2021 Vol. 36, No. 10
Display Method:
2021, 36(10): 1119-1125.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2021.10.001
Abstract:
Objective Genetic diversity on phenotypic traits of rice landraces in Fujian was analyzed for effective germplasm protection and utilization. Method The genetic diversity and correlation of 24 phenotypic traits on 1 040 rice landraces in Fujian were analyzed and categorized based upon the taxonomy, qualitative indicators, and quantifiable properties of the varieties. Result Four of the phenotypic traits were classified according to taxonomic characteristics like sub-species and types of photo-temperature, lowland and upland, or glutinous and nonglutinous; 9 based on the qualitative indices, such as awn, culm-grouping, lodging-prone, and colors of apiculus, glume, leaf blade, leaf sheath, internode, or seedcoat; and 11 followed by the quantitative measurements including growth duration, plant height, panicle count, flag leaf length, flag leaf width, panicle length, spikelets per panicle, seed setting rate, 1 000-grain weight, grain length, and grain width. The Dingying varieties of rice cultivated in the province were indica, late, and nonglutinous according to the taxonomic classification but none of the upland type. Regarding the qualitative characteristics, most of the landraces were awn-free, susceptible to lodging, and had yellow apiculi and glumes, dark green leaves, green leaf sheaths and internodes, and white seedcoat. The genetic diversity indices on the 9 traits ranged from 0.216 to 1.252 with that of lodging susceptibility being the greatest. On the 11 quantifiable traits, the variation coefficients spread widely from 7.55% to 30.89%. Of them, 9 showed a coefficient more than 10% with that of panicle count being the highest. And the genetic diversity indices on the class were 1.947–2.092, which was considerably higher than those of the qualitative traits. The index on grain length was the highest. In 9 municipalities in Fujian, the average genetic diversity indices on the 11 quantitative measurements ranged from 1.815 to 2.028, and Zhangzhou had the highest and Xiamen the lowest index. Panicle count of a rice plant was found to significantly correlate with growth duration, flag leaf length, flag leaf width, and panicle length, while 1 000-grain weight positively correlate with length and width of a grain. Conclusion The abundant variations on the genetic makeups relating to phenotypic characteristics of Fujian rice landraces provided a rich and important resource for breeding new varieties.
2021, 36(10): 1126-1130.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2021.10.002
Abstract:
Objective In this study, essential agronomical practices of the hybrid rice variety Guangyou 673 and its resistance to rice blast were analyzed to provide a scientific basis for breeding new rice varieties with improved disease-resistant and to further expand the cultivation of Guangyou 673 variety. Methods Guangyou 673 was introduced for cultivation in Anxi County of Fujian Province. The impact of three essential agronomical practices, i.e., planting density (x1), nitrogen fertilization rate (x2) and seedling age (x3), on the performance of Guangyou 673 was evaluated. Regression models between grain yield and the above three agronomical factors were estimated to analyze the impact of agronomical practices on grain yield. The developed functional markers of the rice blast-resistance genes Pi2, Pi9 and Pigm were used to identify the blast-resistance genes in the genetic background of Guangyou 673. Results All the three studied agronomical practices revealed significant effects on grain yield of Guangyou 673. The results showed that shortening the seedling age which was with a long growth period necessitates more nitrogen fertilization to achieve higher grain yield. On the contrary, lengthening the seedling age which was with shorter growth period required less nitrogen fertilization. The maximum grain yield was achieved when planting density ranged from 2.052–2.748×106 clusters per ha, N fertilizer 144.70–183.76 kg·hm−2, and seedling age ranged from 26–33 days. Genotyping of Guangyou 673 with the functional molecular markers of Pi2, Pi9 and Pigm genes revealed that the variety Guangyou 673 contained the Pi2 blast-resistance gene. Conclusion Hybrid rice variety Guangyou 673 had great characteristics of high grain yield, blast resistance and moderate growth period. The high yield more than 8 250 kg·hm−2 could be achieved with N fertilizer 144.70–183.76 kg ·hm−2, average plant density 2.4×106 clusters per ha, and growth period 26–33 days. The results further suggested that Pi2 gene maybe the main source of blast resistance in Guangyou 673.
