Optimization of Substrate Formulation, Planting Density and Fertilization for Producing Potato Original Cultivar Seeds
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摘要: 以马铃薯中熟品种"泉云4号"脱毒试管苗为试验材料, 种植并生产原原种。采用三因素裂区设计, 研究马铃薯原原种生产中基质、密度和施肥因子的优化。结果表明:基质配比、种植密度及追肥次数对马铃薯原原种的总产量、商品薯产量及经济参数有极显著影响; 基质配比A4(蛭石:珍珠岩:河沙为1:1:2)的马铃薯原原种叶绿素含量及叶面积指数较高, 其总产量、商品薯产量及相关经济参数最优; 种植密度B1(株行距0.05 m×0.10 m)有效增加原原种总产量与商品薯产量, 提高了经济效益; 施肥次数C2(追肥2次·周-1)既可增加原原种产量, 又能保证较高的商品薯率; 基质配比、种植密度及追肥次数三因素之间有极显著性交互作用; 本试验条件下, 蛭石:河沙为1:1、株行距0.05 m×0.10 m时、追肥2次·周-1, 原原种生产效益表现最好。Abstract: Virus-free test-tube seedlings of a potato cultivar, Quanyun No.4, were used in this study to analyze and optimize the cultivation conditions for producing original cultivar seeds.A complete split-plot experimental design was applied for the optimization on substrate formulation, planting density and fertilization in the experiment.The results indicated that the 3 factors were highly significant in affecting the seed yield, marketable tuber production and economic indicators.The chlorophyll content, leaf area indices, tuber yield and relevant economic considerations of the seeds grown on Formula A4 (substrate in a ratio of vermiculite:perlite:sand=1:1:2) were the highest among all tested media.The planting density B1 with a row spacing of 0.05 m×0.10 m effectively increased the yields on seeds and marketable potatoes with an improved financial return.The Fertilization C2 applying fertilizer twice weekly increased the seed production while maintained a high percentage of marketable potatoes harvested.An extremely significant interaction among the substrate formulation, planting density and fertilization frequency was observed.In the end, the conditions for an efficient production of potato cultivar seeds would include a culture substrate consisting of vermiculite and sand in 1:1 ratio, a planting spacing between rows of 0.05 m×0.10 m, and fertilizer application twice a week.
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Key words:
- potato /
- substrate /
- planting density /
- fertilization /
- original cultivar seeds
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表 1 裂区主处理生产成本
Table 1. Production costs of major treatments in split-plot experiment
基质配比 每0.1 m-3成本/元 种植密度 成本/(元·m-2) 施肥次数 成本/(元·m-2) A1 11.75 B1 44.44 C1 0.26 A2 11.75 B2 29.63 C2 0.51 A3 14.5 B3 22.22 C3 0.77 A4 11.75 
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表 2 基质配比对原原种相关农艺性状及产量的影响
Table 2. Effect of substrate formulation on agronomic indices and yield of cultivar seeds
基质配比 移栽成活率/% 叶绿素/SPAD 叶面积指数 产量/(粒·m-2) 商品薯产量/(粒·m-2) A1 98.47 aA 32.44 aA 2.23 bB 408.75 bB 264.06 bB A2 97.5 bcA 30.37 cC 2.30 bB 422.60bB 250.93 bB A3 98.19 abA 31.38 bB 2.32 bB 497.81 aA 254.94 bB A4 97.36 cA 32.59 aA 2.53 aA 500.41 aA 311.01 aA 注:同列数据后不同大、小写字母表示差异达极显著(P < 0.01)或显著(P < 0.05)水平。表 3~7同。
