2017 Vol. 32, No. 5
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2017, 32(5): 469-475.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.05.001
Abstract:
This study aimed to prepare and characterize the monoclonal antibodies (McAbs) against the membrane proteins in theronts of Cryptocaryon irritans. For the study, Balb/c mice were immunized with the proteins extracted from the theronts. Spleen cells from the mice were fused with SP2/O cells to confirm the presence of hybridoma cells using indirect ELISA. Then, the ascites containing McAbs were collected from the mice containing hybridoma cells for antigen identification in Western-blot and immunofluorescence assays. Three hybridoma antibodies, i.e., 5D11AG5, 5H9BG3 and 6E11CE7, were found to consistently induce the target antigens. These McAbs in the mouse ascitic fluids were all IgM type. The titers of the 3 McAbs ascites were 1:3200, 1:25600 and 1:51200, respectively. Western-blot assay indicated that McAb-5D11AG5 and McAb-5H9BG3, in particular, recognized the proteins with a molecular weight approximating 35 kDa. The peptides recognized by McAb-5D11AG5 had a high homology with the surface antigens of C. irritans and the tubulin of Tetrahymena thermophila. According to the immunofluorescence assay, McAb-5D11AG5 and McAb-5H9BG3 recognized the antigens mostly on the front, while McAb-6E11CE7 on the external surface, of the membrane. The results obtained would aid further study to separate and screen the functional proteins of C. irritans.
This study aimed to prepare and characterize the monoclonal antibodies (McAbs) against the membrane proteins in theronts of Cryptocaryon irritans. For the study, Balb/c mice were immunized with the proteins extracted from the theronts. Spleen cells from the mice were fused with SP2/O cells to confirm the presence of hybridoma cells using indirect ELISA. Then, the ascites containing McAbs were collected from the mice containing hybridoma cells for antigen identification in Western-blot and immunofluorescence assays. Three hybridoma antibodies, i.e., 5D11AG5, 5H9BG3 and 6E11CE7, were found to consistently induce the target antigens. These McAbs in the mouse ascitic fluids were all IgM type. The titers of the 3 McAbs ascites were 1:3200, 1:25600 and 1:51200, respectively. Western-blot assay indicated that McAb-5D11AG5 and McAb-5H9BG3, in particular, recognized the proteins with a molecular weight approximating 35 kDa. The peptides recognized by McAb-5D11AG5 had a high homology with the surface antigens of C. irritans and the tubulin of Tetrahymena thermophila. According to the immunofluorescence assay, McAb-5D11AG5 and McAb-5H9BG3 recognized the antigens mostly on the front, while McAb-6E11CE7 on the external surface, of the membrane. The results obtained would aid further study to separate and screen the functional proteins of C. irritans.
2017, 32(5): 476-480.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.05.002
Abstract:
The growth performances and carcass characteristics of Nanjiang yellow goats raised by fenced-in feeding and free-range grazing were compared. Forty-eight 4-month-old goats were randomly divided into 3 groups. In a fenced-in setting, Group 1 was fed with silage and roughages, and Group 2 comprehensive nutrient pellets; whereas, Group 3 was allowed to graze freely on an open farm and supplemented with silage. The feeding lasted 180 days before the goats were slaughtered for carcass evaluation. The live body weight and chest girth of the goats aged 6-to10-month-old, as well as the total and average monthly weight gains of the goats aged 4-to 10-month-old, in Group 2 were found to be higher than those in either Group 1 or Group 3 (P < 0.01), with no significant difference between the latter two groups (P>0.05). No significant differences on the carcass weight, GR value, meat weights, and slaughter yield were observed among the 3 groups (P>0.05). However, the meat percentage of the goats in Group 2 was significantly higher than that of Group 1 at P>0.01; and, the meat/bone ratio, significantly higher at P < 0.05. The pH of the meat samples from Group 2 was significantly lower than that of Group 3 (P>0.01); and, the color value, a, significantly greater than that of Group 3 (P < 0.05). The contents of moisture, crude protein, crude fat, crude ash, and color values, L and b, of the meats among the 3 groups were not significantly different (P>0.05). The meat of the goats in Group 2 contained significantly more total amino acids (P>0.01), as well as, aspartic acid, threonine, serine, glutamic acid, methionine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine and lysine than Group 3 (P < 0.05). Insofar as average monthly gross profit was concerned, Group 2 was 6.3 yuan more than Group 1, and 9.6 yuan higher than Group 3.