2021, 36(10): 1131-1138.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2021.10.003
Abstract:
Objective Chemical compositions andin vitro antibacterial activity of a variety of extracts from Blumea balsamifera (L.) DC were studied. Method Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to analyze the chemical compositions of B. blsamifera extracts in the forms of oil, powder, and camphor. Sensitivity, minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) against the common oral anaerobes, i.e., Streptococcus mutans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Prevotella intermedia, of the products were determined by means of the cup plate, micro-broth dilution, and agar culture medium plate methods. Result There were 56 compounds identified from the oil, 19 from the power, and 8 from the camphor product. Chemically, the oil was significantly more complex than the other two, and only l-borneol was commonly found among them. The relative content of l-borneol in the oil was 13.36%, 81.40% in the powder, and 76.07% in the camphor. All 3 products exhibited varying degrees of moderate sensitivity to S. mutans, F. nucleatum, and P. intermedia, but not at all to P. gingivalis, on the in vitro antibacterial tests. They also showed varying inhibitory effects on the oral anaerobic bacteria with MICs ranging from 8.34 to 100 mg·mL−1. Among them, the oil had the highest MICs ranging 8.34–16.68 mg·mL−1 and MBCs 33.35–133.4 mg·mL−1, but no significant difference between the powder and the camphor. In addition, since the MBCs of the powder and the camphor to P. gingivalis, the powder to S. mutans, and the camphor to P. intermedia were all greater than 200 mg·mL−1, the bactericidal efficacies of the powder and the camphor were not considered highly desirable in comparison to the oil. Conclusion The various forms of B. blsamifera extracts displayed in vitro antibacterial activities against some common oral anaerobic bacteria, especially on F. nucleatum by the oil.
2021, 36(10): 1139-1144.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2021.10.004
Abstract:
Objective A method for detecting IFN-β in duck using SYBR Green I-based RT-PCR was developed. Methods A pair of specific primers was designed according to the GenBank nucleotide sequence on IFN-β of duck (KT428159). The gene was cloned into a pET-30a vector, and the recombinant plasmid pET-30a-IFN-β severed to establish a standard curve. The specificity, sensitivity, and repeatability of the new methodology were determined. Result The melting curves of measurement showed a sharp single peak at Tm=87.94±0.16 ℃ without non-specific amplification and primer dimers, indicating high specificity of the methodology. The Ct value ranged from 8.9 to 34.0 with a standard curve showing a linearity with R2＞99.5%. The detection limit on IFN-β was 2.84 copies/μL. The repeatability on the Ct data for the intra- and inter-groups had coefficients of variation below 0.13% and 1%, respectively. Conclusion The newly developed assay was specific, sensitive, repeatable, and suitable for the quantitative detection of IFN-β mRNA in ducks.
2021, 36(10): 1145-1152.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2021.10.005
Abstract:
Objective The pathogen that caused the high mortality disease showing symptoms of anterior arch reflexion and liver enlargement with dense bleeding points on ducklings at a duck farm in Fujian was identified. Specifically detectable polyclonal antibody was prepared for epidemiological study on the disease. Method Liver tissues of the affected and died ducklings were collected for virus identification. Sequence of the virus was determined, and the pGEX-4T-1 vector used to construct a high-efficiency expression system for the dominant epitope gene. A VP1 polyclonal antibody was prepared, and specificity confirmed by western-blotting. Result A virus was isolated from the liver of a duck suspected of viral hepatitis using non-immune duck embryos. The mortality rate by the isolated virus on the embryos after 6 generations of continuous transmission was approximately 70%. But the allantoic fluid of the dead embryo did not show hemagglutination in the blood of duck, chicken, mouse, or rabbit. In contrast, the mortality rate on 1-day-old ducklings injected with the allantoic fluid was 100%. The RT-PCR amplification and the entire genome sequence indicated the isolated virus to be positive for duck viral hepatitis virus 1. Furthermore, the gene homology between the virus and DQ226541.1 was 99.4%, and the sequence of VP1 amino acids consistent with that of DQ226541.1. The virus was code named Fujian 2015. Subsequently, the recombinant plasmid pGEX-4T-1-VP1 was successfully constructed, and the VP1 polyclonal antibody serum capable of specifically detecting VP1 protein prepared. Conclusion A duck hepatitis virus type I was successfully isolated, and a VP1 polyclonal antibody of this strain prepared. Further study for the detection of duck hepatitis virus type I is in order.
