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Articles in press have been peer-reviewed and accepted, which are not yet assigned to volumes /issues, but are citable by Digital Object Identifier (DOI).
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Objective To study the effect of temperature on the growth and development of Harmonia dimidiate Fabricius, and explore the suitable temperature for mass rearing and biocontrol application. Method The eggs of Ephestia kuehniella Zellerwere used as feed, and the five temperatures at 15-32 ℃ were set, to study the development duration and survival rate of the H.dimidiate at each stage. The development threshold temperature and effective accumulated temperature of each stage of the H.dimidiate were measured by the least square method, and the relationship between the temperature and the development rate of the H.dimidiate was simulated by the linear diurnal equation. Result The range of 20-30 ℃ was suitable for eggs hatching ,and the hatchability reachedmore than 85%. At 20 ℃, the adult acquisition was the highest,reaching 87.5%, followed by 25 ℃ (82.50%)＞30 ℃ (77.50%)＞32 ℃ (45.00%)＞15 ℃ (35.00%).It could be seen that the low temperature of 15 ℃ and the high temperature of 32 ℃ are not suitable for the survival of H.dimidiate. In the range of 15-32 ℃, the development could be completed, and the development rate increased and the total duration shortened with the increase of temperature. There was no significant difference in the total development duration of each treatment within the range of 20-32 ℃, but it was extremely significantly longer at 15 ℃ than other temperature treatments, indicating that 15 ℃ is not suitable for the growth and development of H.dimidiate.In each development stage of H.dimidiat, the developmental threshold temperature of the 2nd instar larvae was the highest, 12.74 ℃, and that of the pupal stage was the lowest, 9.24 ℃.The threshold temperature of the immature stage of H.dimidiate is 9.87 ℃, and the effective accumulated temperature is 324.82 days • ℃. Conclusion Comprehensive survival rate and development duration,20-30 ℃ temperature range was the appropriate temperature for H.dimidiate growth and development with E.kuehniella eggs as feed.The results of this study provide a reference for the mass rearing of H.dimidiate and bio-control conditions, and the calculation of the threshold temperatureand the effective accumulated temperature also provide a basis for the diapauseresearch of H.dimidiate.
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Objective Effect of LED photoculture on yield of levodopa in broad bean sprouts was studied. Method Broad bean sprouts were exposed to LED of varied intensity and cultured for varied time periods in single factor and L9 (34) orthogonal experiments. Levodopa generated in the sprouts under the conditions was determined for process optimization. Result Low LED light enhanced the accumulation of sprout dry matters. However, it was under high intensity the productivity of levodopa in the sprouts was significantly encouraged. The optimum conditions for a maximized levodopa production of 19.62g·m−2 were found to include 9h of 500 lux LED exposure in 6d of cultivation. Conclusion The photoculture of broad bean sprouts under intense LED lights could significantly promote the production of the functional amino acid, levodopa.
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Objective Optimization of the enzymatic extraction process of turmeric amylose to improve the extraction rate of turmeric amylose. Methods A single-factor test was conducted to further investigate the optimization range of the extraction time, digestion temperature, pH and the amount of neutral protease added to turmeric starch. Based on the single-factor test, a 4-factor, 3-level response surface optimization design was carried out using Box-Behnken experimental design with 29 groups of treatments and three replications per group to investigate the effects of four factors, including enzymatic digestion time, enzymatic digestion temperature, enzymatic pH and neutral protease addition, on the extraction rate of turmeric starch, so as to determine the optimal process conditions for the enzymatic extraction of turmeric starch. Results The optimum process parameters for turmeric starch extraction were: enzymatic pH 6.83, enzymatic temperature 51.45°C, enzymatic time 6.20 h and neutral protease addition 0.13%. The optimum process parameters for turmeric starch extraction were determined as follows: enzymatic digestion time 6 h, enzymatic digestion temperature 52°C, enzymatic digestion pH 6.8 and neutral protease addition 0.13%, taking into account the practical simplicity of the operation. The theoretical value of turmeric starch extraction under these conditions was 62.00% and the actual validated value was 60.42%, and the fitted model was in good agreement with the actual one. Conclusion The enzymatic extraction process conditions of turmeric starch were optimised by response surface methodology to improve the extraction of turmeric starch, providing a theoretical basis for the industrial production of turmeric starch.
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Objective The endogenous Pseudomonas sp. with biological activity in the root nodule of Hippophae thibetana was obtained, and the growth promotion effect of the selected strains was explored, which provided basic materials for the research and development of efficient biological fertilizers. Methods Pseudomonas sp. was isolated from the root nodule of Hippophae thibetana by pure culture method, and the strains were identified by morphology, physiological biochemistry and 16S rDNA sequence comparison, and the phosphorus-soluble, IAA-producing, iron-producing carrier and cellulase-producing capacity of the strains were determined, and the host plants were inoculated to verify their growth promotion effect. Results The results showed that 16S rDNA alignment of four endophytic strains is higher than 99% compared with the reference Pseudomonas sp., and can be identified as Pseudomonas sp. The qualitative and quantitative tests of phosphorus dissolving and IAA production showed that all the four strains had the ability to dissolve inorganic phosphorus and produce IAA, among which the strains with stronger ability to dissolve inorganic phosphorus were QY-X10 and QY-X22, both reaching 400 mg·L−1. The QY-X4 showed stronger IAA production ability than other strains, reaching 1.9 mg·L−1. Four strains have the ability to produce iron carriers, all three strains have the ability to degrade cellulose except QY-X10. Tthe growth promotion experiment showed that QY-X6 could effectively promote seed germination. The number of leaves in the QY-X6 and QY-X10 treatment groups was significantly higher than that of the control. The seedling lengths in the QY-X6 and QY-X10 treatment groups were significantly higher than those in the control. The maximum leaf length in the QY-X10 and QY-X22 treatment groups was significantly higher than that of the control. Conclusion The results showed that 4 strains of Pseudomonas were isolated and screened, all of which could dissolve inorganic phosphorus, produce IAA and excreting siderophore, and 3 of them had the ability to produce degradable cellulose. Inoculation tests found that the treatment group with 4 strains could effectively promote the growth and development of plants, and the isolated strains could provide basic materials for the development of biological fertilizers.
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Objective To breed new varieties of super sweet corn with high quality, high yield, lodging strong resistance, strong disease resistance, good heat resistance and wide adaptability. Methods In the winter of 2015, a new yellow and white grain super sweet corn variety Minshuangse No. 6 was bred by using the hybrid pattern of "temperate germplasm × tropical germplasm" of sweet corn, using the breeding group of Mintian T146, a tropical germplasm yellow super sweet corn inbred line, and Mintian AS67, a temperate germplasm white super sweet corn inbred line, which was newly developed by Crop Research Institute of Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences. From 2018 to 2021, Minshuangse No. 6 passed the regional test of the national Science and Enterprise Consortium of fresh food corn in Southeast and Southwest regions respectively. In 2021 and 2022, the thousand mu demonstration will be carried out in Huizhou, Guangdong Province, and Jianou, Fujian Province. Results Results of national regional trial: In terms of yield, Minshuangse No.6 showed an average yield of 13587.8 kg·hm-2 fresh ear in the southeast regional trial from 2018 to 2019, which was 7.6% higher than that of the control variety Yuetian No. 16, with an increase point rate of 80.9%. The average yield of fresh ear was 13505.3 kg·hm-2 in the southwest region, 3.6% higher than that of the control variety Yuetian 16, and the yield point rate was 70%. In terms of stress resistance, fresh food corn variety Minshuangse 6 showed moderate resistance to small spot disease, moderate resistance/high resistance to grain wilt, moderate resistance/high resistance to nodulation smuddery, moderate resistance to stem rot, moderate resistance/susceptible large spot disease and southern rust under the condition of natural disease in the field. Inoculation and identification showed that the variety was susceptible to head smut, susceptible to/moderate resistance to small spot, susceptible to nodular smut, susceptible to sheath blight, susceptible to/moderate resistance to southern rust. In terms of quality, the comprehensive score of the national Southeast test was 89.2 points and the comprehensive score of the national Southwest test was 86.8 points, both of which were better than the control variety Yutian 16 (85.0 points). According to the physical and chemical quality test conducted by the Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, the average residue percentage, total soluble sugar content and reducing sugar content of Minshuangse No. 6 in southeast and Southwest China were 11.8%, 26.7% and 11.25% respectively, which were better than the physical and chemical quality of the control variety Yuetan 16. It will be approved by the National Crop Variety Certification Committee in 2020 and 2022 respectively (National Jade 20200523 and National jade 20220577). The demonstration results showed that the yield of Minshuangse No.6 was 1198.8kg per mu, which increased by 5.9% compared with the control. The efficiency of Minshuangse No.6 was 467.6 yuan per mu, and the quality tasted 90.8 points. The per mu yield of Jian 'ou Dongyou Town demonstration plots was 1259.3kg, 9.44% higher than that of the control, and the efficiency per mu could be increased by 478.24 yuan, and the quality tasting was 89.7 points, which were better than the control, and it is suggested to expand the promotion and application of this variety. Conclusion Minshuangse No. 6 coordinated the relationship between quality and yield and resistance very well. It had the advantages of excellent quality, higher yield, lodging strong resistance, stronger disease resistance, better heat resistance and wide adaptability. The breeding success of Minshuangse No. 6 once again proves that the heterosis model of "temperate germplasm × tropical germplasm" is an effective heterosis utilization model for the breeding of new sweet maize varieties.
