2023 Vol. 38, No. 11
Display Method:
2023, 38(11): 1259-1266.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2023.11.001
Abstract:
Objective Localization in genome and response to salt stress of the genes of caffeic acid O-methyltransferase (COMT), a key melatonin biosynthesis enzyme relating to plant growth, development, and stress resistance, in maize were studied. Method Structure, phylogenetics, and expressions of the COMT family in maize (ZmCOMT) were analyzed. Functions of the genes were verified by overexpressing ZmCOMT12 in Arabidopsis thaliana. Result Twenty-eight COMTs were identified in the maize genome and phylogenetically divided into Branch Ⅰ and Branch II. Most of them were structurally similar with a like motif composition, and some had tissue specific expressions. As revealed by RT-PCR, ZmCOMTs could be induced by salt stress, indicating its association with the stress regulation. The overexpressed ZmCOMT12 significantly elevated the melatonin content and salt tolerance of Arabidopsis. Conclusion ZmCOMT12 was hypothesized as the melatonin synthesizing gene by the sequence alignment, genetic relationship, and protein structure analyses.
2023, 38(11): 1267-1276.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2023.11.002
Abstract:
Objective A primary core collection of Chinese yam germplasms in Fujian was established for conserving and breeding the natural resources. Method Fifty-five locally cultivated Chinese yams were categorized according to 7 quantitative and 13 descriptive traits. A cluster analysis was conducted on the data using the squared Euclidean distance method to develop a germplasm collection by priority sampling. The representativeness of the Primary Core Collection on Chinese Yams (PCCCY) was statistically evaluated using the agronomic traits as well as ISSR molecular markers. Result PCCCY received 43.6% of the previous collection. It reduced the redundancy of the old version but retained the breeding varieties as well as the germplasms of outstanding characteristics or unique local features. No significant differences were found in the means, variances, coefficients of variation, and Shannon-Wiener index between the PCCCY and the previous collection on various traits. On the quantitative traits, other than stem thickness, the PCCCY preserved 84.9% to 100% of the variation range of the previous collection. Whereas the entire original descriptive traits, except the weakest growth vigor, were kept intact. No significant differences in the number of ISSR molecular marker alleles, effective alleles, Shannon-Wiener index, and Nei’s genetic diversity index were found between the two collections. And 98.6% of the polymorphic loci in the original version were retained. The principal component analysis based on agronomic traits and the principal coordinate analysis based on ISSR molecular markers confirmed a high representativeness on the varieties by the newly established PCCCY. Conclusion The primary core collection established by this study for the Chinese yam germplasms in the province satisfactorily represented the genetic diversity of the natural resource. The PCCCY was deemed to facilitate future efforts in conserving and utilizing the local Chinese yam species.
2023, 38(11): 1277-1284.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2023.11.003
Abstract:
Objective Micro-morphology and chemical composition of the wax in pericarps of two varieties of waxy gourd were examined. Method The wax on the pericarps of the differently shaped Xiamaofenpixiaodonggua (XFX) and Xiamaofenpidadonggua (XFD) waxy gourds were examined under a scanning electronic microscope. The epidermal wax composition was analyzed by non-targeted gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) metabolomics. Result Numerous stacked rod-like structures covered the surface of XFX and XFD, but the filamentous material appeared only on XFX. Triterpenoids were the most abundant compounds found in the wax, i.e., 42.09% on XFX and 35.63% on XFD. On the other hand, the esters and alkanes differed significantly between the two varieties, which were 31.16% and 3.53%, respectively, on XFX, and 22.17% and 17.34%, respectively, on XFD. In total, 65 substances in 9 categories were identified that included 11 extremely significantly and 8 significantly differentiated compounds. Conclusion The micro-structures and compositions of the epidermal wax of the two waxy gourd varieties were surprisingly different, and the structural differentiation could be chemically related. Further study to decipher the biosynthesis pathway of the waxy gourd is in order.