2021, 36(10): 1153-1159.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2021.10.006
Abstract:
Objective Effects of tannic acid (TA) supplementation in diet on the growth, slaughter performance, and gut microbiota of broilers were studied. Method A total of 384 one-day-old healthy broilers with similar body weight were randomly divided into 4 groups with 12 replicates per group and 8 broilers per replicate. The birds were given either a control diet free of TA or diets containing 100, 150, or 200 mg·kg−1 of TA for 42 d prior to slaughtering and testing. Result (1) The TA supplementation tended to increase the broiler weight (P＜0.05). The inclusion of 200 mg·kg−1 of TA in forage significantly increased the average daily feed intake of the broilers over control (P＜0.05). The feed/weight gain ratios decreased as the supplement increased on the 4 treatment groups (P＞0.05). (2) No significant effects of the TA supplementation were found on the dressing weight and the rate of dressing, evisceration, or breast muscle of the slaughtered broilers (P＞0.05). However, the presence of 150 mg·kg−1of TA in diet significantly increased the muscle yield (P＜0.05). (3) TA exerted no significant effect on the α diversity of gut microbiota (P＞0.05), but a 200 mg·kg−1 supplementation significantly increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus in the intestines of the broilers. Conclusion The dietary TA supplement improved the growth, proportionally increased the leg muscle, and boosted the population of beneficial enteric Lactobacillus of the broilers.
2021, 36(10): 1160-1168.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2021.10.007
Abstract:
Objective CsETRs were identified and analyzed to predict the potential molecular functions involving the mechanism of ethylene receptor in response to stress in tea plants. Method Bioinformatics was used to identify members in the ETR family and predict their potential molecular functions. Real-time fluorescence quantitative analysis was employed for the expressions of the genes under stresses. Result Six ETRs were identified from the genome of tea plants. They all consisted of N-terminal transmembrane region, GAF region, and histidine (His) kinase domain. Phylogenetic tree analysis divided them into two groups. Each member of the ETR family contained 1-12 exons. Significantly differentiated in tissues, the expressions of ETRs were high in the fruits and stems. The fluorescence quantitative expressions of the 6 genes, especially ERS1-1, were upregulated to varying degrees when exposed to low temperature. Under the stress of plant growth regulators ABA, JA, or GA, most of the genes were upregulated, especially ERS1-3, but ETR2-2 downregulated slowly when treated by ABA. Conclusion On tea plants, 6 CsETRs in the family were identified with their potential molecular functions predicted and analyzed in this study. CsETRs were highly expressed in the fruits and stems that could be induced by low-temperature stress. Whereas ABA, MeJA, or GA could significantly upregulate the expression of ERS1-3.
2021, 36(10): 1169-1176.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2021.10.008
Abstract:
Objective Still unclear regulatory functions of DlAGOMEL1 on the nonembryonic callus and different embryogenic cultures of longan (Dimocarpus longan) were investigated. Method From the longan genome database, the full-length cDNA sequences (CDS) of Result The CDS of DlAGOMEL1 was 2,655 bp which encoded 884 amino acids and the promoter was 1,512 bp. The DlAGOMEL1 of longan and other plants were highly conserved as shown in a multiple sequences analysis. Phylogenetic tree of the protein indicated its close relation with Populars euphonium but not with monocotyledonous plants, such as rice and maize. The gene expressed differently in somatic embryo development stages—most strongly at cotyledon embryo stage and least at spherical embryo stage. The subcellular localization of DlAGOMEL1 was found in cytoplasm. Conclusion Since the relative expression of DlAGOMEL1 was shown to be high at the late stage of longan somatic embryo, the gene might be functionally active in the late stage of the development. The revealed subcellular localization of the gene seemed to predispose its involvement in the cytoplasm of longan.