The growth performances and carcass characteristics of Nanjiang yellow goats raised by fenced-in feeding and free-range grazing were compared. Forty-eight 4-month-old goats were randomly divided into 3 groups. In a fenced-in setting, Group 1 was fed with silage and roughages, and Group 2 comprehensive nutrient pellets; whereas, Group 3 was allowed to graze freely on an open farm and supplemented with silage. The feeding lasted 180 days before the goats were slaughtered for carcass evaluation. The live body weight and chest girth of the goats aged 6-to10-month-old, as well as the total and average monthly weight gains of the goats aged 4-to 10-month-old, in Group 2 were found to be higher than those in either Group 1 or Group 3 (P < 0.01), with no significant difference between the latter two groups (P>0.05). No significant differences on the carcass weight, GR value, meat weights, and slaughter yield were observed among the 3 groups (P>0.05). However, the meat percentage of the goats in Group 2 was significantly higher than that of Group 1 at P>0.01; and, the meat/bone ratio, significantly higher at P < 0.05. The pH of the meat samples from Group 2 was significantly lower than that of Group 3 (P>0.01); and, the color value, a, significantly greater than that of Group 3 (P < 0.05). The contents of moisture, crude protein, crude fat, crude ash, and color values, L and b, of the meats among the 3 groups were not significantly different (P>0.05). The meat of the goats in Group 2 contained significantly more total amino acids (P>0.01), as well as, aspartic acid, threonine, serine, glutamic acid, methionine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine and lysine than Group 3 (P < 0.05). Insofar as average monthly gross profit was concerned, Group 2 was 6.3 yuan more than Group 1, and 9.6 yuan higher than Group 3.
2017, 32(5): 481-485.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.05.003
Abstract:
Dietary supplement of polysaccharides from Radix pseudostellariae was studied to determine its effect on the partial non-specific immune function and disease resistance in FFRC strain common carps. The fish were randomly divided into 5 groups, including Group 1 fed with basic diet as control, and Groups 2 to 5 with formulated diet containing 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, and 0.5% of the polysaccharides, respectively. After feeding for 35 d, the content of lysozyme (LZM) and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), acid phosphatase (ACP), and alkaline phosphatase (AKP), as well as the content of serum complement C3 in the blood of the carps were analyzed. A challenge test was conducted by infecting the carps with Aeromonas hydrophila. The results showed that LZM in Group 2 increased significantly (P < 0.05), while the other treatment groups increased extremely significantly (P < 0.01), as compared to control. The SOD and AKP activities in the treated fish were higher than those of control. SOD in the carps of Group 3, 4 and 5 were significantly higher (P < 0.05), and AKP extremely significantly greater (P < 0.01), ACP and serum complement C3 extremely significantly higher (P < 0.01) than those of control. Fish in Group 4 and 5 showed significantly lower mortality against the A. hydrophila infection than control, with an averaged relative survival rate of 54.55%. It appeared that the polysaccharides could enhance the non-specific immunity and disease resistance of the carps, and that the best result achieved with a supplementation of 3 000 mg·kg-1 in the diet.
Dietary supplement of polysaccharides from Radix pseudostellariae was studied to determine its effect on the partial non-specific immune function and disease resistance in FFRC strain common carps. The fish were randomly divided into 5 groups, including Group 1 fed with basic diet as control, and Groups 2 to 5 with formulated diet containing 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, and 0.5% of the polysaccharides, respectively. After feeding for 35 d, the content of lysozyme (LZM) and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), acid phosphatase (ACP), and alkaline phosphatase (AKP), as well as the content of serum complement C3 in the blood of the carps were analyzed. A challenge test was conducted by infecting the carps with Aeromonas hydrophila. The results showed that LZM in Group 2 increased significantly (P < 0.05), while the other treatment groups increased extremely significantly (P < 0.01), as compared to control. The SOD and AKP activities in the treated fish were higher than those of control. SOD in the carps of Group 3, 4 and 5 were significantly higher (P < 0.05), and AKP extremely significantly greater (P < 0.01), ACP and serum complement C3 extremely significantly higher (P < 0.01) than those of control. Fish in Group 4 and 5 showed significantly lower mortality against the A. hydrophila infection than control, with an averaged relative survival rate of 54.55%. It appeared that the polysaccharides could enhance the non-specific immunity and disease resistance of the carps, and that the best result achieved with a supplementation of 3 000 mg·kg-1 in the diet.
