Effects of Dietary Energy Composition on Growth, Nutrient Digestibility and Serum Biochemistry of Two-line Crossbred Gilts
-
摘要:
目的 探讨不同饲粮能量结构对二元母猪生长性能、养分表观消化率和血清指标的影响。 方法 选用90头体貌相近、平均体重为（61.97±4.37）kg的长白×大白杂交后备母猪，随机分成3组，每组5个重复，分别饲喂3种不同能量结构的等能等氮饲粮，3个组饲粮能量组成分别为：组1饲粮含有49.70%淀粉、2.81%粗脂肪（EE）和8.95%中性洗涤纤维（NDF）；组2饲粮含有43.52%淀粉、5.68% EE和12.53% NDF；组3饲粮含有37.13%淀粉、8.73% EE和16.02% NDF。 结果 随着饲粮淀粉水平的降低和EE、NDF水平的增加，后备母猪日增重（ADG）呈下降趋势（P < 0.1），料重比（F/G）呈上升趋势（P < 0.1）。组1和组2饲粮干物质（DM）、粗蛋白质（CP）、粗纤维（CF）、中性洗涤纤维（NDF）、粗脂肪（EE）和粗灰分（Ash）的表观消化率显著高于组3（P < 0.05），组1与组2间差异不显著（P>0.05）。随着饲粮淀粉水平的降低和EE、NDF水平的增加，血清甘油三酯（TG）和总胆固醇（TC）浓度呈现增加趋势（P < 0.1），血清葡萄糖（GLU）浓度各组间无显著差异（P>0.05），血清胰岛素（INS）浓度呈现下降趋势（P < 0.1），血清胰岛素样生长因子-I（IGF-I）、瘦素（Leptin）浓度组1显著高于组3（P < 0.05），组1与组2间、组2与组3间差异不显著（P>0.05）。 结论 过多降低后备母猪饲粮淀粉水平并提高EE和NDF用量，会降低后备母猪养分表观消化率、降低血清激素分泌，影响后备母猪生长性能。 Abstract:Objective Effects of varied dietary energy compositions in feed on the growth, apparent nutrient digestibility (AND), serum metabolites, and hormone concentration in gilts were studied. Method Ninety Landrace×Large white gilts with an initial body weight of 61.97±4.37 kg in a similar bodily appearance were randomly divided into 3 groups of 5 gilts each for the study. The gilts were fed with specially formulated forage that represented varied dietary iso-energetic and iso-nitrogenous energy structures. Diet 1 contained 49.70% starch, 2.81% lipids (EE) and 8.95% neutral dietary fiber (NDF); Diet 2, 43.52% starch, 5.68% EE and 12.53% NDF; and Diet 3, 37.13% starch, 8.73% EE and 16.02% NDF. Result As the starch content decreased and EE and NDF increased in the diet, the average daily weight gain (ADG) decreased, and the feed/weight gain ratio (F/G) of the gilts increased. Compared to the groups fed with Diet 1 and Diet 2, which were similar, the gilts fed with Diet 3 showed significantly lower ANDs on dry matters, crude protein, crude fiber, NDF, EE, and ash from feed (P < 0.05). The concentrations of circulating triglyceride and total cholesterol increased, and insulin decreased with a decrease on starch and increases on EE and NDF in diet, while no significant differences found on serum glucose (P>0.05). The concentrations of serum IGF-I and leptin in the group fed with Diet 1 were higher than that in the group fed with Diet 3 (P < 0.05). Conclusion Excessive reduction on starch and increase on EE and NDF in feed lowered the AND of the gilts reducing the forage utilization rate and altered the serum hormone secretion in gilts negatively affecting their growth performance. 1) 共同第一作者：方桂友(1972-), 男, 副研究员, 主要从事养猪生产新技术研究(E-mail:faasfgy@163.com) -
