesis identified. Result There were 34 137 unigenes found with an average length of 1 093.58 bp. They annotated to 6 functional databases, including NR, egg NOG, Pfam, Swiss-Prot, GO, and KEGG, that numbered 22 369 in total. There were 21 510 unigenes annotated in NR database, which had high homology with Beta vulgaris, Chenopodium quinoa, and Spinacia oleracea of Chenopodiaceae, while 19 980 from 19 414 unigenes in egg NOG in 23 categories, and 69 356 from 19 942 unigenes in GO in 3 major functional categories of cellular components, molecular functions, and, especially, biological processes with 14, 16, and 23 subcategories, respectively. Of the unigenes, 6 505 were enriched in 131 pathways in KEGG with the largest proportion related to the metabolism pathways, 80 associated with the flavonoid biosynthesis encoding 16 key enzymes, and 724 annotated as transcription factors. Conclusion The high-throughput transcriptome sequencing and gene function annotation on the S. yunnanensis roots were successfully performed. Several unigenes related to the flavonoid synthesis were identified. The information would facilitate further studies on the key genes and mechanisms in the formation of medicinal important functional ingredient in the plant.
2022, 37(8): 1016-1024.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.008.007
Abstract:
Objective The phosphatidyl ethanolamine binding protein (PEBP) in Cannabis sativa L. (hemp) was identified and bioinformatics of the gene family analyzed. Method Using the PEBP family of arabidopsis as reference, the existing genome data on C. sativa were collected by NCBI, MEME, and TBtools. Result Twelve PEBPs were identified from the database. They were divided into 3 subfamilies as FT-like, TFL-like, and MET-like. These hydrophilic proteins were distributed in cytoplasm and nucleus with the characteristic motif1-motif5 of cannabis PEBP that located on 7 chromosomes. The genes contained 2 exons and more than 2 introns with a promoter containing mainly light-responsive cis-regulatory elements and various hormone cis-regulatory elements. The encoded protein composed basically of random coils. Result Twelve genes in the PEBP family of C. sativa were identified with their potential molecular functions analyzed.
2022, 37(8): 1025-1037.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.008.008
Abstract:
Objective Belonging to the 15th subgroup of basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factor family that associated with the growth, development, and stress resistance of plants, PIF family of Dimocarpus longan Lour were identified and their expressions studied. Method PIFs were identified, and bioinformatics extracted from the longan genome and transcriptome database. Cis-acting elements were analyzed for the promoter sequence. Expressions of DlPIFs during early SE (i.e., embryogenic callus or EC, incomplete embryotic compacted structure or ICpEC, and spherical embryo or GE), in different tissues (including flower, flower bud, leaf, pericarp, pulp, root, seed, stem, and young fruit), under different light (e.g., blue, bright, and dark), and at varied temperatures (i.e., 15℃, 25℃, and 35℃) were obtained from the FPKM values. In addition, expressions of the genes in early SE exposed to exogenous hormones such as 2,4-D, ABA, GA3, SA, MeJA were determined by qRT-PCR. Result All DlPIFs had the bHLH domain. The lengths of their coding region ranged from 975 bp to 2298 bp each consisted of 5–8 exons, 4–7 introns, and 6 motifs. The DlPIFs were in the nucleus with promoters containing not only the acting elements in response to light, hormone, and abiotic stress but also those to seed growth and embryonic development. The phylogenetic tree of DlPIFs distributed in 4 branches closely related to Arabidopsis thaliana and Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck. The transcriptomes of different tissues and organs showed the highest expression of DlPIF1-1 in the seeds, that of DlPIF1-2 in the pulp, that of DlPIF4 in the stems, that of DlPIF5 in the flower buds, and those of DlPIF7 and DlPIF8 in the leaves. The photometric transcriptomes indicated that the expressions of DlPIF1-1, DlPIF5, and DlPIF8 under blue light were significantly higher than that of control, that of DlPIF4 under white or blue light significantly higher than that of control, and that of DlPIF1-2 did not differ significantly under different light exposures. At 35oC, the relatively high temperature heightened the expressions of DlPIF4 and DlPIF6 but depressed those of DlPIF1-1, DlPIF1-2, DlPIF3, and DlPIF8. At 15 ℃, on the other hand, the expressions of DlPIF1-1, DlPIF3, and DlPIF5 were enhanced, while those of DlPIF1-2, DlPIF4, DlPIF6, and DlPIF8 inhibited. qRT-PCR results showed that the expressions of DlPIF1-1, DlPIF5, DlPIF6, and DlPIF8 decreased with the longan embryonic development at the early stage. Those of DlPIF1-2, and DlPIF3 decreased from EC to ICpEC, those of DlPIF4 and DlPIF7 decreased from ICpEC to GE, and those of DlPIF4 and DlPIF7 were the opposite. In response to the exposure to 5 exogenous hormones, DlPIF5 and DlPIF7 expressed significantly different from the others. Conclusion DlPIFs might have varied functions associated with the growth and development, as well as biological and/or abiotic stress responses, of longan.