2017, 32(5): 486-490.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.05.004
Abstract:
The broodstock rearing, artificial breeding and growth characteristics of wild-caught Acrossocheilius hemispinus from waters in Nanping and Longyan areas in the province were studied. During the experimentation, the fish grew and developed normally from fertilized eggs to reach sexual maturity either in ponds or in cement pools with artificial feeding. Although, the in-ground pond aquaculture seemed superior to its counterpart. In 2015-2016, fertilized eggs of the fish were obtained by artificially induced spawning, extrusion and insemination with the average spawning, fertilization, and hatching rates of 78.9%, 74.8%, and 73.7%, respectively. Running water, oxygenation, or a combination of running water and oxygenation was conducive to successful egg hatching. The average length of a larva was approximately 3 cm after 39 to 51 d of cultivation. The larval survival rate was 70.9%. The growth curves of the larvae, juvenile, and young A. hemispinus were related to the full-length (YL), day age (X), and weight (YH) of the fish in the exponential functions of YL=1.4605e0.0271x (R2=0.9982), YH=0.0217e0.0967x (R2=0.9876), and YL=0.0059YH3.4886 (R2=0.9868), respectively.
The broodstock rearing, artificial breeding and growth characteristics of wild-caught Acrossocheilius hemispinus from waters in Nanping and Longyan areas in the province were studied. During the experimentation, the fish grew and developed normally from fertilized eggs to reach sexual maturity either in ponds or in cement pools with artificial feeding. Although, the in-ground pond aquaculture seemed superior to its counterpart. In 2015-2016, fertilized eggs of the fish were obtained by artificially induced spawning, extrusion and insemination with the average spawning, fertilization, and hatching rates of 78.9%, 74.8%, and 73.7%, respectively. Running water, oxygenation, or a combination of running water and oxygenation was conducive to successful egg hatching. The average length of a larva was approximately 3 cm after 39 to 51 d of cultivation. The larval survival rate was 70.9%. The growth curves of the larvae, juvenile, and young A. hemispinus were related to the full-length (YL), day age (X), and weight (YH) of the fish in the exponential functions of YL=1.4605e0.0271x (R2=0.9982), YH=0.0217e0.0967x (R2=0.9876), and YL=0.0059YH3.4886 (R2=0.9868), respectively.
2017, 32(5): 491-494.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.05.005
Abstract:
A new variety of photosensitive hybrid rice, Yuanyou 2105, was bred by crossing the 3-line male sterile, Yuanfeng A, developed by Sanming Academy of Agriculture Science and the restorer line, Fuhui 2105, developed by Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University. It was certified by Fujian Crop Variety Evaluation Committees in 2016. The growing period of the new variety was approximately 160 d, which was 20 d longer than that of comparable mid-season varieties. The breeding procedure and characteristics of Yuanyou 2105 are presented.
A new variety of photosensitive hybrid rice, Yuanyou 2105, was bred by crossing the 3-line male sterile, Yuanfeng A, developed by Sanming Academy of Agriculture Science and the restorer line, Fuhui 2105, developed by Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University. It was certified by Fujian Crop Variety Evaluation Committees in 2016. The growing period of the new variety was approximately 160 d, which was 20 d longer than that of comparable mid-season varieties. The breeding procedure and characteristics of Yuanyou 2105 are presented.
2017, 32(5): 495-497.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.05.006
Abstract:
A dominant early maturing trait was identified in DR02 rice bred from T251 and 02K511. Heading dates of the hybrid progenies from DR02 crossed with 6 medium or late maturing varieties, including Minghui 86 and Minghui 63, were analyzed to study the inheritance of the growth characteristic. It was found that the heading dates of F1 progenies were earlier than those of their mid-parents. The heading dates of F2 populations from DR02 crossed with Shuangkangmingzhan and 9311 had twin peaks, while those of F2 from DR02 crossed with the other 4 parents exhibited a unimodal distribution with closely clustered values. The segregation ratio between the early heading and the late heading plants was 3:1 for the F2 population of DR02 crossed with Yuejingsimiao 2 and Shuangkangmingzhan, while those of other combinations were significantly and extremely significantly different. It suggested that the early maturing trait of DR02 could be largely controlled by a single relatively dominant QTL.