表 1 饲粮组成与营养水平(风干基础)
Table 1. Composition and nutrients of basal diets (air-dry basis)
饲粮组成
Compose of diet组1
Group 1组2
Group 2组3
Group 3玉米Corn /% 65.50 59.00 44.00 豆粕Soybean meal /% 25.00 22.00 20.00 麸皮Wheat bran /% 0.5 12.00 26.00 玉米淀粉Corn starch /% 5 豆油Soybean oil /% 3.00 6.00 磷酸氢钙CaHPO4 /% 1.57 1.49 1.04 石粉Limestone /% 1.05 1.16 1.39 氯化胆碱Choline chloride /% 0.12 0.12 0.12 食盐NaCl /% 0.40 0.40 0.40 L-赖氨酸盐酸盐L-Lys·HCl/% 0.03 0.08 0.08 DL-蛋氨酸DL-Met /% 0.02 0.03 预混料Premix 1) /% 0.50 0.50 0.50 沸石粉Zeolite powder /% 0.33 0.23 0.44 合计Total 100.00 100.00 100.00 营养水平Nutrient levels 消化能DE /(MJ·kg-1) 13.58 13.58 13.59 净能NE /(MJ·kg-1) 9.98 9.98 9.98 粗蛋白质CP /% 16.19 16.17 16.29 赖氨酸Lys /% 0.85 0.86 0.86 干物质DM /% 87.60 87.53 87.65 粗脂肪EE /% 2.81 5.68 8.73 粗纤维CF /% 2.61 3.12 3.60 粗灰分Ash /% 6.30 6.73 6.74 淀粉Starch /% 49.70 43.52 37.13 中性洗涤纤维NDF /% 8.95 12.53 16.02 钙Ca /% 0.83 0.83 0.83 有效磷AP /% 0.45 0.45 0.46 注：预混料为每千克饲粮提供：维生素A 6 000 IU，维生素D3 2 000 IU，维生素E 66.00 mg，维生素K3 2.50 mg，维生素B1 2.50 mg，维生素B26.00 mg，维生素B6 2.50 mg，维生素B12 0.035 mg，烟酸26.50 mg，泛酸13.50 mg，叶酸0.50 mg，生物素0.45 mg，铁135 mg，铜25 mg，锌135 mg，锰35 mg，碘0.45 mg，硒0.30 mg。消化能、净能、钙、磷为计算值，其他营养指标为实测值。
Note：The premix provided the following per kg of diets：VA 6 000 IU，VD3 2 000 IU，VE 66.00 mg，VK3 2.50 mg，VB1 2.50 mg，VB26.00 mg，VB6 2.50 mg，VB12 0.035 mg，nicotinic acid 26.50 mg，pantothenic acid 13.50 mg，folic acid 0.50 mg，biotin 0.45 mg，Fe 135 mg，Cu 25 mg，Zn 135 mg，Mn 35 mg，I 0.45 mg，Se 0.30 mg.DE, NE, Ca, TP levels were calculated values, and the others were analyzed values.
下载: 导出CSV
表 2 不同饲粮能量结构对后备母猪生长性能的影响
Table 2. Effect of dietary energy composition on growth performance of gilts
项目
Items组1
Group 1组2
Group 2组3
Group 3初始体重Initial body weight/kg 62.00±3.81 62.91±4.85 62.00±4.77 结束体重Final body weight/kg 116.50±4.89 116.50±5.27 114.50±4.82 平均日增重Average daily gain/g 801.47±47.69 802.70±45.44 775.74±45.85 平均日采食量Average daily feed intake/kg 2.30±0.05 2.29±0.06 2.26±0.05 料重比Feed gain ratio 2.86±0.15 2.85±0.16 2.93±0.17 背膘厚Backfat thickness/mm 18.96±2.53 18.41±2.28 18.37±2.73 注：同行数据后不同小写字母表示差异显著(P < 0.05)，相同字母或无字母表示差异不显著(P>0.05)。表 3~5同。
Note：In the same row, values with different small letters mean significant difference (P＜0.05), while with the same letter mean no significant difference (P＞0.05). The same as Table 3-5.