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表 3 种植密度对原原种相关农艺指标及产量的影响
Table 3. Effect of planting density on agronomic indices and yield of cultivar seeds
种植密度 移栽成活率/% 叶绿素/SPAD 叶面积指数 产量/(粒·m-2) 商品薯产量/(粒·m-2) B1 96.98 bB 31.58 bB 3.20 aA 548.77 aA 322.07 aA B2 97.40 bB 32.04 aA 2.15 bB 451.37 bB 271.19 bB B3 99.27 aA 31.46 bB 1.69 cC 372.07 cC 217.44 cC
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表 4 追肥次数对原原种相关农艺指标及产量的影响
Table 4. Effect of fertilization frequency on agronomic indices and yield of cultivar seeds
追肥次数 移栽成活率/% 叶绿素/SPAD 叶面积指数 产量/(粒·m-2) 商品薯产量/(粒·m-2) C1 0.98 aA 31.49 bB 2.29 bB 442.59 cB 277.78 aA C2 0.98 aA 31.95 aA 2.49 aA 475.05 aA 273.28 aAB C3 0.98 aA 31.65 bB 2.25 bB 454.53 bB 259.64 bB
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表 5 处理间相关农艺指标及产量的多重比较分析
Table 5. Multiple comparison on agronomic indices and yield of seeds under various treatments
处理 移栽成活率/% 叶绿素/SPAD 叶面积指数 产量/(粒·m-2) 商品薯产量/(粒·m-2) A1B1C1 98.75 abAB 32.98 cdBC 3.02 cdeBCD 501.86 defDEFG 357.41 bBC A1B1C2 95.00 cdBC 33.78 abAB 3.16 bcB 659.26 bB 401.86 aAB A1B1C3 98.75 abAB 31.88 gFGHIJ 2.89 efCD 537.04 cdCDE 316.67 cdeCDEFG A1B2C1 96.25 bcdABC 31.98 gEFGHI 1.91 noIJKL 364.20 pqOP 241.98 klmnJKLM A1B2C2 99.37 aA 33.38 bcBC 2.27 ghijEFG 409.88 klmnoKLMNO 261.73hijkGHIJK A1B2C3 98.12 abAB 32.93 cdCD 1.97 klmHIJ 333.33 qrPQ 232.10 klmnJKLM A1B3C1 100.00 aA 31.13 ijJKL 1.66 pqrsLMNO 391.67 mnopLMNO 247.22 jklmIJKL A1B3C2 100.00 aA 32.05 fgEFG 1.74 opqrJKLMN 245.37 sRS 188.89 opqMNO A1B3C3 100.00 aA 31.90gFGHIJ 1.47 tO 236.11 sS 154.63 qO A2B1C1 97.50abcABC 29.68 lmO 2.79 fD 492.59 efEFGH 324.07 bcdeCDEF A2B1C2 95.00 cdBC 29.63 mO 3.10 bcdBC 494.45 efEFG 275.93 fghijEFGHIJ A2B1C3 97.5 abcABC 28.775 nP 2.97 defBCD 437.037 ijklHIJKL 274.0741 ghijFGHIJ A2B2C1 96.25 bcdABC 29.90 lmO 2.25 hijEFG 413.5803 klmnJKLMNO 253.0864 ijklHIJKL A2B2C2 95.00 cdBC 31.90gFGHIJ 2.33 ghiEFG 448.15 hijklGHIJK 290.13 efghiDEFGHI A2B2C3 97.50 abcABC 32.15 efgDEFG 2.15 ijkFGHI 407.41 lmnoKLMNO 245.68 jklmIJKL A2B3C1 100.00 aA 29.93 lmNO 1.61 qrstMNO 369.45 opqNOP 155.56 qO A2B3C2 100.00 aA 31.13 ijJKL 1.81 mnopJKLM 378.70 nopMNOP 207.41mnoKLMNO A2B3C3 98.75 abAB 30.25 klMNO 1.68 pqrsKLMNO 362.04 pqOP 232.41 klmnJKLM A3B1C1 97.50 abcABC 32.03 gEFGH 3.49 aA 501.85 defDEFG 344.44bcCD A3B1C2 97.50 abcABC 29.70 lmO 3.59 aA 716.67 aA 314.81 cdefCDEFG A3B1C3 95.00 cdBC 32.00 gEFGHI 2.99 cdeBCD 466.67 fghijFGHIJ 188.89 opqMNO A3B2C1 100.00 aA 30.73 jkLMN 1.92 mnoIJKL 488.89 fghEFGH 253.09 ijklHIJKL A3B2C2 97.50 abcABC 30.83 jkLM 2.11 jklGHI 490.12fgEFGH 214.81 lmnoKLMN A3B2C3 97.50 abcABC 30.93 jKLM 1.95 lmnHIJ 556.79 cCD 