A dominant early maturing trait was identified in DR02 rice bred from T251 and 02K511. Heading dates of the hybrid progenies from DR02 crossed with 6 medium or late maturing varieties, including Minghui 86 and Minghui 63, were analyzed to study the inheritance of the growth characteristic. It was found that the heading dates of F1 progenies were earlier than those of their mid-parents. The heading dates of F2 populations from DR02 crossed with Shuangkangmingzhan and 9311 had twin peaks, while those of F2 from DR02 crossed with the other 4 parents exhibited a unimodal distribution with closely clustered values. The segregation ratio between the early heading and the late heading plants was 3:1 for the F2 population of DR02 crossed with Yuejingsimiao 2 and Shuangkangmingzhan, while those of other combinations were significantly and extremely significantly different. It suggested that the early maturing trait of DR02 could be largely controlled by a single relatively dominant QTL.
2017, 32(5): 498-502.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.05.007
Abstract:
Effects of various planting methods on the growth and yield of rice were studied in a comparison experiment on small lots. It was found that the rice cultivation using the widenarrow rows with evenly staggered planting populations and beds, which resulted in a high planting density of 270 000 plants·hm-2, substantially enhanced the grain development, lifespan of functional leaves, leaf area index, growth period, photosynthesis, chlorophyll content, output coefficient of light energy, as well as panicle and grain counts on the rice with a yield of 11 711.11 kg·hm-2, which was 5.75% increase over the widenarrow rows, or 15.03% over the wide rows and narrow beds.
Effects of various planting methods on the growth and yield of rice were studied in a comparison experiment on small lots. It was found that the rice cultivation using the widenarrow rows with evenly staggered planting populations and beds, which resulted in a high planting density of 270 000 plants·hm-2, substantially enhanced the grain development, lifespan of functional leaves, leaf area index, growth period, photosynthesis, chlorophyll content, output coefficient of light energy, as well as panicle and grain counts on the rice with a yield of 11 711.11 kg·hm-2, which was 5.75% increase over the widenarrow rows, or 15.03% over the wide rows and narrow beds.
2017, 32(5): 503-507.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.05.008
Abstract:
The codon bias of ω-3 fatty acid desaturase gene, FAD7, of Musa itinerans was analyzed using CodonW, SPSS19.0, MEGA5.0, and the EMBOSS online program. It was also compared with the FAD7s from different plants and genomes of model organisms. The results showed the codon bias of FAD7 in M. itinerans to be low and leaning toward the synonymous codons with G or C. And, it appeared that the codons CUC, CAG and AGG received a high usage frequency in the gene. In comparison with the FAD7s of different plants, the components of its monocotyledons were bias toward the use G or C, while dicotyledons the opposite. A cluster analysis on the FAD7s based on codon usage bias and CDS showed a same result. Hence, the dicotyledons and monocotyledons in the gene could be satisfactorily differentiated. Based on the frequency of codon usage, the prokaryotic expression system seemed to be suitable for heterologous expression of the FAD7 in M. itinerans.
The codon bias of ω-3 fatty acid desaturase gene, FAD7, of Musa itinerans was analyzed using CodonW, SPSS19.0, MEGA5.0, and the EMBOSS online program. It was also compared with the FAD7s from different plants and genomes of model organisms. The results showed the codon bias of FAD7 in M. itinerans to be low and leaning toward the synonymous codons with G or C. And, it appeared that the codons CUC, CAG and AGG received a high usage frequency in the gene. In comparison with the FAD7s of different plants, the components of its monocotyledons were bias toward the use G or C, while dicotyledons the opposite. A cluster analysis on the FAD7s based on codon usage bias and CDS showed a same result. Hence, the dicotyledons and monocotyledons in the gene could be satisfactorily differentiated. Based on the frequency of codon usage, the prokaryotic expression system seemed to be suitable for heterologous expression of the FAD7 in M. itinerans.