下载: 导出CSV
表 3 饲粮能量结构对后备母猪养分表观消化率的影响
Table 3. Effect of dietary energy composition on AND of gilts
项目
Items组1
Group 1组2
Group 2组3
Group 3干物质Dry matter/% 76.47±2.16a 75.35±3.23a 73.82±3.06b 粗蛋白质Crude protein/% 71.03±1.45a 70.78±1.58a 68.60±2.16b 粗纤维Crude fiber/% 45.37±1.36a 46.56±1.40a 42.91±1.20b 中性洗涤纤维Neutral detergent fiber/% 45.39±1.41a 45.87±2.78a 42.96±1.59b 粗脂肪Crude fat/% 65.23±2.62a 64.45±2.36a 62.60±1.75b 粗灰分Crude ash/% 61.25±1.51a 60.31±1.92a 57.73±2.02b
下载: 导出CSV
表 4 不同饲粮能量结构对后备母猪血清生化指标的影响
Table 4. Effect of dietary energy composition on serum biochemistry of gilts
项目
Items组1
Group 1组2
Group 2组3
Group 3甘油三酯Triglyeride /(mmol·L-1) 0.45±0.11 0.53±0.14 0.59±0.11 胆固醇/ Total cholesterol/(mmol·dL-1) 2.21±0.25 2.98±0.38 2.80±0.41 葡萄糖Glucose/(mmol·L-1) 3.73±0.36 3.56±0.40 3.61±0.20 尿素氮Urea nitrogen/(mmol·L-1) 4.39±0.41 4.31±0.48 4.17±0.54
下载: 导出CSV
表 5 不同饲粮能量结构对后备母猪血清代谢激素的影响
Table 5. Effect of dietary energy composition on serum metabolic hormones of gilts
项目
Items组1
Group 1组2
Group 2组3
Group 3瘦素Leptin /(mg·mL-1) 31.16±3.56a 28.18±2.39ab 24.93±2.59b 胰岛素Insulin/(mIU·L-1) 20.94±2.75 19.12±3.05 18.90±3.63 胰岛素样生长因子-I IGF-I /(ng·mL-1) 31.85±3.60a 30.45±2.60ab 27.65±3.75b
下载: 导出CSV
-
[1] TUMMARUK P, TANTASUPARUK W, TECHAKUMPHU M, et al. Age, body weight and back fat thickness at first observed estrus in crossbred Landrace×Yorkshire gilts, seasonal variations and their influence on subsequence reproductive performance[J]. Animal Reproduction Science, 2007, 99(1/2):167-181. [2] 陈志林, 吴德铭, 钟淑琴, 等.后备母猪初情日龄、发情次数和初配日龄与繁殖性能的关系[J].养猪, 2016(2):41-43. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/yz201602015CHEN Z L, WU D M, ZHONG S Q, et al. The puberty, heat times and first mating time on the relationship between gilt's reproductive performance[J]. Swine Production, 2016(2):41-43.(in Chinese) http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/yz201602015 [3] 吴德, 卓勇, 吕刚, 等.母猪情期启动营养调控分子机制的探讨[J].动物营养学报, 2014, 26(10):3020-3032. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2014.10.014WU D, ZHUO Y, LYU G, et al. Comments on molecular mechanisms of nutrition regulation on estrus onset of sows[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2014, 26(10):3020-3032.(in Chinese) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2014.10.014 [4] 周平, 吴德, 周东胜, 等.能量水平及来源对后备母猪体成分、初情日龄和发情表现的影响[J].动物营养学报, 2009, 21(2):123-129. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2009.02.001ZHOU P, WU D, ZHOU D S, et al. Effects of levels and sources of energy on body composition, age of puberty and estrous symptom in replacement gilts[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2009, 21(2):123-129.(in Chinese) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2009.02.001 [5] 周东胜, 吴德, 卓勇, 等.能量水平和来源对后备母猪血液代谢产物、激素分泌及卵泡液成分的影响[J].畜牧兽医学报, 2009, 40(5):683-690. doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0366-6964.2009.05.013ZHOU D S, WU D, ZHOU Y, et al. Effects of dietary energy level and source on blood metabolites, hormone secretion and follicular fluid composition in gilts[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 2009, 40(5):683-690.(in Chinese) doi: 10.3321/j.issn:0366-6964.2009.05.013 [6] PATTERN J L, BALL R O, WILLIS H J, et al.The effect of lean growth rate on puberty attainment in gilts[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2002, 80(5):1299-1310. doi: 10.2527/2002.8051299x [7] VEUM T L, CRENSHAW J D, CRENSHAW T D, et al. The addition of ground wheat straw as a fiber source in the gestation diet of sows and the effect on sow and litter performance for three successive parities[J]. Journal of Animal Science, 2009, 87:1003-1012. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=6c08a1987891dd2008f61226be763b9a [8] FENG D D. The Effects of Dietery Fiber Levels on Reproductive Performance of Sows during Pregnancy[D]. Yaan: Sichuan Agricultural University, 2010. [9] NRC. Nutrient Requirements of Swine (10th ed)[M]. Washington D C:National Academy Press, 1998. [10] 张丽英.饲料分析及饲料质量检测技术[M].第2版.北京:中国农业大学出版社, 2002:131-135.ZHANG L Y. Feed Analysis and Feed Quality Testing Technology (2nd edition)[J]. Beijing:China Agricultural University Press, 2002:131-135.(in Chinese) [11] HORWITZ W. Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International[M]. 18th ed. Gaithersburg, MD:AOAC International, 2006. [12] 吴维达, 解竞静, 张宏福.不同日粮纤维对生长猪养分消化率和肠道结构形态的影响[J].畜牧与兽医, 2016, 48(6):57-60. http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/xmysy201606012WU W D, XIE J J, ZHANG H F.Effects of the different dietary fiber onnutrients digestibility and intestinal morphology[J].Animal Husbandry & Veterinary Medicine, 2016, 48(6):58-60.(in Chinese) http://d.old.wanfangdata.com.cn/Periodical/xmysy201606012 [13] VEUM T L, CRENSHAW J D, CRENSHAW T D, et al.The addition of ground wheat straw as a fiber source in the gestation diet of sows and the effect on sow and litter performance for three successive parities[J].Journal of Animal Science, 2009, 87:1003-1012. http://www.wanfangdata.com.cn/details/detail.do?_type=perio&id=6c08a1987891dd2008f61226be763b9a [14] 戎婧.日粮纤维水平对育肥淮猪生产性能和肉品质的影响[D].扬州: 扬州大学, 2009.RONG J. Effects of dietary fiber levels on production performance and meat quality in finishing[D].Yangzhou: Yangzhou University, 2009.(in Chinese) [15] SOREN N M, BHAR R, CHHABRA A K, et al.Utilization of energy and protein in local Indian crossbred gilts fed diets containing different levels of rice bran[J]. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences, 2004, 17(5):688-692. doi: 10.5713/ajas.2004.688 [16] 于长宁, 李艳娇, 张柏林, 等.不同供能物质组成饲粮对育肥猪养分表观消化率、血清生化指标和激素水平的影响[J].动物营养学报, 2015, 27(3):902-909. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2015.03.030YU C N, LI Y J, ZHANG B L, et al. Effects of Different Consists of Dietary Energy Supply on Nutrient Apparent Digestibility, Serum Biochemical Indices and Hormones Levels of Finishing Pigs[J]. Chinese Journal of Animal Nutrition, 2015, 27(3):902-909.(in Chinese) doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1006-267x.2015.03.030 [17] HE D, FUNABASHI T, SANO A, et al.Effects of glucose and related substrates on the recovery of the electrical activity of gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse generator which is decreased by insulin-induced hypoglycemia in the estrogen-primed ariectomized rat[J].Brain Research, 1999, 820:71-76. doi: 10.1016/S0006-8993(98)01358-4 [18] ALMEIDA F R C L, MACHADO G S, BORGES A L C C, et al.Consequences of different dietary energy sources during follicular development on subsequent fertility of cyclic gilts[J].Journal of Animal Science, 2014, 8(2):293-299. [19] MOORE R J, KORNEGAY E T.Growth, nutrient utilization and intestinal morphology of pigs fed high-fiber diets[J].Journal of Animal Science, 1988, 66(6):1570-1579. doi: 10.2527/jas1988.6661570x [20] 张金枝.日粮能量结构对母猪繁殖和泌乳性能的影响研究[D].杭州: 浙江大学, 2009.ZHANG J Z. The study of dietary energy structure on reproductive and lactation performance of sows[D]. Hangzhou: Zhejiang Agriculture University, 2009.(in Chinese) [21] FERGUSON E M, ASHWORTH C J, EDWARDS S A.Effect of different nutritional regimens before ovulation on plasma concentrations of metabolic and reproductive hormones and oocyte maturation in gilts[J].Journal Reprod, 2003, 126:61-71. doi: 10.1530/rep.0.1260061 [22] QUESNEL H, SALAUN M C M, Hamard A, et al.Dietary fiber for pregnant sows:Influence on sow physiology and performance during lactation[J].Journal of Animal Science, 2009, 87:532-543. doi: 10.2527/jas.2008-1231 -