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Objective Mannose is an important component of Anoectochilus roburghii polysaccharide. The gene cloning and expression regulation analysis of mannose-1-phosphate guanyltransferase (GMP) were conducted to lay a foundation for further study on polysaccharide biosynthesis. Method The ArGMP cDNA and genome sequences were cloned and bioinformatic analysis was performed using online software, the gene expression pattern was then analyzed by qRT-PCR. Result Results showed that the ORF of ArGMP gene was 1086bp which encoded 361 amino acids. The length of the ArGMP genome sequence was 1760bp, containing 3 introns, and its accession number was OQ030271 in GenBank. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the ArGMP protein was a stable hydrophilic protein without any transmembrane structure. Phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the ArGMP protein was closely related to Dendrobium officinale, Apostasia shenzhenica and Phalaenopsis equestris. QRT-PCR results showed that the expression level of ArGMP gene was significantly varied in different tissues, and the highest expression level was identified in flowers. In the temperature treatment experimental, the highest gene expression was found under 25 ℃, and the results showed that the ArGMP gene expression was inhibited under high temperatures. ArGMP gene expression decreased significantly after 3h of 35 ℃ treatment. Moreover, the ArGMP gene expression was not affected by salt stress under different NaCl concentrations. Conclusion In this study, the cDNA and genome sequence of mannose-1-phosphate guanyltransferase from A. roburghii were cloned. It was found that this gene had a tissue-specific expression pattern, and was significantly affected by temperature rather than salt stress. This study laid a theoretical foundation for further research on the regulation mechanism of polysaccharide biosynthesis in A. roburghii.
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: [ Objective ] The full-length cDNA of Caffeoyl-CoA-O-methyltransferase (CCoAOMT) gene in soybean was cloned, and then bioinformatics analysis of CCoAOMT was carried out to lay a foundation for studying the mechanism of CCoAOMT, a key gene of lignin metabolism pathway, against soybean cyst nematode. [ Method ] The cDNA sequence of CCoAOMT gene from the roots of Huipizhiheidou which is resistant to H. glycines Ichinohe was cloned by RT-PCR method, then the sequence of GmCCoAOMT had been submitted to GenBank with the accession number MW480860. [ Result ] The cDNA sequence of GmCCoAOMT has a total length of 848 bp, containing an open reading frame of 741 bp and encoding a polypeptide of 246 amino acids, and the predicted molecular weight was 27.6 kDa, its theoretical isoelectric point was 5.67. Subcellular localization prediction showed that CCoAOMT protein may be located in the cytoplasm, this protein contained a conserved AdoMet_MTases domain, which belonged to AdoMet_MTases superfamily. Analysis results of multiple alignment of the amino acid sequence and phylogenetic tree showed that GmCCoAOMT had high similarity with other leguminous plants. [ Conclusion ] The full length cDNA sequence of soybean CCoAOMT gene was obtained. Through the construction of evolution tree, it was determined that soybean had close evolutionary relationship with Vigna unguiculata (Linn.) Walp., Cajanus cajan (Linn.) Millsp., Phaseolus vulgaris Linn. and Vigna angularis (Willd.) Ohwi et Ohashi, but had far evolutionary relationship with Lupinus albus and Cicer arietinum Linn.
: [ Objective ] The full-length cDNA of Caffeoyl-CoA-O-methyltransferase (CCoAOMT) gene in soybean was cloned, and then bioinformatics analysis of CCoAOMT was carried out to lay a foundation for studying the mechanism of CCoAOMT, a key gene of lignin metabolism pathway, against soybean cyst nematode. [ Method ] The cDNA sequence of CCoAOMT gene from the roots of Huipizhiheidou which is resistant to H. glycines Ichinohe was cloned by RT-PCR method, then the sequence of GmCCoAOMT had been submitted to GenBank with the accession number MW480860. [ Result ] The cDNA sequence of GmCCoAOMT has a total length of 848 bp, containing an open reading frame of 741 bp and encoding a polypeptide of 246 amino acids, and the predicted molecular weight was 27.6 kDa, its theoretical isoelectric point was 5.67. Subcellular localization prediction showed that CCoAOMT protein may be located in the cytoplasm, this protein contained a conserved AdoMet_MTases domain, which belonged to AdoMet_MTases superfamily. Analysis results of multiple alignment of the amino acid sequence and phylogenetic tree showed that GmCCoAOMT had high similarity with other leguminous plants. [ Conclusion ] The full length cDNA sequence of soybean CCoAOMT gene was obtained. Through the construction of evolution tree, it was determined that soybean had close evolutionary relationship with Vigna unguiculata (Linn.) Walp., Cajanus cajan (Linn.) Millsp., Phaseolus vulgaris Linn. and Vigna angularis (Willd.) Ohwi et Ohashi, but had far evolutionary relationship with Lupinus albus and Cicer arietinum Linn.
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Objective The T0-T3 generation of genetically modified plants were screened for resistance to the EPSPS gene using glyphosate,and stable transgenic strains were obtained.[Mehtod]The EPSPS gene was transferred into the excellent inbred line Jing 92 using pollen tube pathway method, and the genetic expression of foreign Gene was identified through field selection with glyphosate and molecular detection. Result Fifteen resistant plants from the T0 generation were screened using 200mg/L concentration of glyphosate herbicide in the field,and 10 positive plants were obtained through PCR identification, the transformation rate was 1.03%. This strains were screened and eliminated from T1 to T3 generation,and the number of positive plants within each lineage gradually increased.In the T3 generation, K3 and K8 stable hereditary strains were isolated from five lineages that integrated the EPSPS exogenous gene.Further functional analysis were carried out using test strips, which showed that the target genes in both K3 and K8 strains were able to express normally. Conclusion K3 and K8 transgenic maize lines could be used as basic materials for cultivating glyphosate tolerance in the future.
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Objective The comprehensive effects of reflective film (silver-white aluminized plastic film) on the coloration and quality of Kyoho grape under rain-proof cultivation conditions were studied. Method In Xiaosong Town, Jian 'ou City, Fujian Province, three-year-old Kyoho grape cultivated in the rain shelter were used as experiment materials, and reflective film was covered on the ground between rows at the initial stage of fruit color change. The effects of plastic film covering on the coloring of upper and lower ears, anthocyanin content, fruit longitudinal and transverse longitude, fruit shape index, soluble solid content, sugar composition and total acid content during fruit ripening were compared. Results Covering with reflective film on the ground was beneficial to the early colour change of Kyoho grape, the consistent coloring of the upper and lower ears were promoted, and the anthocyanin content in the peel was significantly increased. After covering with reflective film, the hardness of different parts of ears increased by more than 67.30%, and the weight of single fruit increased by more than 26.79%. Fruit grains are oval or oblong, which can well reflect the inherent quality of Kyoho grape.Compared with the control group, the soluble solid content of the treatment were increased slightly but had no significant difference. Conclusion The coloring of the lower part of the ear can effectively promoted with laying reflective film between rows 30 days before ripening of Kyoho grape in rain shelter cultivation, the coloring of the fruit is uniform and the anthocyanin content in the peel was increased,fruit quality is stable, which can be popularized and applied in production.
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Objective To prepare chalcone isomerase (CHI) recombinant protein of Rhododendron delavayi and verify its activity, so as to provide theoretical basis for the function analysis of chalcone isomerase and assist to improve the related research of flavonoid metabolism pathway. Method Primers were designed based on the sequence information of the obtained RdCHI1 gene, the prokaryotic expression vector was constructed, and the optimal conditions for inducing expression of soluble recombinant RdCHI1 were explored. The soluble recombinant protein was prepared and its activity was detected. Result RdCHI1 prokaryotic expression vector was successfully constructed. RdCHI1 recombinant protein can be expressed in supernatant under the optimal induction conditions of 0.35 mmol·L-1 IPTG at 15 ℃ for 36 h. The recombinant protein of RdCHI1 was purified by nickel column. In vitro enzymatic reaction confirmed that RdCHI1 catalyzed naringin chalcone reaction to naringin more quickly than the control group. Conclusion RdCHI1 is type I CHI, which can greatly improve the production rate of naringin and increase the accumulation of flavonoids.
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Objective In order to establish the cryopreservation technology system of Malus ‘Red Splendor’ sinensis and realize the preservation of its germplasm resources. Methods The effects of sucrose pretreatment concentration and time, Loading treatment time and PVS2 treatment time on the cryopreservation of Malus ‘Red Splendor’ shoot tips were investigated by adding three antioxidants (CAT, AsA and GSH) and two PCD inhibitors (Eth and SNP) to explore their effects on the post-freezing survival of shoot tips. Results (1) The procedure for the vitrification and preservation of Malus ‘Red Splendor’ shoot tips was as follows: firstly, Malus ‘Red Splendor’ histoponic seedlings were cut into 4-5 mm stem segments with terminal buds, inoculated in pre-culture medium containing 0.7 mol.L-1 sucrose and then placed in a 4 ℃ refrigerator for 2 d of cold exercise. Then they were cut into shoot tips of about 1.5-2 mm and put into Loading solution for 20 min at room temperature, then treated with PVS2 solution for 90 min at 0 ℃ and immediately freeze in liquid nitrogen; remove from the tank when required and quickly thawed in a water bath at 38°C for 1 min, they were washed twice with Unloading solution at room temperature by shaking for 10 min each time. By this method, the post-freezing survival rate of Malus ‘Red Splendor’ shoot tips was 66.58% and the recovery growth rate was 16.67%. (2) Different concentrations of exogenous additives had different effects on the post-freezing survival rate of Malus ‘Red Splendor’. Among them, the best added concentrations of CAT, AsA and GSH were 200 U.mL-1, 600 μmol.L-1 and 0.04 μmol.L-1, respectively, which increased the post-freezing survival rate by 20.28%, 6.75% and 27.61%, compared with the control, addition of Eth and SNP showed no significant positive effect. Conclusion Malus ‘Red Splendor’ shoot tips can be preserved at cryopreservation,exogenous addition of appropriate concentrations of GSH, CAT and AsA can increase the post-freezing rate of liquid nitrogen, with the most effective GSH increasing the recovery growth rate from 16.67% to 41.39%.
