Evaluation and migration ability of heavy metals in root, stem leaf and rhizosphere soil of ginseng
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摘要:
目的 探究人参根、茎叶及其根际土壤中重金属污染程度及迁移能力。 方法 对来自吉林省3个产区的15份人参样本中元素Al、V、Cr、Cd、Pb、Mn、Co、Ni、Cu、Zn、Ba进行分析测定，采用单因子污染指数法、内梅罗综合指数法对根际土壤元素Cd、Pb、Cr、Cu、Ni、Zn进行污染评价，分析人参不同部位对其根际土壤中重金属的富集特性及各元素间的相关性。 结果 人参根、茎叶及根际土壤中Al元素含量最高，根、茎叶变异系数范围分别为：12.07%～58.43%，10.02%～87.96%。根际土壤中有13份样品属于安全、清洁水平，2份属于警戒级、尚清洁水平，其中Cd元素是主要污染物。茎叶和根对各元素的富集趋势相似，BCF平均值相差较大，但均表现为对Cu、Zn、Ba、Cd的富集能力较强。 结论 人参种植要采取手段监测与管控单因子污染指数值最大的Cd元素含量，避免土壤镉污染。人参根、茎叶与土壤元素含量的相关性比较复杂，土壤中部分元素在植物吸收、转运过程中存在协同或拮抗作用。 Abstract:Objective To explore the degree of heavy metal pollution and migration ability in root, stem leaf of ginseng and rhizosphere soil. Methods The elements Al, V, Cr, Cd, Pb, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and Ba in 15 batches of ginseng samples from three producing areas in Jilin Province were analyzed and determined. The pollution of Cd, Pb, Cr, Cu, Ni and Zn in rhizosphere soil was evaluated by single factor pollution index method and Nemerow composite index method. The enrichment characteristics of heavy metals in rhizosphere soil from different parts of ginseng and the correlation among elements were analyzed. Results The content of Al in root, stem and leaf and rhizosphere soil of ginseng was the highest. The variation coefficients of root, stem and leaf were 12.07% ～ 58.43% and 10.02% ～ 87.96%, respectively. In the rhizosphere soil, 13 batches of samples belong to safe and clean level, and 2 batches belong to warning level and not clean level, in which Cd element is the main pollutant. Stem, leaf and root showed similar enrichment trend of all elements, and the mean value of BCF was different greatly, but both showed strong enrichment ability of Cu, Zn, Ba and Cd. Conclusion Ginseng cultivation should take measures to monitor and control the Cd element content with the largest single factor pollution index value to avoid soil cadmium pollution. The correlation between ginseng root, stem and leaf and soil element content is complicated, and some elements in soil have synergistic or antagonistic effects during plant absorption and transport. -
Key words:
- Ginseng /
- soil /
- heavy metal /
- pollution /
- enrichment
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图 2 人参根与茎叶元素间的相关性
Figure 2. Correlation between elements of ginseng root and stem leaf
图 3 人参茎叶与根际土壤元素间的相关性
Figure 3. Correlation between elements of ginseng rhizosphere soil and stem leaf
图 4 人参根与根际土壤元素间的相关性
Figure 4. Correlation between elements of ginseng root and rhizosphere soil
表 1 农用地土壤污染风险筛选值
Table 1. Soil pollution risk screening values of agricultural land （单位：mg·kg−1）
元素
Element农用地土壤污染风险筛选值
Risk screening value of soil pollution in agricultural landpH≤5.5 5.5＜pH≤6.5 6.5＜pH≤7.5 pH＞7.5 Cd 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.6 Hg 1.3 1.8 2.4 3.4 As 40 40 30 25 Pb 70 90 120 170 Cr 150 150 200 250 Cu 50 50 100 100 Ni 60 70 100 190 Zn 200 200 250 300 
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表 2 内梅罗综合污染指数法对土壤环境质量评价分级标准
Table 2. Classification standard of soil environmental quality evaluation by Nemerow comprehensive pollution index method
综合污染指数（P综合）