2017, 32(5): 508-511.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.05.009
Abstract:
Various grass-substrates, JUNCAO, used in cultivating Ganoderma lucidum were studied to determine their effects on the mycelial growth, yield, biological conversion rate, nutrient composition, and heavy metal content of the medicinal fungi. The results showed that the mycelial growth rate and nutrient contents of G. lucidum cultivated in two media formulated with JUNCAO were greater than those of control. The yield and biological conversion rate were found to be similar to control, while heavy metals in the fruiting bodies of the fungi were below the limits of the National Food Safety Standards. It appeared that Formula 1 (containing 30% of Dicranopteris dichotoma, 53% of Pennisetum giganteum, 15% of wheat bran, 2% of gypsum) or Formula 2 (containing 30% of D. dichotoma, 53% of Miscantuus floridulus, 15% of wheat bran, 2% of gypsum) could adequately replace sawdust in cultivating G. lucidum.
Various grass-substrates, JUNCAO, used in cultivating Ganoderma lucidum were studied to determine their effects on the mycelial growth, yield, biological conversion rate, nutrient composition, and heavy metal content of the medicinal fungi. The results showed that the mycelial growth rate and nutrient contents of G. lucidum cultivated in two media formulated with JUNCAO were greater than those of control. The yield and biological conversion rate were found to be similar to control, while heavy metals in the fruiting bodies of the fungi were below the limits of the National Food Safety Standards. It appeared that Formula 1 (containing 30% of Dicranopteris dichotoma, 53% of Pennisetum giganteum, 15% of wheat bran, 2% of gypsum) or Formula 2 (containing 30% of D. dichotoma, 53% of Miscantuus floridulus, 15% of wheat bran, 2% of gypsum) could adequately replace sawdust in cultivating G. lucidum.
2017, 32(5): 512-516.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.05.010
Abstract:
The physiological maturity and growth period of edible mushrooms are conventionally measured and described qualitatively. To find a quantifiable measurement for them, a nutrition unit was firstly defined to be the daily growth of mycelia in length. Secondly, based on the nutrition unit, a theoretical model for the fungal development was established. Thirdly, using a dominant nutrition unit that governed the degree of maturity of a mushroom, a mathematic model was constructed. Finally, 2 strains of mushrooms, Pleurotus cornucopiae and Pleurotus citrinipileatus, were subjected to a planting experiment to evaluate the parameters in the prediction model. The experimental data on the cultivation successfully fitted the function as it predicted. It was, Pleurotus cornucopiae
The physiological maturity and growth period of edible mushrooms are conventionally measured and described qualitatively. To find a quantifiable measurement for them, a nutrition unit was firstly defined to be the daily growth of mycelia in length. Secondly, based on the nutrition unit, a theoretical model for the fungal development was established. Thirdly, using a dominant nutrition unit that governed the degree of maturity of a mushroom, a mathematic model was constructed. Finally, 2 strains of mushrooms, Pleurotus cornucopiae and Pleurotus citrinipileatus, were subjected to a planting experiment to evaluate the parameters in the prediction model. The experimental data on the cultivation successfully fitted the function as it predicted. It was, Pleurotus cornucopiae
2017, 32(5): 517-526.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.05.011
Abstract:
The nutritional value of mushrooms grown on selenium (Se)-enriched medium was studied. Hypsizigus marmoreus No.10 was cultivated on JUNCAO No.24, and a local formula enriched with Se. The yield, conversion rate, fruiting traits.Se content and composition of fruiting body of the mushrooms were determined. The results showed that the amount and means of Se addition as well as the substrates in the cultivation affected the yield, conversion rate and properties of the mushrooms grown on the medium. In the concentration range tested, the Se content of H. marmoreus cultivated on the local formulation increased to 0.46-52.29 mg·kg-1, 2.7-307.6 times of that of control; whereas, on JUNCAO No. 24, the mushrooms grew to contain Se 1.18-84.92 mg·kg-1, which was 6.94-499.53 times of that of control.The Se content of the fruiting bodies of the mushrooms increased with the increasing Se of the medium. But the contents of water, ash and crude protein of the mushrooms inversely correlated with the Se concentration in the substrate. The Se appeared to promote the polysaccharide formation in the fruiting body, but showed no significant effect on either sugar or fat synthesis.