2022, 37(8): 1038-1047.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.008.009
Abstract:
Objective Release of aromatics from floral organs of Malus Brandywine was studied for new variety breeding. Method Freshly picked floral organ samples of the strongly fragrant Malus Brandywine in different flowering stages were analyzed for aromatic components by SPME-GC-MS. Result (1) There were 23, 30, 30, and 32 volatiles detected in the floral organs from budding to full bloom stage. They included predominantly (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, linalool, hexanoic acid-methyl ester, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, and 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, and α-farnesene. The total fragrance release was in an increasing trend initially to peak at the full bloom stage before decline toward the end. The released aromatics consisted largely of terpenes (14.47-37.30%) and aldehydes and ketones (21.64-38.78 %) with the highest relative contents of terpenes at full bloom, while aldehydes and ketones when large buds appeared. The terpenoids increased at opening of the flowers followed by a decline, while alkanes and esters decreased at first but rose later. A principal component analysis on the volatiles at different flowering stages showed a cumulative variance contribution of 87.64%. On PC1, linalool contributed the most and significantly correlated positively in the large bud stage, whereas nonanal the most and significantly correlated negatively in the initial flowering stage. (2) At full blooming, 28, 32, and 25 volatiles were detected in the petals, pistil (including calyx), and stamens, respectively. The greatest fragrance release in quantity came from the pistil and the least from the petals. A principal component analysis on the compounds in different organs yielded a cumulative variance contribution of 98.65 %. On PC1 and PC2, hexanoic acid-methyl ester, linalool, and α-farnesene contributed more and were the major aromatics in the petals, stamens, and pistils, respectively. The 3 floral organs were in different quadrants and significantly differed in the composition of the aromatics they released. Conclusion (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, linalool, hexanoic acid-methyl ester, (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, and α-Farnesene were the major volatiles in floral organs of Malus Brandywine. Terpenes were the dominant aromatics released during the full bloom stage. Significantly differences in the aromatic composition of the fragrance discharged from different floral organs. The releases of these volatiles took place mainly in the pistil.
2022, 37(8): 1048-1055.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.008.010
Abstract:
Objective Effects dietary inclusion of Chinese herbal extract, Compound T, on Escherchia coli and gut microbiota populations, meat productivity, and immune organ indices of squabs were studied. Method Based on a liquid medium inhibition assay, the inhibition rates on E. coli of Compound T (containing mainly the effective compounds of tricaprilin, myrtenol, isopropyl myristate, menthol, and camphor) in the volume percentages of 1.0000%, 0.5000%, 0.2500%, 0.1250%, 0.0625%, 0.0313%, 0.0156%, and 0.0078%, along with 100 mg·L−1 and 50 mg·L−1 of ampicillin as control, were determined. One-hundred-eighty 10-d-old white Carneau squabs raised by their parent pigeons were randomly divided into 3 groups with 5 replicates of 12 birds each. The squabs in Group CT were fed on a basal diet as control, while those in Group T1 and Group T2 on the basal diet with 313 mg·kg−1 and 625 mg·kg−1 Compound T, respectively, by introgastric oral feeding till they were 30-d-old. Gut microbiota population, muscle buildup, immune organ indices, meat quality, and serum biochemistry of the birds were measured. Result (1) The inhibition of Compound T on E. coli declined after 0.0625% with reducing dosage. Nonetheless, the rate was significantly higher than those of the two antibiotic control groups so long as the dosage was greater than 0.0313% (P＜0.05). The half inhibitory concentrations, IC50, of Compound T at 12 h and 24 h were 0.0632% and 0.0426%, respectively. (2) The gut microbiota in the squabs of Group T2 had significantly more Bifidobacteria than the other groups (P＜0.05) and significantly more Lactobacillus than CT (P＜0.05). (3) The average feed-to-weight gain ratio of the squabs in Group T2 was significantly lower and the Fabricii index and breast muscle proportion significantly higher than those in Group CT (P＜0.05). (4) There were no significant differences among the groups on pH, water loss, and breast meat shear measurement, nor on the serum aspartate aminotransferase, creatinine, urea nitrogen, and uric acid indices (P＞0.05). Conclusion Compound T displayed a significant inhibitory effect on E. coli. It also improved the probiotic population in the guts, meat quality and productivity, as well as immune functions of the squabs fed with the supplementation at a rate of 625 mg·kg−1.