Composite pollution index污染等级
Pollution level污染评价
Pollution assessmentP综合≤0.7 安全
Safe清洁
Clean0.7＜P综合≤1.0 警戒级
Alert level尚清洁
Relatively clean1.0＜P综合≤2.0 轻度污染
Slight pollution开始受污染
Start to be polluted2.0＜P综合≤3.0 中度污染
Moderate pollution受中度污染
Moderately pollutedP综合＞3.0 重度污染
Heavy pollution受污染已相当严重
Heavy polluted
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表 3 人参根样本中重金属和有害元素检测结果（单位：mg·kg−1）
Table 3. Results of heavy metals and harmful elements in ginseng root samples
编号
NumberAl V Cr Cd Pb Mn Co Ni Cu Zn Ba 1-1 1475 0.65 1.20 0.11 0.04 44.06 0.19 2.74 9.85 23.12 27.00 1-2 1421 1.52 2.46 0.21 0.24 72.45 0.26 3.48 8.79 23.95 29.18 1-3 1192 0.52 1.55 0.12 0.10 100.11 0.20 2.75 10.32 21.33 17.96 1-4 1390 0.56 1.28 0.11 0 42.80 0.17 2.77 10.11 21.65 26.40 1-5 1366 1.51 1.52 0.20 0.20 70.79 0.25 3.13 8.23 22.04 26.40 2-1 904 0.26 0.17 0.14 0 77.25 0.11 2.13 7.29 14.03 14.80 2-2 1182 0.40 1.54 0.16 0.07 98.50 0.16 2.97 9.91 19.13 22.60 2-3 1252 0.54 1.41 0.19 0.15 103.32 0.20 2.54 12.15 23.97 32.26 2-4 1425 0.61 1.61 0.13 0 116.74 0.22 3.40 10.81 28.18 24.67 2-5 1197 0.40 1.39 0.18 0.08 100.83 0.16 2.97 10.02 23.57 22.40 3-1 1550 0.54 1.39 0.09 0 39.56 0.21 2.97 11.97 23.87 29.19 3-2 2002 0.78 2.32 0.13 0 92.96 0.30 3.35 9.96 23.96 35.54 3-3 1302 0.55 1.08 0.14 0 46.83 0.17 3.27 12.06 23.90 52.15 3-4 1431 0.50 1.40 0.15 0 36.39 0.16 3.19 11.52 21.91 28.32 3-5 1991 0.77 2.18 0.10 0 91.43 0.31 3.18 9.07 25.63 33.23 平均值
Average value1405.33 0.67 1.50 0.14 0.13 75.60 0.20 2.99 10.14 22.68 28.14 标准差
Standard deviation286.88 0.37 0.55 0.04 0.07 27.44 0.06 0.36 1.42 3.15 8.62 CV% 20.41 54.36 36.51 25.83 58.43 36.30 27.13 12.07 14.05 13.89 30.64
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表 4 人参茎叶样本中重金属和有害元素检测结果（单位：mg·kg−1）
Table 4. Results of heavy metals and harmful elements in ginseng stem leaf samples
编号
NumberAl V Cr Cd Pb Mn Co Ni Cu Zn Ba 1-1 2984.80 2.14 2.58 0.09 0.71 287.16 0.42 3.02 9.90 35.66 59.44 1-2 2099.19 1.58 1.90 0.18 0.67 417.75 0.42 3.38 11.57 32.98 64.70 1-3 3396.54 3.34 3.12 0.14 0.92 512.10 0.68 4.32 14.28 32.28 68.65 1-4 2989.24 2.08 2.34 0.09 0.67 298.07 0.41 2.91 9.69 33.45 60.72 1-5 2050.26 1.93 2.18 0.22 0.89 412.35 0.50 4.09 14.14 29.68 64.07 2-1 1384.90 1.02 2.16 0.41 0.59 249.32 0.23 2.62 6.85 29.08 60.60 2-2 3790.23 3.46 3.17 0.18 1.11 455.84 0.59 3.84 11.24 30.56 65.08 2-3 1457.44 0.92 2.80 0.37 1.61 188.56 0.23 2.02 7.75 30.83 66.61 2-4 1421.41 0.55 1.02 0.24 0.04 264.36 0.13 1.42 3.83 26.61 63.77 2-5 4014.67 3.02 2.51 0.12 0.87 469.18 0.51 3.20 9.14 26.19 64.62 3-1 1607.11 1.37 1.59 0.17 0.57 212.98 0.30 2.82 13.63 27.52 76.80 3-2 1663.52 1.27 1.30 0.07 0.48 354.39 0.32 3.41 11.31 28.42 60.58 3-3 2033.26 1.55 1.61 0.07 0.66 360.10 0.34 2.53 12.81 25.20 69.63 3-4 1611.22 1.17 1.28 0.13 0.41 209.90 0.25 2.25 11.57 28.62 77.60 3-5 1461.31 1.32 1.36 0.07 0.48 339.09 0.33 3.65 11.18 20.79 52.07 平均值
Average value2264.34 1.78 2.06 0.17 0.71 335.41 0.38 3.03 10.59 29.19 65.00 标准差
Standard deviation919.79 0.89 0.69 0.10 0.35 102.05 0.15 0.79 2.86 3.73 6.51 CV% 10.02 61.49 36.34 61.49 49.75 87.96 49.75 17.98 10.02 29.35 10.02
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表 5 人参根际土壤样本中重金属和有害元素检测结果（单位：mg·kg−1）