2021, 36(10): 1177-1186.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2021.10.009
Abstract:
Objective The full-length transcriptomes of tissues of the famed Camellia sinensis (L.) O. Kuntze cv. Fuding Dabaicha were obtained to facilitate cultivar selection in upgrading the Duyun Maojian tea industry and increasing farmers’ income in Guizhou province. Method The Oxford nanopore technology (ONT) was applied to secure the full-length transcriptomes in the leaves, roots, and stems of the tea plant. Gene expressions in the tissues were analyzed. For verification of the ONT results, expressions of 4 randomly selected genes were tested by qRT-PCR. Result The ONT sequencing rendered 69,379 full-length transcripts with approximately 93,102 SSRs, 45,852 ORFs, 6,335 transcription factors, and 2,229 lncRNAs. The differential expression transcripts (DETs) among the leaves, roots, and stems were identified. Between the leaves and roots, there were 9,646 DETs annotated to GO database, 2,825 to KEGG, and 7,348 to KOG. The metabolisms of various amino acids, flavonoid biosynthesis, and phenylpropanol biosynthesis were related to the taste that affects the quality of a tea. Whereas the metabolic pathways involving aroma formation might include biosynthesis of ubiquinone and other terpene quinone. The ONT transcriptomes agreed with the qRT-PCR test results. Conclusion Two differentially expressed genes, ONT.24127.2 and TEA003892.1, were identified to be related to glutamate synthase. Theanine, which is closely associated with tea quality, was synthesized in the roots, then transported to the leaves. The full-length transcriptomes on Fuding Dabaicha demonstrated the practical application of the information for tea cultivar selection.
2021, 36(10): 1187-1193.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2021.10.010
Abstract:
Objective Effects of enhanced UV-B radiation exposure on the ripening and quality of fruit as well as the photosynthesis and microstructure of leaves of Guifei mango were studied.【Methods】Mature Guifei mongo trees of 16-year-old were exposed to 96 kJ·m−2·d−1 UV-B radiation (Tr) or natural light (CK). Criteria including ripened fruit percentage on a tree and photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), and microstructure of leaves were evaluated. Result Under Tr, the tree leaves became 2.29 μm thicker, the upper epidermis and palisade tissue 30.35 μm higher, the cell distribution of palisade tissue and spongy tissue denser, the ratio of palisade tissue and spongy tissue 18% higher, the Pn and Gs greater, and the ripened fruit rates 6.77% higher on April 22, 37.83% higher on April 29, and 17.52% higher on May 7 than CK. The soluble sugar, soluble solids, vitamin C, and sugar/acid and solid/acid ratios of the fruits on the first harvest were significantly higher, while the titratable acid content significantly lower, than those of CK. On the other hand, there was no significant effects exerted by Tr on the thickness of upper and lower cuticle or lower epidermis, nor the size and morphology of stoma of the leaves. Conclusion The photosynthesis of mango trees was promoted by the 96 kJ·m−2·d−1 enhanced UV-B radiation-induced microstructural alternation on the tissue of mesophyll and Gs increase in the leaves. The effect on fructescence could be applied to regulate Guifei mango maturation and ripening.