2023, 38(11): 1285-1292.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2023.11.004
Abstract:
Objective Proteins in 6 newly bred hybrids of wild Agaricus bisporus were analyzed for nutritional value to aid breeding selection. Method Along with 3 major A. bisporus varieties currently cultivated in Fujian as reference, 6 hybrids of wild germplasms were analyzed to determine their nutritional values based on protein and AA compositions. Scores of IOM, AAs, and chemistry, as well as AA ratio coefficient of the samples were evaluated with respect to the balanced AA spectra of WHO/FAO/UNU, IOM, and egg protein. Result Among the various species of mushrooms, Fumo 63 was found to have the highest essential AA content of 46.76 g·100 g−1protein, essential AA index of 94.45, essential AAs proportion of 41.72%, and adjusted AA digestibility of 86.73. All 6 hybrids contained significantly more protein and total, essential, medicinal, sweet, alkaline, and branched-chain AAs than did their brown wild A. bisporus parents. Conclusion There appeared to be ample rooms for nutritional improvements by hybridizing the wild A. bisporus through upgrading the protein quality of the mushroom.
2023, 38(11): 1293-1301.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2023.11.005
Abstract:
Objective Medium formulation and culture conditions were optimized for in vitro pollen germination of Oncidium spp. Methods On a liquid culture medium, in vitro germination rates of the pollens collected from the flowers of various Oncidium germplasms on the day of full bloom were determined. Based on the effects of sucrose, H3BO3, Ca(NO3)·4H2O, MgSO4·7H2O, and KNO3 on the germination rate, an orthogonal experiment was applied to optimize the medium formulation and culture conditions. Subsequently, on the optimized medium under selected conditions, in vitro pollen germination rates of 68 collected Oncidium germplasms were determined. Results The degrees of importance of the medium ingredients to the pollen germination were found to be H3BO3＞Ca(NO3)·4H2O＞sucrose＞MgSO4·7H2O＞KNO3. The optimized formulation consisted of 100 g·L−1 of sucrose, 10 mg·L−1 of H3BO3, 50 mg·L−1 of Ca(NO3)·4H2O, 20 mg·L−1 of MgSO4·7H2O, and 30 mg·L−1 of KNO3. The pollen culture was conducted at 25 ℃ for 48h in darkness to deliver a generally low germination rate of 0.74% to 49.65% on 60.29% of the Oncidium germplasms. Conclusion The liquid medium and culture conditions for an in vitro pollen germination of Oncidium were optimized. The germination rates differed significantly among the species.
2023, 38(11): 1302-1311.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2023.11.006
Abstract:
Objective Beneficial effects of landscape plants in Suzhou on carbon-fixation, oxygen-release, atmosphere-cool, and humidity-increase during summer season were studied. Method Physiologically, the photosynthetic indicators of 13 varieties of plants at Bailu Garden in in Suzhou were monitored during the summer to determine their effects on the surrounding atmospheric carbon, oxygen, temperature, and humidity. Result (1) The diurnal variation on the net photosynthetic rate of the plants was mainly unimodal and bimodal, while that of the transpiration rate basically unimodal. (2) The greatest per leaf area daily carbon-fixation of 12.08 g·m−2·d−1 and oxygen-release of 8.78 g·m−2·d−1 were found on Ulmus parvifolia, while the lowest 3.50 g·m−2·d−1 and 2.54 g·m−2·d−1, respectively, on Acer palmatum Atropurpureum. The highest per leaf area daily cooling and humidifying effects of 0.38 ℃ and 2 376.15 g·m−2·d−1, respectively, were rendered by Hibiscus syriacus, whereas the lowest 0.14 ℃ and 848.01 g·m−2·d−1, respectively, by A. palmatum Atropurpureum. And (3) the carbon sequestration and humidification of the plants correlated positively with the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), transpiration rate (Tr), atmospheric humidity (RH), and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) but negatively with the leaf water vapor pressure deficit (Vpdl). Conclusion Through increasing carbon sink and mitigating hot-island effect in the surroundings with plants such as U. parvifolia, Celtis sinensis, Cinnamomum camphora, Salix babylonica, Liquidambar formosana, and Bischofia polycarpa, urban Suzhou could be environmentally improved. On the other hand, Osmanthus fragrans, Viburnum odoratissimum, and H. syriacus did not seem to offer significant benefits in that regard.