2022, 37(8): 1056-1066.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.008.011
Abstract:
Object Endophytic Sarcandra glabra fungi exhibiting an antimicrobial activity were isolated and studied for application as potential resource of natural disease control agents. Method The in vitro methods based on pathogen mycelial growth rate and minimum inhibitory concentration of extracts of various solvents from the fermentation broths of 7 species of S. glabra known to have antimicrobial activities were applied to determine their potential for disease control on plants. Result Of the 7 strains of endophytic fungi, J-10, which was subsequently identified as Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae, showed a broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against tested pathogens. For instance, at the concentration of 2 mg·mL−1, the methanol and ethyl acetate extracts from the J-10 fermentation broth displayed a bacteriostasis rate of 84.84-88.51% against Ceratocystis paradoxa and Fusarium solani. The ethyl acetate extract had the most significant antifungal activity with an EC50 against 8 pathogenic fungi ranging from 0.199 5 mg·mL−1 to 1.172 2 mg·mL−1, and the highest toxicity to Exserohilum turcicum but the lowest to Fusarium solani. The methanol extracts had EC50 against the same 8 pathogens ranging from 0.108 8 mg·mL−1 to 9.468 7 mg·mL−1 with the highest toxicity to Athelia rolfsii and the lowest to Fusarium solani. Furthermore, the ethyl acetate extract was more effective against Proteus vulgaris, Micrococcus lyssodeikticus, Staphyloccocusaureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi, Bacillus cereus, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillussubtilis, Bacillus anthraci, Micrococcus luteus (Schroeter) Cohn, Ralstonia solanacearum than either the methanol or n-butanol extract and rendered an MIC between 0.125 5 mg·mL−1 and 2.5 mg·mL−1 after 24 h of treatment on the pathogens. Conclusion L. pseudotheobromae showed a broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against a variety of pathogens. The active components in the fermentation broth were of medium polarity and ethyl acetate soluble.
2022, 37(8): 1067-1071.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.008.012
Abstract:
Objective Biological characteristics of Colletotrichum destructivum that infects Echeveria Perle von Nürnberg and in vitro toxicity of 6 fungicides on the pathogen were studied for the disease control. Method Effects of temperature, pH, photoperiods, carbon, and nitrogen on the growth and 6 fungicides on their legality on C. destructivum were determined by an in vitro culture method. Result The optimum growth conditions for C. destructivum were 30 ℃ at pH 8 on medium using starch for carbon and yeast for nitrogen resources. Photoperiods did not significant affect the mycelial growth. The 6 selected fungicides exhibited varying degrees of efficacy against C. destructivum. The EC50 of fludioxonil at 0.023 6 mg·L−1 was the most potent of them. It was followed by prochloraz at 0.030 6 mg·L−1, pyraclostrobin at 0.048 7 mg·L−1, thiophanate-methyl at 0.152 6 mg·L−1, difenoconazole at 0.195 5 mg·L−1, and carbendazim at 0.219 9 mg·L−1. Conclusion The growth of C. destructivum was affected by temperature, pH, carbon, and nitrogen and inhibited by fludioxonil, prochloraz, and pyraclostrobin.
2022, 37(8): 1072-1081.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.008.013
Abstract:
Objective Three yeast strains with herbicidal activity were isolated for the determinations of their efficacy on weeds and application safety on crops. Method In pot culture, the herbicidal efficacies of Strains 6-3, 12-6, and 16-8 on Galium spurium, Elsholtzia densa, and Chenopodium album, the weeds of major concern in Qinghai Province, were examined. A test on the application safety on crops was conducted in a greenhouse. In addition to morphological characteristics, ITS and 26S rDNA gene sequencing were performed to biologically identify the 3 strains. Results Seven days after treatment with the yeast fermentation broths of 16-8, 12-6, and 6-3, the G. spurium plants sustained the injury rates of 90.17%, 87.50%, and 0%, respectively, with the fresh weight losses of 88.63%, 75.80%, and 9.41%, respectively; E. densa showed the rates of 66.67%, 75.00%, and 36.67%, respectively, with the weight losses of 56.90%, 62.72%, and 46.29%, respectively; and C. album displayed the injury rates of 95.00%, 37.50%, and 25.00%, respectively, with the weight losses of 78.77%, 43.25%, and 43.46%, respectively. The treatments on oat, broad beans, barley, wheat, rapeseeds, peas, and potatoes were shown to be safe for food consumption and crop cultivation. Strain 16-8 was confirmed to be Pichia kudriavzevii, 12-6 to be Kluyveromyces marxianus, and 6-3 to be Meyerozyma guilliermondii. Conclusion Of the 3 yeast strains, 16-8 and 12-6 were strong in inhibiting the growth of the weeds of major concern in the province and could be developed as natural herbicides. The results might also lead to a broadened study on microbe-origin herbicides and related research.