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Objective Physiological functions of the Sec pathway subunit secD of Aeromonas hydrophila were studied. Method An secD-knockout A.hydrophila was constructed by homologous recombination with pRE112 suicide vector.Effects of the genetic deletion on the physiological phenotypes including hemolytic and extracellular protease activities were determined on sheep’s blood and skim milk agar plates; on the biofilm formation, by crystal violet staining combined with SpectraMax i3; on the bacterial acid-base and hyperosmolarity tolerance, according to the growth curve; and on the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of antibiotics, using the broth microdilution method. Result Compared to wild-type, the constructed ∆secD A.hydrophila showed no significant differences in growth and tolerance to pH 5, 6, 7, and 8.The activities of hemolytic and extracellular protease, as well as the resistance to high osmotic pressure or pH 9 were enhanced.The biofilm forming ability significantly declined.And the resistance to antibiotics varied, as the MIC increased 4 times on oxytetracycline, tetracycline, enoxacin, or meropenem and two times on ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin, but decreased 2 times on erythromycin and 4 times on cefotaxime. Conclusion The Sec pathway subunit secD was confirmed to be involved in the transport of virulence factors and resistance to antibiotics in A.hydrophila.It could be a key element in studies for developing antimicrobial applications and prevention of disease infected by the pathogen.
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Objective In order to explore the appropriate ethanol extraction concentration of Grifola frondosa, analyze the effects of different ethanol concentrations on the active components and antioxidant and anti-EV71 virus activities of G. frondosa, and promote the development and utilization of G. frondosa. Method The 55%, 70% and 95% ethanol solutions were used as solvent for ultrasonic-assisted extraction of G.frondosa fruiting bodies. The contents of main active components in different concentrations of ethanol extracts and their antioxidant and anti-EV71 virus abilities were determined for correlation analysis. Result There were differences in the content of active ingredients in different ethanol concentration extracts. The highest contents of polyphenols and triterpenes in 95% ethanol extract of G. frondosa (GFE95) were 0.042% and 1.82%, respectively. The highest contents of polysaccharides and proteins in 55% ethanol extract of G. frondosa (GFE55) were 33.08% and 17.45%, respectively. GFE55, 70% ethanol extract of G. frondosa (GFE70) and GFE95 have different degrees of antioxidant and EV71 virus inhibition. Among them, GFE95 had the best antioxidant capacity, and its IC50 values for scavenging DPPH, ABTS+, O2- and H2O2 free radicals were 0.7427 mg/mL, 0.7414 mg/mL, 0.9026 mg/mL and 0.4146 mg/mL, respectively. GFE95 had a strong antiviral effect. When the sample concentration was 200 μg/mL, the inhibition rate of GFE95 on EV71 virus reached 88.18%. The IC50 value of GFE95 on EV71 virus inhibition rate was 194.80 μg/mL, and the TI value was 9.65. Pearson’s correlation analysis showed that DPPH, ABTS+ and O2- free radical scavenging rates were significantly positively correlated with the content of triterpenoids, with correlation coefficients of 0.992, 0.971 and 0.613 (P＜0.01), respectively. O2- and H2O2 free radical scavenging rates were significantly positively correlated with the content of polyphenols, with correlation coefficients of 0.921 and 0.997 (P＜0.01), respectively. The inhibitory effect of EV71 virus was significantly positively correlated with the content of polyphenols and triterpenoids (P＜0.01), and the correlation coefficients were 0.536 and 0.954, respectively. The contents of triterpenoids and polyphenols in G. frondosa had strong correlation with antioxidant and antiviral activities. Conclusion Using 95% ethanol solution as the extractant, the active substances such as polyphenols, triterpenes and polysaccharides with antioxidant and antiviral activities in G. frondosa can be effectively extracted, and the biological activity of G. frondosa can be improved, which is the key to further promote the high-value application and development of G. frondosa. The results lay a foundation for the study of extraction solvent selection and activity of G. frondosa.
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Objective Genes relating to prodigiosin synthesis in Serratia plymuthica ACCC 02146 were identified, and a transposon mutant library on the strain constructed. Methods Fifteen prodigiosin-producing microbes were obtained from a conservation center and a laboratory.After identification by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, they were classified according to the neighbor-joining trees.Promoter sequences of prodigiosin synthesis gene were analyzed, and color producing capacity of the individual strains evaluated.Selected strain was cloned and further studied to establish a library on the transposon mutants. Results Differed from other strains in terms of 16S rDNA and promoter sequences of the prodigiosin biosynthesis gene clusters, S.plymuthica ACCC 02146 was selected to clone the candidate gene for further investigation.A transposon mutant library was constructed subsequently.In the library, of 74 mutants showing significant variations in prodigiosin-producing ability, 25 had the insertions in pigA, pigB, pigC, pigD, and pigH, while 49 in the genes outside the cluster.On color formation, 6 strains with the mutation on maltose o-acetyltransferase gene, 4 on dihydroorotate dehydrogenase gene, 3 on MarR family of transcription factor SlyA genes, 3 on two-component transcriptional regulator RstA of the winged helix family, 3 on NAD(P)H-quinone oxidoreductase subunit 1 gene, 3 on NADH-quinone oxidoreductase, chain G gene, 3 on peptidylprolyl isomerase B gene, and one to two on other genes were found possibly related to significant alterations on the prodigiosin production as well. Conclusion Aside from the identified specific clusters of prodigiosin synthesis-associated genes, additional factors in the forms of enzymes, transcriptional regulators, and/or structural proteins were now speculated to also directly or indirectly contribute in varying degrees to the prodigiosin synthesis in Serratia sp.
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Objective Effects on plant metabolism of the widely practiced utilizing spent straws for fertilization in northeastern China corn fields were studied. Method In a field experimentation, application of either the conventional chemical fertilization (CK) or 15% reduction of chemical fertilizer with an addition of humic acid (HA), spent straws (SR), or both HA and SR (SRH) was implemented on a black soil lot of Zea mays.Physiological responses including carbon and nitrogen metabolisms to the treatments of current-season corn plants were monitored. Result The replacement of chemical fertilizer by SR enhanced the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) activity, that by HA decreased the 1,5-ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco) and PEPC activities, and that by SRH interacted on PEPC in the corn leaves.Although SR decreased, HA increased the sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) activity.Combined use of SR and HA (SRH) raised the activities of sucrose synthase (SS), acid invertase (AI), and neutral invertase (NI) promoting the synthesis of reducing sugars that resulted in an increased total soluble sugar (TSS) and starch synthesis .SR had no significant effect, but HA had a positive effect on key enzymes involving the nitrogen metabolism of the plant. Conclusion With a 15% reduction on chemical fertilizer, addition of SRH boosted the photosynthetic efficiency and storage of photosynthetic products of corn leaves without any significant effect on the nitrogen metabolism of the plant.
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Objective Accumulation and food safety of cadmium in first crop and ratoon rice were studied. Method In a greenhouse experiment, plants of Xiangliangyou 900 , touted as the “Super Rice”, were grown in pots with artificially added Cd in the soil at a rate of 0 (CK), 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, or 1.5 mg·kg−1. Cd contents in the roots, stems, leaves, and grains of the first and ratoon crops of the rice were determined, cumulation pattern analyzed, and risk of safety for consumption assessed. Result Cd in various organs of the rice plants of both first and ratoon crops increased with increasing Cd in soil in the order of roots＞leaves＞stems＞grains. In the ratoon season the plants contained less Cd than in the first season. The roots of the first crop plants contained Cd in the range of 0.2317–0.9581 mg·kg−1, which was 5.1%–20.5% and averaging 15.2% higher than the ratoon counterparts of 0.2128–0.7802 mg·kg−1. The stems of the first crop plants had Cd in the range of 0.0212–0.0846 mg·kg−1, which was 10.8%–42.6% and averaging 29.7% higher than the ratoon counterparts of 0.0189–0.0621 mg·kg−1. In the leaves, the first crop plants showed Cd in the range of 0.0273–0.1157 mg·kg−1, which was 10.3%–65.6% averaging 45.5% higher than the ratoon plants of 0.0245–0.0689 mg·kg−1. And in the grains, the Cd content of the first crop rice was in the range of 0.0172–0.0516 mg·kg−1, which was 12.8%–53.1% averaging 33.2% higher than 0.0150–0.0312 mg·kg−1 of the ratoon plants. Other than CK, at a same level of Cd in the pot soil, significant differences on Cd contents between the two different crops of same rice plants were observed (P＜0.05, same for the following). The capacity of accumulating Cd ranked by different organs was roots＞leaves＞stems＞grains. The heavy metal risk coefficients for individual organs of the ratoon rice were all less than 1. Conclusion Cd in various organs were less in the ratoon than the first crop rice.After harvest of first crop, the regenerated roots and stems on a ratoon rice plant did not inherit or transfer the Cd.Consequently, consumption of ratoon Xiangliangyou 900 rice would mean a reduced food safety risk for the consumers.
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Objective Chemical composition and anti-tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) activity of Ailanthus altissima were studied to pave the way for developing an effective viral inhibitor. Methods Substrates in the n-butanol extract of leaves and branches of A.altissima plants were separated using silica gel, Sephadex LH-20, and MCI column chromatography.Chemical structures of the substrates were determined based on NMR and MS data, and anti-TMV activity of the compounds examined using the half-leaf method. Results The 17 compounds isolated from the n-butanol extract were identified to be: (1) kaempterol, (2) (2S)-3-o-octadeca-9Z, 12Z, 15Z-trienoylgycery-O-β-D-galactopyranoside, (3) hexacosane, (4) 6,9,12-octadecatrienoic acid, (5) eichlerianic acid, (6) colocasinol A, (7) caffeic acid eicosanyl ester, (8) acernikol, (9) (-)-Sakuyayesinol (10), (14S,17S, 20S, 24R)-20,24,25-trihydroxy-14,17-cylomalabarican-3-one, (11) 4-(3-butoxy-1-hydroxy-2-methoxypropyl) benzene-1, 2-diol, (12) pinnata, (13) trans-syringin, (14) gingerglycolipid A, (15) gingerglycolipid B, (16) benzyl 2-o-β-apiofuranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-2,6-dihydroxy-benzoate, and (17) picrorhizoside C.Among them, Compounds 2, 14, and 15 were isolated from the plant for the first time.And the lignins, phenylpropanoids, or galactose lipids, such as Compounds 1, 6, 8, 13, and 14 at concentration of 50 μg·mL−1 displayed a TMV inactivation rate greater than 50%, which was similar to that of the positive control, ningnamycin.For Compounds 6, 13, and 14, the rates were even higher than that of ningnamycin. Conclusion All 17 substances isolated from the leaves and branches of A.altissima exhibited varying degrees of inhibitory effect on TMV.The efficacy was more significant as shown by certain lignins, phenylpropanoids, and galactose lipids.