2021, 36(10): 1194-1202.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2021.10.011
Abstract:
Objective Effects of various types of crop rotation and fertilization on the yield and nutrient absorption of the vegetables and rice grown on the land were studied. Method Seasonal yields of the vegetables/rice were obtained from same assigned test lots for 6 consecutive years to determine the variation coefficient and yield stability of the vegetable-vegetable-rice (V-V-R) and vegetable-vegetable-vegetable (V-V-V) rotations on soil applied with either the recommended fertilization (RF) or conventional fertilization (CF). Efficiencies on nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) utilization by the vegetables/rice under the treatments were analyzed based on the nutrient contents in the leaves, stems, or grains of the plants. Result In V-V-R, the yields on the sequential plantings of kidney beans, mustard, and rice increased under RF by 9.07%, 7.77%, and 8.43%, respectively, over CF. Whereas in V-V-V the yield increases or reduction on kidney beans, mustard, and cowpeas were 7.24%, −0.88%, and 7.54%, respectively. On the other hand, the varied crop rotations and fertilizations appeared to mainly affect the nutrient utilization of kidney beans and cowpeas. The N, P, and K uptakes of the kidney beans were 13.50%, 10.43%, and 12.16%, respectively, higher with RF than CF in V-V-R; and that of the cowpea on K at 12.84% was the only significant difference found between RF and CF under V-V-V. The annual nutrient accumulation by the crops was significantly higher under RF than CF under V-V-R but not under V-V-V. Conclusion Planting vegetables and/or rice in the sequence of V-V-R combined with RF application could result in high and stable annual yields of all crops involved. Consequently, besides the significant improvements on NPK absorption, utilization, and accumulation of the crops, V-V-R rotation with RF was recommended for the farming where applicable.
2021, 36(10): 1203-1209.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2021.10.012
Abstract:
Objective Pathogen and potential biocontrol agents of the southern blight, a major soil-borne disease, of Pseudostellaria heterophylla were identified. Method P. heterophylla plant parts and tubers showing the typical southern blight symptoms were collected for the pathogen isolation. The isolate was examined by morphological, molecular biological, and pathogenicity tests for taxonomic confirmation. Microbes with an antibacterial property against the isolate were screened using the plate confrontation culture method to evaluate the potential of their being used as a biocontrol agent on the blight. Result On culture plate, the round colonies of the suspected pathogen had white, silky, spreading mycelia with septa and ramifications that, at later stage, formed sclerotia in different colors. The isolate was further identified as Athelia rolfsii by ITS, LSU, and TEF-1α gene sequence analyses. The disease symptoms on the plants inoculated with the isolate were identical to those observed in the field and in accordance with Koch's rule. On the biocontrol efficacy evaluation, Bacillus velezensis FJAT-17931 and B. siamensis FJAT-52595 displayed high inhibitory effect against A. rolfsii with the rates of 72.23 % and 71.16%, respectively. Conclusion The pathogen of the southern blight on P. heterophylla was identified as A. rolfsii. Two Bacillus strains were found to be potentially applicable as biocontrol agents on the disease that can cause serious yield loss on the crop.
2021, 36(10): 1210-1216.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2021.10.013
Abstract:
Objective The pathogen of sclerotinia stem rot, a major disease of Gerbera jamesonii cultivated in Fujian, was identified. Effective fungicides that could be alternatively applied to curtail drug resistance were evaluated. Method The causative pathogen of sclerotinia stem rot was isolated from tissue of the diseased plant and verified by Koch’s rule as well as morphological observation and ITS sequence of the microbe. Toxicities of selected fungicides were determined in the laboratory. Result The isolated strain, C4-1, was identified as the culprit to be Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Among the fungicides, hymexazol with an EC50 of 0.032 4 μg·mL−1 was most potent in inhibiting the pathogen growth. It was followed by boscalid with an EC50 of 1.033 7 μg·mL−1, dimetachlone with an EC50 values of 1.8362 μg·mL−1, triadimenol with an EC50 of 6.9408 μg·mL−1, and carbendazim the least effective agent with anEC50 of 22.434 9 μg·mL−1. Conclusion S. sclerotiorumwas isolated and identified as the pathogen that caused the sclerotinia stem rot disease on G. jamesonii in the province. Of the fungicides evaluated, hymexazol, boscalid, and dimetachlone, could be used alternatively for the disease control to minimize drug resistance by the pathogen.