2023, 38(11): 1312-1320.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2023.11.007
Abstract:
Objective Genetic diversity and family structure of a preserved population of Pushi black pig were analyzed using the SNP bead chip for resource conservation. Method SNPs of 79 adult Pushi black pigs consisting of 10 boars and 69 sows were determined using Porcine 50K SNP Beadchips. Software, including Plink, Gmatix, and Mega X, was used to analyze the genetic diversity and phylogenetic relationships to construct phylogenetic structure of the pig population. Result A total of polymorphic 57466 SNP loci were found with an average genotype detection rate of 99.15%. The population showed evidence of inbreeding as the effective Ne was merely 1.5 and the average observed heterozygosity slightly below the expected level. The average distance of IBS was (0.2949±0.0726) and that for the boars (0.277 1±0.091 8). A total of (29.60±16.12) ROHs were detected with 40.5% of them between 0 and 100 Mb in length. The average inbreeding coefficient based on ROH was 0.108. The analysis on IBS distance matrix, G matrix, and population ROHs indicated a close genetic relationship among the individual animals. Based on the evolutionary tree, the population was divided into two families containing boars and one without. Conclusion The population of Pushi black pigs under study had only a few families, which varied greatly in number of members in each family and showed a high degree of inbreeding. Consequently, introducing or creating new lineages to expand the gene pool and reduce inbreeding coefficient for the population seemed imperative.
2023, 38(11): 1321-1328.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2023.11.008
Abstract:
Objective Occurrence of the root-lesion disease on yams caused by nematodes on continuously cropped fields and the parasite community in soil were investigated for the disease control. Method Soil specimens at the continuous cropping fields cultivating early-maturing Yongfeng yam using the traditional method, late-maturing Zhugaoshu yam using the directional shallow trough method and the traditional farming in Taihe county were collected for analysis. Nematodes in the soils were isolated by Baermann funnel method, identified to genus, and counted separately based on their morphology. Variations on the nematode community during the growth of yams were observed. Result The population of the nematodes that caused the root-lesions on the fields grown Yongfeng yams increased significantly beginning from June, and that grown Zhugaoshu, from August. Both peaked in October. The 9, 13, and 12 genera of largely bacterivorous and herbivorous nematodes were isolated from the fields of different varieties of yams grown by using different cultivation methods. In October, when the parasite abundance peaked, the population of Acrobeloides decreased significantly by 93.55% in the soil at the Yongfeng yam field, those of Rhabditis by 52.80% at the Zhugaoshu field cultivated by directional shallow trough method and by 75.99% at the field farmed by the traditional method, while that of Acrobeloides at the Zhugaoshu traditionally cultivated field by 96.01%. The ecological indexes on the nematodes varied depending upon the associated yam varieties, cultivation methods, as well as sampling time. For instance, the indexes of H', J', and WI were significantly lower in October than other times in a year. Conclusion October appeared to be the critical month in a year for controlling the nematodes in yam fields. A significant rise in the parasite population would disrupt the ecological balance resulting in a considerable reduction on bacterivores that ill-effects health of the farm soil.
2023, 38(11): 1329-1336.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2023.11.009
Abstract:
Objective Pathogen of the leaf spot disease on Acanthus ilicifolius was isolated and identified with its biological characteristics determined. Method Microbes were isolated from the diseased A. ilicifolius leaves collected from the Zhangjiangkou Estuary Mangrove National Nature Reserve in Fujian Province by the detached tissue method. Morphological and molecular biological techniques including ITS and EF1-α gene sequence analysis were employed to identify the pathogen. Optimal growth conditions of the identified fungus with respect to temperatures, pH, carbon sources, and nitrogen sources, in addition to its activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), laccase, cellulase (CL), andβ-glucosidase (β-GC) were determined. Result For the first time Fusarium verticillioides in the Ascomycota phylum was identified as the responsible pathogen of the disease. It thrived at 25°C and pH 10 on a medium using starch as carbon source and yeast powder as nitrogen source. POD was the oxidoreductase, and CL the hydrolase, that showed the highest activity in the fungus. Conclusion The pathogen that caused the leaf spot disease on bougainvillea in the Zhangjiang Estuary was identified as F. verticillioides. The biological characteristics of the strongly adaptable fungus were determined.