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Objective A codominance functional marker of the broad-spectrum bacterial blight resistance gene,Xa7, of rice was identified for accurate detection, generation tracking, and differentiation between homozygous and hemizygous genotypes of the gene. Methods A potential functional marker containing 4 primers was designed using Premier 5 software and based on the differences on the sequences of Xa7, xa7, and allele-free genome.The molecular distinctness of the marker in different materials was verified by PCR.Three crossbreed lines of Xa7 and their parents were inoculated with 7 bacterial blight pathogens at booting stage to examine the affected agronomic traits at maturation. Results The homozygous R084 of Xa7 could be amplified into a 91bp band and the Nip free of allele with a 153bp band; while the heterozygote Nip/R084, 91bp and 153bp bands.The candidate codominance marker, Xa7fun, amplified fragments that matched the predicted target bands.No 91bp fragment was amplified from 18 germplasms of varied types indicating a lack of Xa7 in them.Whereas Ry1, Ry2, and Ry3 had 91bp band suggesting the inclusion of homozygous Xa7.Under an elevated temperature, Huazhan responded to the 7 bacterial blight pathogens as highly sensitive (HS), intermediate sensitive (MS), or sensitive (S); R084 to 6 of the 7 pathogens (HNA1-4, FuJ, GDA2, GD1358, PX086, and YN24) as highly resistant (HR), intermediate resistant (MR) or resistant (R); Ry-1 to 5 pathogens (GDA2, HNA1-4, FuJ, GD1358, and YN24) as HR or MR; Ry-2 to 5 pathogens (GDA2, GD1358, HNA1-4, PX086, and YN24) as HR or R; and Ry-3 to 6 pathogens (HNA1-4, FuJ, GDA2, GD1358, PX086, and YN24) as HR or MR.Therefore, the infiltration of Xa7 in the crossbred and improved lines RY-1, RY-2, and RY-3 significantly accentuated the blight resistance of Huazhan. Conclusion The homozygous or hemizygous Xa7 could be accurately differentiated by the currently identified codominance functional marker Xa7fun.The Xa7 introgression did not significantly alter the critical agronomic traits in the hybridization from generation to generation and could be safely applied in breeding bacterial leaf blight resistant rice varieties．
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Objective To understand the evolutionary relationship and pathogenicity of Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) clinical infection strains in Fujian Province. Method MS detection and isolation were performed from cleft palate and tracheal swab samples of chickens suspected of MS infection to obtain MS clinical isolates, and the vlhA gene phylogenetics of MS isolates were carried out. And also, the pathogenicity and horizontal transmission ability of MS isolates from Fujian province were compared with 7-old-day SPF chickens infected by eye and nasal route, which were including in clinical symptoms and anatomical pathology, histopathology of trachea, MS re-isolation of trachea and MS antibody. Results The detection rate of MS in tracheal swabs was significantly higher than that in cleft palate swabs. A total of 9 MS isolates showed that there was diversity in the vlhA gene, and different isolates had different evolutionary sources. According to the phylogenetics of vlhA gene, six MS isolates (HB, HI, SD6, SD17, SD18, SD19 strains) were selected to infect 7-day-old SPF chickens with 106 CCU50 bacteria by eye and nasal route, which did not cause obvious clinical symptoms in SPF chickens from 1 to 21 days after infection. It was found that one chicken observed mild air sacculitis in HI strain group at 14 and 21 days after infection and in SD6 strain group at 21 days after infection via necropsy, and other birds including cohabitation chickens did not have obvious clinical anatomical and pathological changes. Histopathological analysis showed that there were significant differences in the lesion to different MS isolates after 7, 14, and 21 days of infection. The results showed that re-isolations of MS from trachea were significant differences to different MS isolates, and SD19 and SD6 strains also had strong horizontal transmission ability. MS antibody detection found that only 1 infected chicken and 1 cohabiting control chicken in the SD19 infection group turned positive for antibodies at 21 d after infection. Conclusion Tracheal samples are more suitable for the detection and isolation of MS. MS isolates were rather difficultly causing clinicopathological changes in 7-old day SPF chickens, and also MS isolates can present and colonize in the trachea to cause histopathological lesion, but there are significantly differences to different isolates. Therefore, this study laid the foundation for subsequent research on the prevention and control of infection for Mycoplasma synoviae.
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Objective Effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) containing ACC deaminase on the productivity of rose bushes was studied. Method A pot experiment was conducted on White Lichee , a variety of roses commonly used commercially for cut flowers.Rhizobacteria carrying the plant growth promoter, ACC deaminase, were added to the soil, and effects on the agronomic traits, such as plant height, stem girth, and number of branches, as well as the physiological indexes, such as chlorophyll a/b, leaf protective enzyme, MDA content, flower ethylene release, photosynthesis, and chlorophyll fluorescence, of the plants monitored. Result In comparison with control, the incorporation of F23 or F195 PGPR, respectively, resulted in the rose bushes 25.9% and 26.0% taller with higher contents of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b; F23, 17.1% larger stem girth, significantly greater activities of urease (by 42.6%), phosphatase (by 16.3%), and sucrase (by 48.8%) in rhizosphere soil, and POD (1.78x of control) and CAT (2.07x of control) in leaf. The floral ethylene release of the bushes treated with F23 was 37.0% lower than control, while the net photosynthetic rate of the F195-treated bushes significantly rose to 1.40 times and that of F23-treated bushes 1.16 times of control. Conclusion Overall, F23 appeared to most significantly promote the growth of White Lichee rose bushes among different PGPR tested.
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Objective A method for bovine rotavirus (BRV) detection was developed to determine the current epidemiological status in Fujian province. Method A pair of specific primers was designed based on the BRV genome from GenBank using Oligo7.0.Reaction conditions of the RT-PCR method were optimized for the detection.Specificity, sensitivity, and repeatability of the methodology were verified on 22 clinical samples. Result The newly developed method amplified only the specific fragment of BRV, not any of other common pathogens of livestock and poultry.A sensitivity of 6.86×105 copies·μL−1 was achieved.And, on the 22 clinical samples, 12 were tested positive at a rate of 54.55%. Conclusion The established RT-PCR method for BRV detection displayed high specificity and sensitivity and could be applied for clinical diagnosis and epidemiological monitoring of the viral disease.
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Objective Means to warrant the heredity purity of monogerm cytoplasmic male sterile and maintainer lines of sugar beet for cultivation was investigated. Method Forty pairs of molecular markers from a collection of 620 monogerm cytoplasmic male sterile and maintainer sugar beet germplasms were identified.All genetically mixed markers in the sterile and maintainer plants were given specific codes and recorded.Subsequently, a morphological observation was carried out in the field to exclude genetically impure plants. Result The verification of heredity purity by molecular markers revealed 92 DNA including 73 in the maintainers mixed with that of the sterile plant and 19 in the sterile lines contaminated with that belonged to the maintainer.The field examination on pollens and grains identified 122 plants (as compared to 92 isolated by the molecular marker verification) with 73 maintainers and 49 sterile lines to be promiscuous.In addition, polygerm plants were unexpectedly found in the lot that could have grown from the accidentally included seeds. Conclusion By excluding adulterated plants in the field, the purity on heredity of sterile and maintainer lines could be assured.The procedure would provide the prerequisite essential for accurate genetic diversity determination and successful preparation of binary sterile sugar beet lines.
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Objective Agronomic trait combining abilities and correlation with crop yield of 4 newly bred male sterile rice lines were studied. Method Based on the 6×6 NC II design, 36 hybrids were generated from 6 sterile and 6 restorer rice lines.Combining abilities and correlation with crop yield of 8 agronomic traits of the hybrids were analyzed. Result (1) The variance of general combining ability (GCA) on the traits of the sterile and restorer lines or between the two lines were significantly or extremely significantly different.Aside from plant height, the variance of special combining ability (SCA) on the traits also reached a significant or extremely significant level.It indicated that most of the agronomic traits were affected by both additive and non-additive factors.(2) The generalized heritability on plant height, panicle length, 1000-grain weight, and spikelet count per panicle were high.The narrow heritability on plant height, panicle length, and 1000-grain weight were also high (＞70%) and largely controlled by the additive effect of the genes; whereas those on seed setting rate, effective panicle per plant, and yield per plant relatively low (＜50%) and basically shaped by the non-additive effects of the genes and environment.(3) The 1000-grain weight, panicle length, effective panicle per plant, and seed-setting rate significantly or extremely significantly correlated with the yield per plant.A path analysis indicated that it was the 1000-grain weight and effective panicle number per plant that directly governed the yield, whereas the intertwined promotional and restrictive actions of the various agronomic traits exerted their effect. Conclusion Among the 4 newly bred sterile rice lines, Wuliang A and Jiudu A had higher GCA and SCA on most agronomic traits and were preferable for breeding applications.The 1000-grain weight and effective panicle number per plant were the key agronomic traits that related to the rice crop production.