2021, 36(10): 1217-1223.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2021.10.014
Abstract:
Objective Physical and chemical means of disinfection were applied on soil to determine the effects on the fungal community in the rhizosphere as well as the growth of Lilium ‘Conca d'Or’ under continuous cropping. Methods The rhizosphere soil was disinfected with hot water, dazomet, or alcohol. Illumina Miseq sequencing was employed to determine the structure and abundance of the rhizosphere fungal community before and after the treatments. Effect of the treatments on the growth of Lilium seedlings was observed. Result The hot water treatment was best for the growth of Lilium seedlings, while dazomet delayed it. A total of 472,440 ITS sequences were obtained from the 3 treatment and one control samples. They were divided into 410 operational taxa (OTUs) at a 97% similarity. The species and relative abundance of fungi in the soils varied among the samples and changed during the growth and development of the plants. Ascomycete was the most dominant flora in all samples. Both treatments of hot water and dazomet exerted the most significant effects on pathogens such as root fungus and penicillium. As indicated by the abundance cluster analysis, flora dominance altered significantly in 3 development stages, and the community structure in the treatment soils differed significantly from control. Conclusion Disinfection by either hot water or dazomet could effectively improve the fungal community structure in the Lilium rhizosphere soil. Dazomet was an effective chemical disinfectant which significantly inhibited fungal growth in general at the early stage after the application. Therefore, to maximize the desired final result it was highly recommended that beneficial bacteria be added following the disinfecting treatment.
2021, 36(10): 1224-1230.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2021.10.015
Abstract:
Objective A fungal strain with phosphate-solubilizing and growth promoting properties was isolated from the soil of a Triticum aestivum L. field to investigate its potential as a microbial fertilizer. Methods From the soil at a wheat field, a fungal strain, R3, exhibiting a strong phosphate-solubilizing ability on an inorganic phosphorus medium was isolated. Morphological observation and ITS sequence analysis were performed for taxonomic identification on the isolate. Ability of the isolate in solubilizing Ca3(PO4)2, AlPO4, and FePO4 was determined in a liquid culture. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the growth-promoting effect of the isolate on T. aestivum seedlings. Result R3 was identified as Penicillium rubens. It produced an average diameter of phosphorus dissolving ring (D) of 27.99 mm, a colony diameter (d) of 19.26 mm, and D/d ratio at 1.45 on the inorganic phosphorus medium. The solubilization on Ca3(PO4)2 and AlPO4 by R3 peaked on the 4th day of culture at 328.79 mg·L−1 and 95.99 mg·L−1, respectively, while that on FePO4 maxed on the 5th day at 75.39 mg·L−1. The pH of phosphorous solubilization medium by R3 decreased initially and then stable. The pot experiment with wheat seedlings showed the incorporation of R3 in the medium increased the height, root length, fresh weight, and chlorophyll content of the seedlings by 18.23%–35.65%, 27.63%–50.44%, 37.99%–50.94%, and 9.59%–19.57%, respectively, over control. Conclusion The phosphorus-solubilizing R3 demonstrated a significant growth promoting effect on the wheat seedlings in a pot experiment. It could be a potential candidate as a microbial agent for farm fertilization.
2021, 36(10): 1231-1237.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2021.10.016
Abstract:
Objective An HPLC-MS/MS method following an optimized solid phase extraction (SPE) procedure was established for the determination of lincosamide antibiotics in crab tissues. Method SPE column was used to separate and purify the substances from crab roe samples. Lincomycin, clindamycin, and pyrimycin were the target antibiotics to be detected by the methodology. Result Among the tested materials for the chemical separation, OASIS® HLB SPE column exhibited the highest recovery rate on the antibiotics. For the HPLC-MS/MS determination on the antibiotics, the gradient elution on an Infinity Lab poroshell 120 SB-C18 column (100 mm×2.7 mm, 2.7 μm) using 0.1% formic acid for the mobile phase A and methanol for the mobile phase B under the multi-reaction monitoring mode was applied. A measurement linearity within 50 μg·L−1 with a R2＞0.99 was achieved. The assay performed with a recovery rate ranging 80.5%–99%, the relative standard deviation 2.5%–5.2%, the detection limit 0.22–0.35 μg·kg−1, and the quantitative limit 0.72–1.16 μg·kg−1. Conclusion The newly established methodology was stable and reliable in detecting the antibiotics in crab at a reduced cost.