2023, 38(11): 1337-1343.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2023.11.010
Abstract:
Objective Resistance and response to high temperatures of the antioxidants in Ectropis grisescens were studied. Method Lifespan and fecundity of adult E. grisescens Warren after being exposed to 30 ℃, 35 ℃, 38 ℃ or 41 ℃ for 1 h or 44 ℃ for 3 min were observed according to measurements on the egg hatchability and total protein content and activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD) as well as total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) in the insects. Result The increased temperature significantly shortened the lifespan, decreased the female oviposition, and lowered the egg hatchability of E. grisescens. At 41 ℃ and 44 ℃, the egg ceased to hatch. The maximum total protein contents in the female and male adults differed significantly under different temperatures—it was under 35 ℃ for the females and 38 ℃ for the males. The SOD activity in the female adults changed in an upside-down V pattern as the temperature rose, while that in the male adults was low at 41 ℃. In the female adults the highest CAT activity occurred at 44 ℃, the T-AOC decreased with increasing temperature, and the POD rose with rising temperature, whereas those in the male adults exhibited a low-high-low trend in the temperature range. Conclusion The protective enzymes in E. grisescens Warren played a key role in how the insect adapted to high temperature stress.
2023, 38(11): 1344-1357.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2023.11.011
Abstract:
Objective Effects of returning spent straws to soil after crop harvest as a conditioner/fertilizer on the N2O emission and nitrifying/denitrifying microbes on a double-cropping rice field in late season were studied. Method Based on a positioning experiment set up in 2015, the field soil was treated with (1) chemical fertilizer without straw-returning (CK), (2) chemical fertilizer + 100% straw-returning in same season (CKS), (3) CKS + straws to replace 10% potassium fertilizer (S10), (4) CKS + straws to replace 20% potassium fertilizer (S20) or (5) CKS + straws to replace 30% potassium fertilizer (S30). N2O emitted and microorganisms in the soils were detected using the closed static dark box-gas chromatography and metagenomic sequencing technique. Result N2O was released from the paddy soils basically during the rice tillering stage. Compared with CK, returning spent straws to the ground significantly reduced the cumulative gas emission from the soil under the S30 treatment, which rendered the lowest rate at 0.09 kg·hm-2, and thus, the least contribution to global warming. Of the nitrifying microflora in soil, the dominant genus of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (i.e., amoA and amoB) at the tillering and mature stages was Methylospora. Among the denitrifying microbes, the nirK-type Gemmatimonadetes, Rhodobacter, Conclusion By returning the spent straws to the field, a significant reduction on the N2O emissions from paddy soil was resulted. And Methylospora was the dominant genus involved in the ammonia oxidation, whereas the nirK-type Gemmatimonadetes,Rhodobacter and Opitutus and the nirS-type Methylobacillus and Methylotenera were the dominant genera of denitrifying bacteria.
2023, 38(11): 1358-1366.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2023.11.012
Abstract:
Objective Heavy metal pollution in rhizosphere soil and its migration to the roots, stems, and leaves of ginseng plants grown on the land were studied. Methods Contents of Al, V, Cr, Cd, Pb, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Ba in randomly collected 15 batches of ginseng specimens from three producing areas in Jilin Province were analyzed. Pollution of rhizosphere soil by Cd, Pb, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn was evaluated using the single factor pollution index and Nemerow composite index methods. Accumulation of heavy metals in different parts of a ginseng plant was correlated with the pollution on the corresponding soil. Results Of all the tested heavy metals, Al in the roots and stems/leaves of the ginseng plants was the highest pollutant in content. The variation coefficient on the roots ranged 12.07-58.43% and that on the stems and leaves 10.02-87.96%. Out of 15 rhizosphere soil samples, 13 were considered safe and clean, and two moderately clean with due warning, which contained a high level of Cd. The ginseng roots and stems/leaves were similar in accumulating the pollutants but significantly different on mean BCFs and all high on Cu, Zn, Ba, and Cd. Conclusion It is crucial that ginseng be cultivated on land with stringent control on heavy metal pollution for safe consumption. Constant monitoring the soil conditions to avoid a high single factor pollution index on Cd was particularly important. The relationship between the heavy metals in ginseng plants and rhizosphere soil was complex, as certain synergistic and/or antagonistic effects might interfere with the absorption and transport of the harmful elements.