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Objective Effects of N applications on the yield and quality of currently popular varieties of long grain indica rice cultivated in Hubei were studied. Method In Jianghan Plain of Hubei province, the high-quality, high-tolerance, long-grain indica rice, Huanghuazan, was compared on yield and quality under the N application rates of 120 kg·hm−2 (N1), 150 kg·hm−2 (N2), 180 kg·hm−2 (N3), and 240 kg·hm−2 (N4) with Lixiang 85, Nongxiang 32, Yuzhenxiang, and Taiyouexiangsimiao. Result The grain yields of the varieties of rice increased with increasing N application to peak at an average of 8.3 t·hm−2 under N2 representing a 3.8% over N1, 7.8% over N3, or 18.6% over N4. The aboveground dry matters of the rice accumulated from heading to maturity stage was enhanced by the increased N. The weights of leaves, stems, and ears reached the highest levels under N4, N3, and N2, respectively. N2 also produced the optimal proportions of stems, leaves, and ears of 29.8%, 17.7%, and 52.5%, respectively, at maturity. The increased N promoted the yield on polished grains which reached the significantly highest level among all treatments at 52.6% under N2. The treatments induced little change in the visual appearance of the grains. However, a significant alternation occurred to the straight-chain starch as the RVA of the polished rice grain exhibited a great degradation, low reduction, and highly desirable taste under N2. Conclusion At the N application rate of 150 kg·hm−2 (N2), a yield of 6.5-9.5 t·hm−2 on the rice could be expected. Of the 4 varieties, Taiyouexiangsimiao displayed a high yield and properties appropriate for processing and was considered most suitable for industrial applications, while Lixiang 85, with its appealing eating quality, best fitting for home consumption.
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Objective Critical factors in the ethylene signal transduction pathway involving the post-harvest physiological deterioration (PPD) of cassava were investigated. Method One of the possible ethylene response factors (ERFs) in Manihot esculenta cv.SC8, MeERF1.2, was cloned using RT-PCR to analyze the expressions during PPD.Physicochemical properties, conserved domain, genetic evolutionary relationship, and protein structure of the gene were studied with bioinformatics tools.Distribution of MeERF1.2 in the plant cells was verified by online software and subcellular localization. Result MeERF1.2 had an ORF of 660bp encoded 188 amino acids with a molecular weight of 25.04kD and a pI of 5.61.The protein contained an AP2 domain showing a high sequence similarity of 88.74% with the HbERF1B-like gene.It was localized in the nucleus and significantly upregulated during PPD from 0 to 12, 24, and 48h displaying an apparent induction trend in the process. Conclusion MeERF1.2 was one of the ERFs induced in cassava tubers during PPD and played a vital role in the signal transduction pathway of the plant.
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Objective Thrips hawaiiensis is an important pest for loquat. The aim of this study is to determine the attractive effects of single color sticky traps, color sticky traps + single semiochemical and color sticky traps + double semiochemicals on T. hawaiiensis and beneficial insects, which would provide scientific basis for population monitoring and control of thrips, and conservation of beneficial insects in loquat orchards. Method Field experiments were conducted to compare the attractant effects of three color sticky traps and their hanging height on T. hawaiiensis. Based on this, the attractant effects of color sticky traps combined with single or double attractants on T. hawaiiensis and beneficial insects were compared. Result The white sticky traps at hanging height of 150 cm were the greatest number of T. hawaiiensis than other treatments. The single component of methyl isonicotinate was the most effective in attracting T. hawaiiensis, and the number of female, male and total adults T. hawaiiensis was 4.68 times, 8.45 times and 5.56 times of that of control, respectively. By comparing the trapping effects of the six double semiochemicals treatments and their corresponding single semiochemical on the attraction of adults T. hawaiiensis, and it was found that all of them had antagonistic effects on female adults. The attractants of the ten semiochemical treatments on beneficial insects, such as hoverflies, parasitic wasps, lacewings, bees and vespids were all lower than those of the control, and the attractant number of hoverflies was only 2.73 thrips·trap-1·day-1 at most. The benefit/harm ratios of treatments were lower than those of the control, and the methyl isonicotinate treatment was the least (1:285.33). Conclusion The combination of white sticky trap and methyl isonicotinate had the strongest attractant effect on T. hawaiiensis in flowering stage of loquat, and had the least effect on beneficial insects.
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Objective To explore the main aromatic substances in different flavour grape types and the content changes at different stages of development. Method Three kinds of grape berries with different flavor types: ‘Red Globe’ ‘Venus seedless’ and ‘Muscat hamburg’ as material. We used headspace solid phase microextraction（HS-SPME）combined with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry（GC-MS）technology qualitative and quantitative analyzed aromatic substances in grape berries. The main aroma substances and their content changes in different growth stages were determined by principal component analysis. Result We found that methyl salicylate, dimethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, damascenone and phenylethyl alcohol were principal components of fruit aroma substances in ‘Venus seedless’. Linalool, α-Terpineol, geraniol, geranic acid flavor compounds were principal components of fruit aroma substances in ‘Muscat Hamburg’. (E)-2-Hexenal and 1-Hexanol were principal components of fruit aroma substances in ‘Red Globe’. The content of ester aroma substances continued to increase with the growth stage. The content of C13 isoprenoid substances (damasone) was the highest in the young fruit stage, and the content of aromatic compounds (phenylethanol) mainly accumulated from the veraison to the maturation stage. The content of terpenoid aroma substances mainly accumulated from the young fruit stage to the veraison stage. The accumulation of C6 compounds in grape cultivars with different flavor types was inconsistent. [Conclution] The aromatic substances and accumulation period of different flavor grape varieties were different, ‘Venus seedless’ grape is mainly composed of esters, C13 isoprenoid and aromatic compounds, among which methyl salicylate, dimethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, damascenone and phenylethyl alcohol are the main contributing substances.‘Muscat Hamburg’grape is mainly composed of terpenes, among which Linalool, α-Terpineol, geraniol, geranic acid are the main contributing substances. ‘Red Globe’grape is mainly composed of C6 compounds, among which (E)-2-Hexenal and 1-Hexanol are the main contributing substances.
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doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.009.018
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Objective Changes of the microbial community in fermentation of substrates for cultivating Agaricus bisporus were investigated. Method The microbial community characteristics of a compound A. bisporus culture substrates containing spent Flammulina velutiper and Pleurotus eryngii materials were monitored during the 7 stages, Ag1 to Ag7 from pile building to 1st and 2nd fermentation, using the high throughput 16S rDNA full-length sequencing of Pacbio platform. Result A total of 715 OTUs were obtained in the fermentation process (i.e., 328, 340, 294, 377, 364, 166, and 174 for each stage) with 161 OTUs commonly found in all stage. The microbes included 21 phyla, 299 genera, and 399 species. At phylum level, Fimicutes, Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Gemmatimonadetes had higher abundance in all 7 stages. The dominant genus in the substrate during the pile building and 1st fermentation stages was Ureibacillus, while Limnochordaceae, S0134_terrestrial_group, Thermobacillu, and Ruminiclostridium stood out in the 2nd fermentation stage. At species level, Ureibacillus thermophilus and Ureibacillus terrenus were dominant in the pile building and 1st fermentation stages. In the 2nd fermentation stage, the species in the genus of Limnochordaceae were the greatest in relative abundance. It appeared that the microbial abundance and diversity increased gradually before the onset of 2nd fermentation. The community structure of the substrate varied significantly between the 1st and the 2nd fermentation, but the deviation diminished significantly after the 2nd fermentation leaving mostly the dominant species that basically functioned to degrade the waste mushroom material enriching the fertilization effect. Conclusion The full-length sequencing technology clearly identified the dominant species unveiling many previously unclassified microorganisms. The results helped to better optimize the substrate fermentation process for an improved cultivation of A. bisporus.
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Objective The effects of coffee peel and litter on the growth and photosynthesis of coffee seedlings were investigated to determine a suitable ecological cycle cultivation a suitable of coffee. Method One-year-old seedlings of seedlings were used as experimental materials. A randomized block design was used to study the effects of coffee peel and litter on their leaf photosynthesis and water use efficiency. Conventional mulching group was set up: C (control), L (litter mulching cultivation), P (peel mulching cultivation) and LP (litter and peel mulching cultivation). Result Coffee litter mulching significantly increased the specific leaf area of coffee by 45.46%, while coffee peel mulching significantly decreased the plant height by 12.11%. Coffee peel mulching significantly increased net photosynthesis, leaf respiration, total photosynthesis, net water use efficiency and total water use efficiency by 78.33%, 109.34%, 91.72%, 80.54% and 104.95%, but did not affect stomatal conductance, transpiration rate and carbon use efficiency. The comprehensive evaluation of coffee photosynthesis under coffee waste mulching treatment was P＞LP＞L＞C. Conclusion Coffee peel mulching was better than other mulching treatments in promoting the growth and photosynthetic capacity of coffee seedlings. The suitable coffee ecological cycle cultivation with the peel amount of 239.05 g m-2 could to realize cost saving and efficiency increase in coffee planting process.