2021, 36(10): 1238-1244.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2021.10.017
Abstract:
Objective Formulation optimization and determination of endpoint for the dehydration process in making a chewy, non-tacky, palatable snack item containing seaweeds, Gracilaria lemaneiformis, were conducted. Method To remove fishy note, the seaweeds were firstly inoculated with Saccharomyces cerevisia JJ4 and Lactobacillus paracasei subsp. RP38 to produce a fermentation liquid as the intermediate raw material for the snack making. Product formula and hot-air drying conditions were optimized based on the sensory scores of the finished samples in an orthogonal design experimentation. To achieve desirable texture as judged by the panel, moisture content and product hardness were used to establish a mathematical model for endpoint determination on the drying process. Result The undesirable odor of the seaweeds was largely ameliorated by the induced fermentation with the two microbial agents. In addition to the adhesion and gelling effect brought by the polysaccharides in G. lemaneiform, sucrose at 400 g·kg−1, malic acid at 6 g·kg−1, pectin at 1.4%, and carrageenan at 0.5% were incorporated to formulate the snack item. The mixed paste was dried by a 60 ℃ hot-air dehydration process that followed a mathematical model of y = −10.519x + 350.45 with R²= 0.9945 (where, y represents hardness index, and x product moisture content). Based on the sensory panel evaluation, the moisture content at 16.5%±0.3% as the dehydration endpoint would produce the optimal product hardness of 174–179 N·cm-2. Conclusion The experimental snack made of the fermented seaweed liquid, sugar, and gelling ingredients had highly desirable textural and flavor qualities as judged by the taste panel. A mathematical model for real-time endpoint control on the dehydration process was established for commercial production of the new product.
2021, 36(10): 1245-1254.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2021.10.018
Abstract:
Relevant literatures on the studies relating to the lodging resistance of rice (Oryza sativa L.) plant published in China and abroad in the past two decades were reviewed. This article summarizes the genetic factors and regulation mechanisms of the resistance, as well as the applicable methods for identifying and evaluating the property that closely affects rice production. Taking the interrelations between lodging resistance and other factors, such as panicle type, physical strength of stem at the base, root morphology, and plant type, into consideration, the conclusion can become rather complex. It was suggested, in preventing or mitigating permanent displacement of rice plant parts due to external effects, breeding new varieties to restrict plant height be applied conservatively. By using conventional cross breeding along with the newly available molecular biotechnology, varieties could be generated to simultaneously be lodging-resistant as well as highly desirable on other quality concerns. Meanwhile, perfecting the cultivation, standardizing the identification and evaluation protocols, and utilizing the techniques of modeling and UAV remote sensing to establish a digital lodging warning system in the field would help to accelerate the advancement on the management and improvement of lodging resistance of rice plants for an optimal production performance.
Relevant literatures on the studies relating to the lodging resistance of rice (Oryza sativa L.) plant published in China and abroad in the past two decades were reviewed. This article summarizes the genetic factors and regulation mechanisms of the resistance, as well as the applicable methods for identifying and evaluating the property that closely affects rice production. Taking the interrelations between lodging resistance and other factors, such as panicle type, physical strength of stem at the base, root morphology, and plant type, into consideration, the conclusion can become rather complex. It was suggested, in preventing or mitigating permanent displacement of rice plant parts due to external effects, breeding new varieties to restrict plant height be applied conservatively. By using conventional cross breeding along with the newly available molecular biotechnology, varieties could be generated to simultaneously be lodging-resistant as well as highly desirable on other quality concerns. Meanwhile, perfecting the cultivation, standardizing the identification and evaluation protocols, and utilizing the techniques of modeling and UAV remote sensing to establish a digital lodging warning system in the field would help to accelerate the advancement on the management and improvement of lodging resistance of rice plants for an optimal production performance.