295.06defghDEFGHI A3B3C1 100.00 aA 31.70 ghiGHIJK 1.565 rstMNO 383.3333 nopLMNOP 202.7778 nopLMNO A3B3C2 98.75 abAB 32.73 deCDE 1.78 nopqJKLM 425.00 klmIJKLMN 251.85 ijklIJKL A3B3C3 100.00 aA 31.75 ghGHIJ 1.51 stNO 450.93 ghijkFGHIJK 228.70 klmnoJKLM A4B1C1 100.00 aA 32.65 defCDEF 3.23 bB 533.33 deCDE 420.37 aA A4B1C2 97.50 abcABC 32.78 cdCDE 3.66 aA 555.55 cCD 333.33 bcdCD A4B1C3 93.75 dC 33.13 cdBC 3.50 aA 688.89 abAB 312.96 cdefgCDEFG A4B2C1 98.75 abAB 34.25 aA 2.37 ghEF 570.37 cC 329.63 bcdeCDE A4B2C2 96.25 bcdABC 34.30 aA 2.45 gE 428.40 jklmIJKLM 309.88 cdefgCDEFG A4B2C3 96.25 bcdABC 31.23 hijHIJKL 2.18 ijFGH 504.9383 defDEF 327.16 bcdeCDEF A4B3C1 96.25 bcdABC 30.93 jKLM 1.68 pqrsLMNO 300.00 rQR 203.70 noLMNO A4B3C2 98.75 abAB 31.20 hijIJKL 1.94 lmnHIJK 449.07 ghijkFGHIJK 254.63 hijklHIJKL A4B3C3 98.75 abAB 32.90 cdCD 1.82 mnopJKLM 473.15 fghiFGHI 307.41 cdefgCDEFGH
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表 6 裂区主处理间经济参数的多重比较
Table 6. Multiple comparison on economic indicators of major treatments in split-plot experiment
基质配比 利润/(元·m-2) 经济效益 种植密度 利润/(元·m-2) 经济效益 施肥次数 利润/(元·m-2) 经济效益 A1 76.61 cC 0.87cC B1 109.00 aA 1.12 aA C1 87.06 bAB 1.01 bAB A2 75.44 cC 0.89 cC B2 89.05 bB 1.08 aA C2 91.97 aA 1.06 aA A3 88.93 bB 1.02 bB B3 64.47 cC 0.86 bB C3 83.49 bB 0.98 bB A4 109.05 aA 1.29 aA
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表 7 处理间经济参数的多重比较分析
Table 7. Multiple comparison on economic indicators among treatments
处理 利润/(元·m-2) 经济效益 A1B1C1 111.14 defFGHI 1.15 deFGH A1B1C2 155.70 aA 1.61 aA A1B1C3 105.45 defgFGHIJ 1.09 defGHI A1B2C1 63.80 mnopqrPQRST 0.78 lmnKLM A1B2C2 78.60 klmMNOPQ 0.96 fghijkGHIJK A1B2C3 54.15 qrsRST 0.66 noLMN A1B3C1 78.27 klmnMNOPQ 1.05 efghGHIJ A1B3C2 23.48 tU 0.31 pOP A1B3C3 18.87 tU 0.25 pP A2B1C1 99.29 efghFGHIJKL 1.03 efghijGHIJ A2B1C2 84.96 hijklKLMNO 0.88 jklmIJKL A2B1C3 72.67 lmnopNOPQR 0.75 mnKLM A2B2C1 77.01 klmnoMNOPQ 0.94 fghijklGHIJK A2B2C2 94.78 ghijHIJKLM 1.16 deFGH A2B2C3 73.04 lmnopNOPQR 0.89 ijklmIJK A2B3C1 46.33 sT 0.62 noMN A2B3C2 63.48 opqrPQRST 0.85 klmJKL A2B3C3 67.39 mnopqOPQRS 0.90 hijklmIJK A3B1C1 104.50 defgFGHIJK 1.05 efghGHIJ A3B1C2 138.32 bAB 1.39 bcABCDE A3B1C3 50.29 rsST 0.50 oNO A3B2C1 89.32 hijkJKLMN 1.06 efghGHIJ A3B2C2 77.83 klmnoMNOPQ 0.92 ghijklIJK A3B2C3 114.98 dDEFG 1.35 bcCDEF A3B3C1 60.52 pqrsQRST 0.79 lmnKLM A3B3C2 83.32 ijklLMNOP 1.08 defgGHI A3B3C3 81.31 jklmLMNOP 1.05 efghiGHIJ A4B1C1 136.33 bABC 1.41 bABCD A4B1C2 114.66 dEFGH 1.19 deEFG A4B1C3 134.70 bBCD 1.39 bcBCDE A4B2C1 131.33 bcBCDE 1.61 aAB A4B2C2 96.75 fghiGHIJKLM 1.18 deEFG A4B2C3 116.99 cdCDEF 1.42 bABCD A4B3C1 46.88 sT 0.63 noMN A4B3C2 91.72 ghijkIJKLMN 1.23cdDEFG A4B3C3 112.11 deEFGH 1.50 abABC
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