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Objective Fertility and enzymatic activity of the saline-alkali soil in relation to land use were analyzed for ecological improvements and restoration. Method At Songnen Plain in western Jilin province, the effects on organic carbon, total nitrogen, invertase, urease, alkaline phosphatase, and catalase of the saline-alkali soils under different types of land use as paddy farming field (N1), dry farming field (N2), wetland (S), and grassland (C) were compared. Result The organic carbon contents in the soils ranged 9.70–16.27 g·kg−1 under N1, 3.85–11.58 g·kg−1 under N2, 2.14–2.97 g·kg−1 under S, and 5.25–11.24 g·kg−1 under C; and the total nitrogen, 1.83–2.32 g·kg−1 under N1, 0.45–0.76 g·kg−1 under N2, 0.34–1.28 g·kg−1 under S, and 0.88–2.04 g·kg−1 under C. The activities of various enzymes were urease＞alkaline phosphatase＞catalase＞sucrase and decreased along the depth of the soil layers. The invertase significantly correlated with C/N at P＜0.05, the urease with C/N at P＜0.01, the alkaline phosphatase with the organic C at P＜0.01 and with the total nitrogen at P＜0.05, while the catalase with total nitrogen at P＜0.01 and with C/N at P＜0.05. The redundant analysis indicated that the activities of invertase and urease were mainly regulated by the pH and bulk density, while those of alkaline phosphatase and catalase largely affected by the moisture content and electric conductivity of the soil. Conclusion Land use exerted significant effects on the organic carbon, total nitrogen, and enzyme activity in the saline-alkali soils which gradually decreased from the surface to the deeper layers. Farming on the land fostered the nutrient accumulation and increased the enzymatic activities in soil. Thus, either paddy or dry field was more ecologically friendly than wetland or grassland for the regions of saline-alkali soil.
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Objective Role of aminopeptidase gene pAPN and sialic acid neuraminidase gene NEU3 in the transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) infection on pigs was investigated. Methods Being the main receptor of TGEV, pAPN was removed from pAPN and NEU3 in ST cells to verify its supposed key function on the disease. The CRISPR gene editing technique was applied to clip the target gene in ST cells prior to an artificial TGEV infection test. The resulting changes on the infection, virus copy number, cytopathic improvement, and fibronectin were monitored. Results Compared with control, the ST cells free of pAPN and NEU3 significantly attenuated TGEV infection-induced cytopathies and the virus copy number. In addition, at a same TGEV titer the mRNA immune responders induced by the knockdown ST cells were significantly lower than the wild-type counterparts. Conclusion It was confirmed that the removal of pAPN and NEU3 inhibited the TGEV infection in pigs with reduced viral induced cytopathies. Thus, an antiviral therapy and a guideline for breeding resistant pigs could be developed by targeting these two key genes in the ST cells.
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Objective The stress of wheat waterlogging is the main abiotic stress factor in wheat production in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. To study the effects of different duration of waterlogging on physiological characteristics and yield of wheat at booting stage provides a theoretical basis for the research on the mechanism of wheat waterlogging resistance at booting stage and production. Method The effects of waterlogging duration on wheat growth and yield at booting stage were studied by pot pot water control method with wheat varieties Yangmai 16 and Zhongmai 895 as experimental materials. Result (1) Under the stress of waterlogging, the chlorophyll content of wheat leaves decreased significantly. The longer the waterlogging lasted, the greater the decline of SPAD value was. The SPAD value of the more heavily injured leaves decreased more, and the more severely injured the inverted two leaves than the flag leaves. (2) The activity of antioxidant enzymes such as CAT, SOD and POD in wheat showed a trend of type "∧" during the waterlogging period, while the content of reactive oxygen species (ROS) decreased or increased slowly in the early stage of waterlogging, while increased sharply in the late stage. (3) In the booting period, the effective number of ears, grain number of ears, 1000-grain weight and other yield factors increased slightly, which may be caused by the stress response of wheat. (4) The stress of waterlogging at the stage of heading had no significant effect on the height of wheat plant. Long-term waterlogging resulted in a significant decrease in wheat yield. The decrease of effective panicle number, grain number per panicle and 1000-grain weight was the main factor causing wheat yield reduction. After 15 d of waterlogging stress, the yield per plant of zhongmai 895 and yangmai 16 decreased by 51.47% and 43.99%, respectively, compared with CK. Conclusion Booting stage waterlogging stress significantly reduced the wheat leaf chlorophyll content, destroyed the plant active oxygen metabolism in the body and the balance between antioxidant enzyme system, excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species causes cells to peroxide lipid membrane, causing cell structure and function is impaired, affect plant photosynthesis and nutrient transfer and accumulation, increase the biomass of wheat is reduced, resulting in lack of grain-filling, caused empty grain, grain and invalid number of flat significantly increased, resulting in wheat production. In addition, during the whole process of waterlogging stress, the resistance of the two wheat varieties tested was as follows: yangmai 16＞zhongmai 895.
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Objective To investigate the changes of starch content, reducing sugar content and soluble total sugar content in tubers, the changes of endogenous hormone content in tubers, the morphological indexes, physiological indexes and the analysis of variance of endogenous hormones during the process of tuber expansion. And the correlation between these indicators and endogenous hormones, lay the foundation for further study of the physiological mechanism of yam growth and development and guiding the high yield and quality cultivation of yam. Method Six kinds of endogenous hormones such as ABA, GA3, IAA, JA, ZR and IPA were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with different tuber lengths of Bikeqi yam. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to determine the content of salicylic acid (SA), and to analyze the dynamic changes of source hormone content in different growth stages, and the correlation between morphological indicators of yam and endogenous hormones. The relationship between differentially expressed genes associated with endogenous hormones and endogenous hormones was explored for the effects of these factors on the expansion of yam tubers. Result The contents of IAA, ZR, ABA, JA and SA were positively correlated with the morphological indexes of yam tuber; the contents of GA3 and IPA were negatively correlated with the morphological indexes; the contents of IAA were positively correlated with the perimeter and diameter of yam tuber; the contents of GA3 were negatively correlated with the length of tuber; the genes correlated with IAA were negatively correlated with the contents of IAA Conclusion Endogenous hormones IAA, ZR, ABA, JA and SA promote the expansion of yam tuber; endogenous hormones GA3 and IPA inhibit the growth of yam tuber; endogenous hormones IAA promote the thickening of yam; endogenous hormones GA3 inhibit the elongation of yam; the down-regulation of IAA related genes can promote the synthesis of IAA, that is, regulate the content of IAA.
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2023, 38(3): 253-261.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2023.03.001
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Objective Correlation between the variation sites on the multiple epidermal growth factor-like domains protein 9 gene (EGFL9) and the growth of Ictalures punctatus was investigated. Method The targeted gene sequencing of EGFL9 was performed to identify the variation sites by alignment with the reference genome. Correlation between the sites and the growth traits of the fish was statistically analyzed. Result There were 27 sites with polymorphic variations on EGFL9 with 22 effective mutations obtained after filtering. Among which, 4 sites, i.e., g.142, g.573, g.3079, and g.7409, were significantly associated with the growth traits of channel catfish. The SNP sites, g.142, g.3079, and g.7409, were in introns, while the InDel site, g.573, in exon 2. The mean body length of the fish with A/A type at g.142 was significantly longer than that of fish with A/G type (P＜0.05), while that of the fish with A/G type at g.7409 significantly longer than that of fish with G/G type (P＜0.05). Both mean body mass and length of the fish with C/C type at g.3079 were significantly greater than those of the fish with A/A type (P＜0.05). The InDel site, g.573, reduced one serine residue in the protein encoded by EGFL9 significantly altereed the tertiary structure. Consequently, the mean body mass of the fish with TACC/T type at this site was significantly heavier than that of the fish with TACC/TACC type (P＜0.05), and the mean body length significantly longer than that of the fish with TACC/TACC or T/T type (P＜0.05). Conclusion The 4 growth-related markers, g.142, g.573, g.3079, and g.7409, revealed by this study showed significant associations with the growth traits of I. punctatus. The information would possibly lead to the development of breeding chips and molecular marker-assisted breeding on channel catfish in the future.
2023, 38(3): 262-270.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2023.03.002
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Objective Effects of substituting refined meal in forage with beer brewing residues on the digestion and microbial diversity of rumen of Hu sheep were studied to explore the feasibility of utilization of the waste material. Methods Twenty-four healthy Hu sheep with similar body weight of (15.90±0.36) kg were randomly divided into 4 groups. The animals were fed with a basic forage that consisted of corn and soybean meal at 36% as control (Group I) or one that used beer lees to replace 1/3 (Group II), 2/3 (Group III), or total (Group IV) of the meal. At end of the feeding period, 3 sheep were randomly selected from each group to determine the digestion indicators and microbial diversity in the rumen fluid. Results (1) None of the substitutions showed significant differences on volatile fatty acids, pH, ammonia nitrogen, or acetic acid in the rumen (P＞0.05), but significantly higher on isobutyric acid in Group II than others (P＜0.05). (2) At phylum level, no significant differences on richness of diversity were introduced by the substitutions on Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, Synergistetes, Fibrobacteres, Actinobacteria, Epsilonbacteraeota, Spirochaetes, and Tenericutes (P＞0.05). However, the diversity of Verrucomicrobia in Group I was significantly lower (P＜0.05). At genus level, the beer lees replacements in the forage did not significantly alter the diversity on Prevotella, Succiniclasticum, Intestinimonas, Tyzzerella, Ruminococcus, Faecalicatena, Pseudobutyrivibrio, and Hungateiclostridiumhad (P＞0.05). Conclusion The replacement of the refined meal in forage with beer lees reduced the relative richness of Verrucobacteria but did not significantly changed the microbial community structure and diversity of the rumen fluid.
2023, 38(3): 271-280.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2023.03.003
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Objective Contents of active ingredients and volatiles in Anoectochilus roxburghii of different strains at different growth stages were determined. Method SPME-GC-MS analysis was conducted to determine the chemical compositions in Fujian small-leaf Tuhaojin and large-leaf Dayuanbao A. roxburghii. Result The highest total polyphenols of 265.07 mg·kg−1 was found in Dayuanbao 18 months after planting, so were the total flavonoids of 32.68 mg·g−1 and soluble sugars of 27.71 mg·kg−1 in 12-month-old and soluble protein of 600.62 mg·g−1 in 18-month-old Dayunbao plants. There were 6 alcohols, 8 aldehydes, and 4 ketones and 2-pentyl-furan identified with the greatest total amount in Dayunabao grown for 24 months. The volatile content of the 6-month-old tissue culture in Tuhaojin was merely 22.9% of the peak value in the respective cultivated seedlings, and in Dayuanbao, 16.7%. The odor activity value (OAV) and principal component analysis (PCA) concluded that (E)-2-hexenal, octanal, and nonanal were the major aromatic compounds in Tuhaojin, while 1-octen-3-ol, 3,7-dimethyl-1,6-octadien-3-ol, and β-ionone in Dayuanbao. The PCA and PLS-DA indicated that these volatiles could adequately distinguish A. roxburghii of different strains harvested at different times. Conclusion Active ingredients and volatiles in A. roxburghii significantly varied by the strains and growth stages. It was plausible that a chemical analysis could suffice for quality control and authentication purpose on the products in commerce.
