Monitoring and Risk Assessment on Heavy Metals in Soil at a Mining Area in Fujian
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摘要: 为了解福建闽西矿区周边农田土壤中重金属Cd、Pb、Cr积累特征及健康风险，分别测定了农田土壤中Cd、Pb和Cr含量。通过污染指数法和潜在生态危害指数法评价了研究区农田土壤的污染状况和生态危害程度，并应用概率评估模型评价了3种重金属对人体造成的健康风险。结果表明：研究区农田土壤受到不同程度的Cd、Pb、Cr污染，土壤中各元素的单因子污染指数均值大小顺序为Cd > Pb > Cr，综合污染指数为1.21，整体处于轻度污染等级。土壤中重金属的潜在生态风险指数均值大小顺序为Cd > Pb > Cr，综合潜在生态风险指数为226，整体处于中度生态危害等级。研究区土壤中Cd的致癌风险商尚未超过有关专家所建议的风险阈值10-4，对人体造成致癌风险的可能性较低；Pb的非致癌风险商基本都低于其风险阈值1，不产生健康风险；Cr的致癌风险商有12.9%超过风险阈值（10-4），存在对人体健康构成威胁的可能。Abstract: Accumulation and health risks of heavy metals in the soils around a mine in Fujian were studied. Contents of Cd, Pb and Cr in the agricultural fields nearby were determined. Heavy metal pollution on the soil and damages to the ecology were evaluated based on various indices, and the health risks to humans were assessed using a probability assessment model. The results showed that the soils in the surveyed areas were contaminated by Cd, Pb and Cr to varying extents. The average individual pollutant index on the metals ranked in the order of Cd > Pb > Cr, and the over-all pollution index was 1.21 implying that the soils were under a lightly polluted condition. The average potential ecological risk was Cd > Pb > Cr with a comprehensive ecological risk index of 226 indicating a medium level of ecological hazard. The Cd in the soils was assessed to belower than 10-4, a level less likely to risk cancers in humans as suggested by experts. The non-carcinogen risks index on Pb did not exceed the accepted limit of 1, which ought not to cause any health concerns. On the other hand, the Cr contamination in the soils made the carcinogenic risk index 12.9% greater than the threshold value of 10-4 that could post a thread to human health.
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Key words:
- soil /
- heavy metal /
- contamination /
- mining area /
- risk assessment
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图 3 土壤重金属的单因子污染指数
注：箱形图 (不含点) 从上到下一次为90%分位数、75%分位数、中位数、25%分位数和10%分位数；星号表示异常值，空心方点表示平均值，下图同。
Figure 3. Individual pollutant index on heavy metals in soil samples
图 4 土壤重金属单项生态风险分析
Figure 4. Analysis on single ecological risk index of heavy metals in soil
表 1 综合污染指数评价标准分级
Table 1. Evaluation criteria and classification of over-all pollution index
等级 综合污染指数 污染程度 Ⅰ P综<0.7 清洁 (安全) Ⅱ 0.7<P综≤1 尚清洁 (警戒线) Ⅲ 1<P综≤2 轻度污染 Ⅳ 2<P综≤3 中度污染 Ⅴ P综>3 重度污染 
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表 2 潜在生态风险评价标准分级
Table 2. Evaluation criteria and classification of potential ecological hazard risk
Eri 生态危害
程度RI 生态风险
程度Eri < 40 轻微 RI < 150 轻微污染 40≤Eri < 80 中等 150≤RI < 300 中等污染 80≤Eri < 160 较强 300≤RI < 600 强度污染 160≤Eri < 320 强
RI≥600极强污染 Eri≥320 极强
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表 3 土壤重金属综合污染评价
Table 3. Comprehensive pollution assessment on heavy metals in soil
综合污
染等级P综≤0.7 0.7 < P综≤1 1 < P综≤2 2 < P综≤3 P综>3 程度 清洁 警戒线 轻度污染 中度污染 重度污染 频数/个 41 36 21 1 4 比例/% 40 35 20 1 4
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表 4 土壤重金属潜在生态风险评价
Table 4. Potential ecological risk assessment on heavy metals in soil
综合潜在
生态风险
等级低度风险
RI < 150中度风险
150≤RI
< 300较强风险
300≤RI
< 600很强风险
RI≥600频数/个 34 59 6 4 比例/% 33 57 6 4
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表 5 土壤重金属风险统计
Table 5. Statistics on risks by heavy metals in soil
元素 风险商 最小值 最大值 平均值 中位数 95%暴露位点 97.5%暴露位点 99.5%暴露位点 Cd 7.59×10-8 9.87×10-5 3.94×10-6 2.49×10-6 1.20×10-5 1.64×10-5 3.01×10-5 Pb 0.009 1.47 0.163 0.133 0.378 0.457 0.673 Cr 1.36×10-6 1.19×10-3 5.46×10-5 3.77×10-5 1.55×10-4 2.04×10-4 3.46×10-4
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