2023, 38(11): 1367-1375.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2023.11.013
Abstract:
Objective Effects of earthworms of different ecological classifications on water infiltration of the soil in which they inhabited were studied. Method Epigeic Eisenia fetida and endo-anecic Amynthas aspergillum were separately placed in soil containers to compare with one without earthworms. In a vertical one-dimensional stable water potential infiltration experimentation, the wetting front movement, accumulated infiltration, infiltration rate, and moisture content of the soil in the containers were monitored to analyze the correlation between soil properties and presence of the different types of earthworms in low-density at 4 g·kg−1 or high-density at 8 g·kg−1. The Philip and Kostiakov models were applied to mathematically describe the water infiltration function. Result ① The existence of earthworms simultaneously reduced the advancing distance, advancing rate, cumulative infiltration amount, and infiltration rate of the water wetting front in the soil, especially in the case of low-density A. aspergillum (P＜0.01). The effect was more significant under low-density than high-density of the earthworms. ② Water retention of soil changed with the earthworm-induced water infiltration pattern which increased significantly by the low-density A. aspergillum treatment (P＜0.01). ③ The major driving factors on soil that affected water infiltration attributed by the earthworms were electricity conductivity, available phosphorus, and sand. ④ Kostiakov model fitted the correlation between the soil water infiltration and the earthworm treatments more than Philip model did. A high fitting accuracy on RMSE≤4.80 mm was observed on the treatment by A. aspergillum. Moreover, A. aspergillum also significantly decreased the attenuation of cumulative water infiltration (P＜0.01). Conclusion The water infiltration could be significantly lowered and moisture retention raised in a loamy sandy soil by the presence of E. fetida or A. aspergillum. It was conceivable that, at the density of 4 g·kg−1 of A. aspergillum, land of similar kind of soil could benefit from the improved water holding capacity as a result.
2023, 38(11): 1376-1386.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2022.11.014
Abstract:
Objective To evaluate the "production-living-ecological" function of suburban rural areas, clarify the element differences and spatial characteristics of rural development, and propose the classified development strategy for villages to promote rural revitalization. Method Taking 59 villages in the north of Jin'an District as an example, the rural development elements were divided into three aspects: production, living and ecology. An evaluation system for village-level rural development was constructed from the perspective of "production-living-ecological" function. The TOPSIS method was used to analyze the elements differences, and villages were spatially positioned based on the significance level of elements. A regional development path and revitalization scheme were reconstructed, focusing on a "central village" and combining multiple villages for a resonant development. Result (1) The level of rural development factors in the north of Jin'an District is not high, with significant differences between elements, characterized by lower levels in the north and higher in the south. (2) Limited by terrain and landform, a few villages distributed near regional roads or with relatively flat landform, have significant living conditions and industrial development. Administrative villages with significant living conditions are characterized by convenient transportation, relatively dense population and abundant resources. Those with significant production function are marked by abundant resources and land use, good accessibility, but relatively backward living conditions. Villages with significant ecology function have rich natural resources, but lack transportation accessibility and have poor living environmental conditions. Conclusion Jin'an District could form 12 rural sectors with different functional orientations and the combination of production, living and ecology. The results could provide a scientific basis for categorizing strategies and scientifical guiding on the formation of a prominent characteristic spatial pattern of suburban rural areas with coordinated "production-living-ecology" functions.