2023, 38(3): 281-293.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2023.03.004
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Objective Characteristics and biotic stress response of WRKY transcription factors (TFs) in tomato plants were investigated. Method The latest available bioinformatics and genomics methods were employed to identify the tomato WRKY TFs. RNA-seq of disease-resistant and susceptible tomato inbred lines before and after artificial Ralstonia solanacearum infection were obtained to identify the TFs associated with the pathogenic resistance of the plants. Result Eighty-five tomato WRKY TFs were identified and divided into I, IIa+b, IIc, IId+e, and III categories. The IIe group had the highest number of the TFs. The conserved motif of 9 TFs had one single amino acid variation, and WRKYGKK was the dominant mutant. The TFs, especially those in the IIe group, were mainly found on chromosome 5, at the ends, and in clusters. In them, 45.88% showed collinearity and 58.82% (mainly in I and IIc groups) formed 73 pairs of orthologs with those in Arabidopsis and chili pepper at a Ka/Ks ratio below 1. Sixteen of them, mainly belonging to IIa+b and IIc, responded significantly to the biotic stress with expressions largely in the roots. There were 12 differentially expressed WRKY TFs identified mainly in III and IIb. Of which, the interaction between Solyc03g095770.3 (III) and Solyc09g014990.4 (I) played a significant role in the response of the tomato plant to bacterial wilt. Conclusion The WRKY TFs were identified in tomato plants. Twelve genes responded to the bacterial wilt were isolated.
2023, 38(3): 294-301.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2023.03.005
Abstract:
Objective F-BOX genes responsible for the resistance of Brassica rapa to sclerotinia were investigated. Method Suspected members of F-BOX family were identified at the transcriptome level to identify their subcellular localization, chromosomal localization, and conserved domains as well as expressions by q-PCR under artificial induction of sclerotinia. Result There were 32 BraF-BOX genes classified into 4 subgroups with the relative molecular masses varying from 34 751.13 Da to 105 942.22 Da. The predicted subcellular localizations of 26 F-BOX were in the nucleus and cytoplasm, and 6 in the chloroplast. The genetic structures of all 32 genes contained Motif 1 and exon in the DNA sequences with expressions differed in different parts of Chinese cabbage. The relative expressions by q-PCR of 6 genes agreed with the transcriptome data at 36 h. The expressions of Bra037120, Bra011427, and Bra009835 were upregulated and increased with prolonged induction. Conclusion The bioinformatics and transcriptome data analysis on the BraF-BOX genes suggested that Bra037120, Bra011427, and Bra009835 were potentially associated with the sclerotinia resistance of Chinese cabbage.
2023, 38(3): 302-311.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2023.03.006
Abstract:
Objective Universality of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers of members of Malvaceae family and roselle herbal plants was examined to extend the genetic information bank. Method A total of 62 pairs of SSR primers were selected from Hibiscus cannabinus, Gossypium spp, Hibiscus esculentus L, and Hibiscus syriacus L. of Malvaceae family. They included 17 pairs from rosemallow and 15 pairs from each of the other crops to compare for polymorphism with those of 8 accessions of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. germplasms. Result Of the 62 SSR primers, 58, or 93.5%, were found common and 48, or 82.8%, polymorphic between the two groups. And out of 246 bands amplified, 239, or 97.2%, were polymorphic. Among the Malvaceae family members, cotton had 14 primer pairs polymorphic at the highest rate of 86.7%, while the rate with rosemallow primers 82.4%, with okra primers 73.3%, and with kenaf primers 66.7%. The PIC of rosemallow primers was the highest at 0.685 among all. A cluster analysis classified the 8 roselle accessions into 3 groups at a similarity coefficient of 0.49. The strain, 19FZ-76, was clustered by itself in the genetic relationship significantly far from other accessions that was reflected by the phenotypic traits as well. The greatest genetic similarity coefficient was observed in the 19FZ-74 cultivars from Myanmar and Zhangzhou, indicating a close genetic relationship of the two accessions and the likely origin of the roselle in Fujian. Conclusion The SSR primers of Malvaceae plants including roselle showed a certain universality. The selected markers could provide a reliable venue for genetic studies, such as variety identification, relationship analysis, and map construction on the herbal plant.
2023, 38(3): 312-321.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2023.03.007
Abstract:
Objective Genetic differences and mycelial morphology of imported and locally cultivated Lyophyllum decastes (Lyd) were compared. Methods Sequence homology, multiple sequence alignment, and phylogenetic tree were examined and constructed based on the sequences of the fungal 18S rRNA (V4) and ITS (ITS1-ITS4) (18S rRNA-ITS) of the imported and locally cultivated Lyd strains. Mutation analysis and genetic distance determination were performed to identify the phylogenetic relationship, while mycelium growth and scanning electron microscopic images observed to differentiate the morphology of the strains. Results The 18S rRNA-ITS sequence alignment between the two strains showed the imported Lyd-LR1, Lyd-LR6, Lyd-LR10, Lyd-LR15, and Lyd-LR17 to be higher on the ratio of base deletion and base substitution mutations. The ITS sequence homology between them decreased to 80.09%–89.72% with Lyd-LR1 and Lyd-LR6 being higher than Lyd-LR10, Lyd-LR15, Lyd-LR17 as well as the local Lyd-LRX and Lyd-LRY on the proportions of base mutation. The phylogenetic tree analysis indicated a distant genetic relationship between Lyd-LR1 and Lyd-LR6 and Lyd-LR10, Lyd-LR15, Lyd-LR17, Lyd-LRX, Lyd-LRY, and some Lyd or Lyophyllum (Ly) registered by NCBI. The loose and radial fusiform mycelia of Lyd-LR1 grew slowly and irregularly, whereas the pitted mycelia of Lyd-LR6 tiled with high margin thickness proliferated rapidly and polymerized considerably. The growth rates and morphology of Lyd-LR1 and Lyd-LR6 mycelia differed from those of Lyd-LR10, Lyd-LR15, Lyd-LR17, Lyd-LRX, and Lyd-LRY, which had full cylindrical mycelia and thick and fast-growing protuberant mycelia. Compared to Lyd-LR1, Lyd-LR6 exhibited more apparent changes in gene sequence base mutation location, base mutation proportion, and mycelial morphology. Conclusion The gene sequence base mutation location (base substitution and base deletion), 18S rRNA-ITS sequence homology, and phylogenetic relationship of Lyd-LR6 significantly differed from those of the other imported and the locally cultivated Lyd strains. A high proportion of gene sequence base mutations induced significant changes in the growth and morphology of Lyd-LR6 mycelia indicating a potential use of it in breeding new varieties of Lyd mushrooms.
2023, 38(3): 322-328.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2023.03.008
Abstract:
Objective The polyclonal antibody against MiPDCD6 protein in the esophageal glands of Meloidogyne incognita was prepared to study the pathogenic mechanism of the root-knot disease on plants transmitted by the nematode. Method The functional fragment of MiPDCD6 was amplified by PCR to construct recombinant plasmid pET-32a-MiPDCD6 and transform it into Escherichia coli BL21 cells for MiPDCD6 fusion protein induction and expression. Polyclonal antibodies were prepared by immunizing male New Zealand white rabbits with purified MiPDCD6 expression protein. Titer and purification of the obtained antibody were verified using ELISA and SDS-PAGE techniques. Result Under IPTG concentration of 1.0 mmol·L−1 at 37℃with constant rotation of 150 r·min−1 for 5 h, MiPDCD6 transformed in the E. coli BL21 was clearly expressed. The secured polyclonal antibody was highly specific with a high titer of approximately 1∶50000 as shown by ELISA and SDS-PAGE. Conclusion The prokaryotic expression conditions of MiPDCD6 were determined. The polyclonal antibody obtained had a high titer and specification against MiPDCD6 and was considered adequate for studying the pathogenesis of the root knot disease on plants infected through M. incognita.
2023, 38(3): 329-338.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2023.03.009
Abstract:
Objective Safety and efficacy of applying vomitoxin to control soilborne diseases on potato plants were investigated. Method In a laboratory experiment, vomitoxin (aka deoxynivalenol, DON) was applied on the Atlantic variety potato to determine the disease resistance to and physiological alternations induced by some major soilborne pathogens on the plant for treatment optimization. Result Within a range of concentrations, DON caused no significant ill-effects on the potato plants. A treatment of it at 5 ng·mL−1 for 4 h effectively inhibited the spread of bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum, soft rots by Erwinia chrysanthemi, or scabies by Streptomyces scabies on the leaves, and at a dosage of 3 ng·mL−1, the growth of dry rot pathogen Fusarium sambucinum was retarded. The strongest DON-induced resistance against the bacterial wilt or dry and soft rots of the plant was found at 25 ℃ and pH 7, and against scabies at pH 9. With an exposure of 12 000 lx light, the DON-induction on the plants reached the greatest efficacy against the dry rots. Whereas, under 15 000 lx, that could be achieved on the bacterial wilt, soft rots, and scabies. A DON treatment significantly raised the SOD activity and lignin content but lowered MDA in the leaves. Conclusion Application of DON as an elicitor in low concentrations exerted no adverse effect but significantly inhibit some major soilborne diseases on potato plants. A potential venue for preventing and treating the diseases seemed merit further investigation.