Table 5. Results of heavy metals and harmful elements in ginseng rhizosphere soil samples
编号
NumberAl V Cr Cd Pb Mn Co Ni Cu Zn Ba 1-1 73136.93 54.80 43.90 0.56 24.07 2406.05 18.91 65.77 31.14 88.82 223.50 1-2 86154.51 44.18 33.69 0.35 16.78 2740.77 10.65 53.58 28.29 73.20 206.61 1-3 64333.74 50.93 37.37 0.28 16.68 2022.73 16.57 45.35 23.63 81.00 238.75 1-4 79783.41 52.41 40.72 0.51 35.22 2375.47 17.40 54.90 26.81 80.26 225.23 1-5 81160.59 45.12 35.58 0.27 14.33 2401.34 10.93 42.86 23.27 78.89 216.75 2-1 84922.87 40.73 35.74 0.29 13.80 2307.78 8.40 34.81 20.19 67.81 226.59 2-2 83016.45 36.49 22.66 0.20 11.95 2151.34 8.48 33.74 19.32 63.37 207.71 2-3 85159.45 43.64 27.92 0.27 13.98 2263.85 9.31 33.33 18.60 69.02 206.82 2-4 90096.30 39.37 26.04 0.29 14.46 2546.09 8.14 34.58 20.25 91.58 211.79 2-5 94330.80 44.16 33.45 0.24 14.03 2355.70 10.06 40.12 22.59 103.99 243.51 3-1 87839.36 42.30 31.29 0.25 16.20 2600.08 9.40 35.96 21.35 81.41 186.96 3-2 87511.38 37.85 30.37 0.26 16.33 2302.12 8.75 39.59 21.66 67.49 173.98 3-3 85706.23 39.04 28.46 0.24 16.42 2271.62 8.53 40.12 24.82 91.98 176.27 3-4 84904.09 41.94 31.35 0.23 15.95 3264.03 9.22 34.83 20.86 77.97 186.68 3-5 86765.80 37.57 29.33 0.23 13.81 3092.77 8.25 32.82 17.68 65.45 226.58 平均值
Average value83654.79 43.37 32.52 0.30 16.93 2473.45 10.87 41.49 22.70 78.82 210.52
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表 6 人参根际土壤重金属污染评价
Table 6. Evaluation of heavy metal pollution in ginseng rhizosphere soil
编号
Number单因子污染指数
Single factor pollution index内梅罗综合污染指数
Nemerow composite pollution index污染等级
Pollution level污染水平
Pollution levelCd Pb Cr Cu Ni Zn 1-1 1.85 0.20 0.22 0.31 0.66 0.36 0.97 警戒级 Alert level 尚清洁 Relatively clean 1-2 1.16 0.14 0.17 0.28 0.54 0.29 0.62 安全 Safe 清洁 Clean 1-3 0.95 0.14 0.19 0.24 0.45 0.32 0.51 安全 Safe 清洁 Clean 1-4 1.72 0.29 0.20 0.27 0.55 0.32 0.90 警戒级 Alert level 尚清洁 Relatively clean 1-5 0.89 0.12 0.18 0.23 0.43 0.32 0.48 安全 Safe 清洁 Clean 2-1 0.95 0.11 0.18 0.20 0.35 0.27 0.51 安全 Safe 清洁 Clean 2-2 0.68 0.10 0.11 0.19 0.34 0.25 0.37 安全 Safe 清洁 Clean 2-3 0.89 0.12 0.14 0.19 0.33 0.28 0.47 安全 Safe 清洁 Clean 2-4 0.98 0.12 0.13 0.20 0.35 0.37 0.52 安全 Safe 清洁 Clean 2-5 0.81 0.12 0.17 0.23 0.40 0.42 0.44 安全 Safe 清洁 Clean 3-1 0.82 0.13 0.16 0.21 0.36 0.33 0.44 安全 Safe 清洁 Clean 3-2 0.88 0.14 0.15 0.22 0.40 0.27 0.47 安全 Safe 清洁 Clean 3-3 0.81 0.14 0.14 0.25 0.40 0.37 0.44 安全 Safe 清洁 Clean 3-4 0.77 0.13 0.16 0.21 0.35 0.31 0.42 安全 Safe 清洁 Clean 3-5 0.78 0.12 0.15 0.18 0.33 0.26 0.42 安全 Safe 清洁 Clean
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表 7 人参的BCF平均值
Table 7. Mean value of BCF of ginseng
采样地
Sample siteAl V Cr Mn Co Ni Cu Zn Ba Cd 茎叶
Stem
leaf根
Root茎叶
Stem
leaf根
Root茎叶
Stem
leaf根
Root茎叶
Stem
leaf根
Root茎叶
Stem
leaf根
Root茎叶
Stem
leaf根
Root茎叶
Stem
leaf根
Root茎叶
Stem
leaf根
Root茎叶
Stem
leaf根
Root茎叶
Stem
leaf根
RootJ1 0.036 0.018 0.045 0.020 0.063 0.043 0.164 0.028 0.034 0.016 0.071 0.058 0.460 0.359 0.409 0.280 0.286 0.115 0.433 0.436 J2 0.027 0.014 0.045 0.011 0.083 0.045 0.141 0.043 0.038 0.019 0.074 0.080 0.386 0.501 0.380 0.278 0.294 0.108 1.002 0.637 J3 0.020 0.018 0.033 0.015 0.048 0.051 0.115 0.022 0.034 0.023 0.073 0.085 0.558 0.515 0.350 0.297 0.392 0.202 0.452 0.524
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