2022, 37(8): 1082-1091.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.008.014
Abstract:
Objective To promote the cold climate, specialty mushrooms in Guizhou, Volvariella brumalis as an ideal fill-in of the popular straw mushroom, V. volvacea, for wintertime market, the culturable endophytes and rhizosphere fungi associated with it were isolated and investigated to aid the cultivation. Methods Specimens from the fruiting bodies and rhizosphere soil of V. brumalis in the wild were collected. Endophytes in the fruiting bodies were isolated, cultured, and identified by ITS sequencing using the traditional tissue separation method, and fungal community in the rhizosphere soil analyzed by high-throughput sequencing. Results The 50 isolated endophytic strains were Volvopluteus, or the traditionally defined Volvariella, genera. They belonged to 3 phyla, 13 families, 16 genera (two of undefined families), and 20 species. Among them, Fusarium and Mucor were the dominant genera. The fungal Shannon-Wiener diversity index was 2.45, the Simpson index 0.88, the evenness index Pielou 0.88, and the Margalef richness index 3.83. In the rhizosphere soil, 67 919 sequences were detected with 276 kinds of fungi that belonged to 10 phyla, 131 families, and 213 genera. The dominant genera included Mortierella, Lophotricus, Pseudeurotium, Pseudaleuria, unclassified_o_Sordariales, and unclassified_c_Sordariomycetes. The Ace indices of 3 soil samples averaged 298.7, the Shannon indices 3.53, the Simpson indices 0.08, and the Chao indices 304.23. Conclusion Both the culturable endophytes and the rhizosphere fungi of V. brumalis were relatively rich in diversity. The information obtained would facilitate further research on the isolation, cultivation, and pest control of the mushroom for potentially valuable marketing in winter.
2022, 37(8): 1092-1099.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.008.015
Abstract:
Objective Ability of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) substrate in adsorbing contaminants in the biogas slurry from pig farms was studied and spent material utilization for fertilization explored. Method Fresh E. crassipes substrate was blended into the biogas slurry to determine the optimal conditions for a maximized adsorption of heavy metals. The spent material was subsequently composted and analyzed for nutrient conversion and contaminant retention. Result (1) The maximal adsorption on heavy metals was achieved by using 1.0–2.0 cm substratum to treat a liquid-solid ratio of 50∶1 mix for 3 h. The removal rates on total suspended solid (TSS), chemical oxygen demand (CODCr), total nitrogen (TN), ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N), and total phosphorus (TP) from the slurry were 86.3%, 72.5%, 41.6%, 57.2%, and 69.6%, respectively. (2) After composting, 58.8% of N and 42.0% of P of the slurry were converted into organic nutrients in the spent material. (3) Aside from As, heavy metals like Cd, Pb, Cr, and Hg were not significantly retained in the spent material to be used as an organic fertilizer. Conclusion The waste treatment of pig farm biogas slurry was seen superior in efficiency and resource utilization by combining the conventional water hyacinth wetland operation with the contaminant adoption by the E. crassipes substrate followed by the spent material composting for organic fertilization as demonstrated by this study.
2022, 37(8): 1100-1108.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.008.016
Abstract:
Objective Factors that affected the carbon emissions from land use in Guangdong Province were analyzed for improved environmental management. Methods Based on the 1996-2017 statistics, a vector autoregression (VAR) model was constructed for the carbon emissions in Guangdong. Using Granger causality analysis, impulse response, and variance decomposition, the impact of land uses on the carbon emission in the province was quantitatively analyzed. Results In the past two decades, the overall carbon emission from varied land uses in the province was on an upward trend. The per capita GDP, land use intensity, and energy intensity positively, but the structures of land use and industry negatively, correlated with the carbon emission. The contribution rates of those factor ranked by magnitude were land use intensity＞industrial structure＞energy intensity＞per capita GDP＞land use structure. Conclusion It appeared that fostering transformation on energy structure and optimizing structure of land uses were the key maneuvers the province needs to consider in order to realize substantial reduction on carbon emission.