2023, 38(3): 339-345.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2023.03.010
Abstract:
Objective An efficient and rapid detection method was developed to monitor the spread of a newly discovered bacterial canker disease infected by Xanthomonas perforans that seriously impacted the production of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica), a recently introduced and increasingly important cash crop in southern China. Method Two pairs of primers were designed to detect X. perforans based on the specific sequences in the genomes including TC2-1_002562 and TC2-1_002580, which encode a phage terminator large subunit family protein and a phage family protein, respectively. The applicability of the proposed methodology with a single PCR reaction was verified. Result The newly developed PCR method exhibited a high specificity for detecting X. perforans. In the first sampling batch of water spinach plants, planting soils, and water collected from regions in Guangdong Province, the pathogen was only detected in 5 specimens of water spinach leaves from Dongguan. However, during the subsequent second sampling 10 days later, the pathogen was found in numerous specimens from all sources. Conclusion The established PCR method could rapidly detect X. perforans for early disease diagnosis on water spinach. As the field monitoring indicated, the endemic was prevalent in Dongguan and Shenzhen, possibly some other localities, but spreading fast. The origin of the infection might come from the stored water spinach seedlings and/or seeds. The area water and soil could also link to the spread of the disease. Urgent study to timely develop effective prevention and control measures is in order.
2023, 38(3): 346-351.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2023.03.011
Abstract:
Objective Appropriate methods for efficient tissue disinfection, explant induction, and culture medium formulation were established for a high-performance program to propagate pyrethrum. Method Unopened flower buds of white flower pyrethrum were sterilized and used as explants on an MS solid medium for the experiment. Effects of various plant growth regulators on bud induction, proliferation, and rooting of the seedlings were monitored. Result The optimum conditions for disinfecting the explants were found to be a treatment of 75% alcohol for 30 s followed by one of 0.10% mercuric chloride solution for 10 min and another of 15% hypochlorite for 15 min. For bud induction, the choice medium was formulated with MS + 2.0 mg·L−1 6-BA + 0.5 mg·L−1 TDZ+ 0.2 mg·L−1 IBA; for bud proliferation, MS + 1.0 mg·L−1 6-BA + 0.1 mg·L−1TDZ + 0.1 mg·L−1 IBA; for rooting, MS + 0.1 mg·L−1 IAA + 0.1 mg·L−1 IBA; and for transplanting seedlings, peat:perlite at 6:1. A survival rate greater than 90% as well as adequate transplanting was achieved. Conclusion The newly developed in vitro regeneration system materially lessened the pressure of the recently encountered white flower pyrethrum germplasm degradation. In addition, a supply of high-quality seedlings could be assured with the proposed propagation program.
2023, 38(3): 352-359.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2023.03.012
Abstract:
Objective Organic matter contents in the latosolic red soils under various long-term fertilization practices were measured to analyze the effects and to establish a prediction model for efficient management. Method Two long-term experiments were conducted on separate uplands in Fujian of peanut-sweet potato rotating cultivation fields with latosolic red soil. The designated lots were under either a continuous application of different chemical fertilizers for 16 years or of chemical/organic fertilizations for 14 years. Content of soil organic matters (SOM) was monitored, and a grey prediction model constructed based on the collected data. Result The fertilizations boosted SOM content in the soils in comparison to the lot without fertilizer application. The use of the Recommended Fertilizer (RF) increased the average SOM to (19.83±0.77) g·kg−1, which was significantly higher than the applications of other chemical fertilizers. The content further increased to (22.53±1.69) g·kg−1, i.e., 2.8 times of RF treatment on an annual basis, when the chemical/organic manure combination (RF+OM), especially the decomposed pig manure (RF+PM), was applied. The grey prediction model on SOM yielded fitting errors ranging from 1.226% to 3.307% for all fertilizations. While the predicted result of the non-fertilization was on a continuously downward trend, and the RF treatment increased to (20.220±0.002) g·kg−1, which was superior to all other fertilizations using chemicals. More important, the long-term SOM would be on a increasing trend under chemical/organic fertilization, especially RF+PM that ranked the top among all treatments reaching the significantly higher level than RF at (23.777±0.017) g·kg−1. Conclusion Based on the past records and the predicted trend on SOM, RF undoubtedly improved the fertility of the latosolic red soil. However, RF+OM, especially RF+PM, would bring even more impressive results, and thus deserved serious consideration for the agricultural practice in the area.
2023, 38(3): 360-366.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2023.03.013
Abstract:
Objective Effect of encapsulation to protect Bacillus mucilaginosus from thermal shock was evaluated for formulation optimization. Method Rates of survival and activation of B. mucilaginosus encapsulated with trehalose, skimmed milk powder, and/or modified H-MS medical stone after spray-drying were determined. Optimal formulation for the encapsulation was obtained using the response surface method. Result The survival rate of the naked B. mucilaginosus was (34.15±1.07)%. In contrast, the encapsulation with trehalose significantly improved the rate to (52.17±1.08)% (P＜0.01), while with H-MS, (51.64±0.77)% (P＜0.01) and with skimmed milk powder, (43.67±1.62)% (P＜0.05). Furthermore, a combined use of trehalose at 4.33%, skimmed milk powder at 2.90%, and H-MS at 7.57% for the encapsulation, the survival reached (73.32±0.76)% with a microbial count of 1.12×109 CFU·g−1. Conclusion The three encapsulation materials, especially, when they were applied in combination, significantly raised the B. mucilaginosus survival rate under a heat treatment. The scanning electron microscopic image revealed that trehalose and skimmed milk powder immobilized the bacteria cells in H-MS pores producing an effective thermal insulation that sheltered the encapsulated microbes.
2023, 38(3): 367-375.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2023.03.014
Abstract:
Objective Composition and diversity of the ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi communities at natural and cultivated Castanea henryi forests in Taining, Fujian were studied. Methods Samples of C. henryi root and rhizosphere soil at the sites were collected for physiochemical analysis, mycorrhizal morphology observation, and molecular identification. A correlation between the ECM fungi in the roots and environmental conditions was analyzed. Results The physicochemical properties of the rhizosphere soil significantly differed between the natural forests and the plantations. The contents of organic matters, total nitrogen, total potassium, and water in the soil of a natural forest were significantly higher than those of a plantation. Five types of ECM fungi belonging to 2 phyla, 3 families, and 5 genera were identified in the collected samples. Among the fungi, the highest infection rate of Cenococcum geophilum at 33.62% was found on the C. henryi roots at the natural forests and that of Scleroderma citrinum at 65.61% at the plantations; while the other dominants included Lactarius kesiyae, Xerocomus sp. and Russula sp. . The contents of total phosphorus, total potassium, and water as well as pH in the soil significantly correlated with the fungal infection on the C. henryi roots. Conclusion Significant differences existed in the ECM fungi communities at the natural C. henryi forests and plantations in Taining. The fungal diversity in rhizosphere soil was higher at the natural forests than the plantations. The information gathered from this study provided a guideline for improved C. henryi cultivation management and plantation soil restoration.
2023, 38(3): 376-386.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2023.03.015
Abstract:
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis is an important infectious disease of cattle. The clinical symptoms of the disease were principally respiratory ones that may be accompanied by conjunctivitis, mastitis, abortion, etc. The pathogenic virus is also known as bovine herpesvirus type 1. It encodes 30 to 40 structural proteins with 11 envelope glycoproteins, which play an important role in the process of virus adsorption and host cell invasion. Glycoprotein gB is essential for the virus to invade, spread, and replicate on host cells. Glycoprotein gD is critical in viral replication, transmission, and infection with strong immunogenicity that induces neutralizing antibodies. Studying gB and gD not only helps decipher the infection mechanism at the molecular level but also leads to new clinical diagnosis and prevention method developments on rhinotracheitis. This article summarizes recent research results on glycoprotein gB and gD concerning the biological functions and applications of these proteins in producing vaccines and generating advanced diagnosis methodologies for the infectious disease in cattle.
Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis is an important infectious disease of cattle. The clinical symptoms of the disease were principally respiratory ones that may be accompanied by conjunctivitis, mastitis, abortion, etc. The pathogenic virus is also known as bovine herpesvirus type 1. It encodes 30 to 40 structural proteins with 11 envelope glycoproteins, which play an important role in the process of virus adsorption and host cell invasion. Glycoprotein gB is essential for the virus to invade, spread, and replicate on host cells. Glycoprotein gD is critical in viral replication, transmission, and infection with strong immunogenicity that induces neutralizing antibodies. Studying gB and gD not only helps decipher the infection mechanism at the molecular level but also leads to new clinical diagnosis and prevention method developments on rhinotracheitis. This article summarizes recent research results on glycoprotein gB and gD concerning the biological functions and applications of these proteins in producing vaccines and generating advanced diagnosis methodologies for the infectious disease in cattle.
Journal DynamicsMORE+
- Editors of FJAS participated in the 2019 Annual Conference of Chinese Academy of Science and Technology Journals
- FJAS was selected as the latest CSCD source journal
- FJAS was selected as the " Core Journals of China " (2017, the 8th edition) (Mar 25, 2019)
- FJAS joined the Open Science Identity(OSID) Project
- The editors of FJAS participated in the Training on Academic Quality Improvement for Science and Technology Journals
- The director of the editorial department of the journal participated in the meeting of the executive council of the Fujian Journal Association
- FJAS was included in Japan Science and Technology Agency Database (JST)
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- Attention! Four ministries and commissions jointly published policy to promote the reform and development of Sci-tech periodicals
- There is "law" for academic misconduct in journals (2019-07-23)
- General Office of State Council and Central Committee printed "Opinions on Further Promoting the Spirit of Scientists and Strengthening the Construction of Academic Atmosphere"
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Co OrganizerMORE+
- Institute of Plant Protection, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Institute of Biotechnology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Rice Research Institute, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering Technology, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Fujian Agricultural Research Center of Taiwan
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