The nutritional value of mushrooms grown on selenium (Se)-enriched medium was studied. Hypsizigus marmoreus No.10 was cultivated on JUNCAO No.24, and a local formula enriched with Se. The yield, conversion rate, fruiting traits.Se content and composition of fruiting body of the mushrooms were determined. The results showed that the amount and means of Se addition as well as the substrates in the cultivation affected the yield, conversion rate and properties of the mushrooms grown on the medium. In the concentration range tested, the Se content of H. marmoreus cultivated on the local formulation increased to 0.46-52.29 mg·kg-1, 2.7-307.6 times of that of control; whereas, on JUNCAO No. 24, the mushrooms grew to contain Se 1.18-84.92 mg·kg-1, which was 6.94-499.53 times of that of control.The Se content of the fruiting bodies of the mushrooms increased with the increasing Se of the medium. But the contents of water, ash and crude protein of the mushrooms inversely correlated with the Se concentration in the substrate. The Se appeared to promote the polysaccharide formation in the fruiting body, but showed no significant effect on either sugar or fat synthesis.
2017, 32(5): 527-530.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.05.012
Abstract:
Chinese cabbage, Minninhuang 1, was used in the experimentation to study the bolting of the vegetable in an attempt to increase the number of generations in cultivation. A two factors split plot experiment under 4 temperatures (i.e., 3, 6, 9, and 12℃) and 4 vernalization durations (i.e., 10, 20, 30, and 40 d) was conducted. The results showed that at a same temperature, an extended vernalization significantly shortened the days between planting to budding of the cabbages. However, when the vernalization was prolonged to 30 d, no apparent correlation was observed. On the other hand, under a same duration for the vernalization, the lower the temperature, the shorter time from sowing to budding and flowering it became. The shortest time duration was found at 3℃. Hence, the optimum conditions for the vernalization appeared to be 3 to 9℃ in 20 d.
Chinese cabbage, Minninhuang 1, was used in the experimentation to study the bolting of the vegetable in an attempt to increase the number of generations in cultivation. A two factors split plot experiment under 4 temperatures (i.e., 3, 6, 9, and 12℃) and 4 vernalization durations (i.e., 10, 20, 30, and 40 d) was conducted. The results showed that at a same temperature, an extended vernalization significantly shortened the days between planting to budding of the cabbages. However, when the vernalization was prolonged to 30 d, no apparent correlation was observed. On the other hand, under a same duration for the vernalization, the lower the temperature, the shorter time from sowing to budding and flowering it became. The shortest time duration was found at 3℃. Hence, the optimum conditions for the vernalization appeared to be 3 to 9℃ in 20 d.
2017, 32(5): 531-535.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.05.013
Abstract:
The hot-water extraction of polysaccharides from the mycelia of Agaricus blazeia grown on a selenium-enriched medium was optimized to facilitate product development of health foods with the functional ingredient. A single factor followed by an orthogonal experiment was carried out to show the extraction yield to be significantly affected by the altered processing conditions. The optimized extraction conditions included a sample/water ratio of 1/35 (g·mL-1), an ethanol concentration for precipitation at 90%, a temperature of 85℃, and 3 repeated cycles that lasted 3.5 h. As a result, a yield on polysaccharides reached 69.5 mg·g-1; and the content of selenium in polysaccharides reached 12.1 μg·g-1(dry weight of mycelium). The procedures were simple, stable, practical, and appropriate for the extraction.
The hot-water extraction of polysaccharides from the mycelia of Agaricus blazeia grown on a selenium-enriched medium was optimized to facilitate product development of health foods with the functional ingredient. A single factor followed by an orthogonal experiment was carried out to show the extraction yield to be significantly affected by the altered processing conditions. The optimized extraction conditions included a sample/water ratio of 1/35 (g·mL-1), an ethanol concentration for precipitation at 90%, a temperature of 85℃, and 3 repeated cycles that lasted 3.5 h. As a result, a yield on polysaccharides reached 69.5 mg·g-1; and the content of selenium in polysaccharides reached 12.1 μg·g-1(dry weight of mycelium). The procedures were simple, stable, practical, and appropriate for the extraction.
2017, 32(5): 536-542.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.05.014
Abstract:
A gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) method was developed for detecting 32 fungicide residues in teas.The samples were extracted by acetonitrile under high-speed homogenization, purified with PSA, GCB, C18, and determined by GC-MS/MS in multi-reaction ion monitoring mode. Pesticide contents were determined by using the standard curves constructed with solutions of respective external standards. Linearity of the curves for 27 pesticides ranged from 10 μg·L-1 to 1 000 μg·L-1, and from 20 μg·L-1 to 1 000 μg·L-1 for the remaining 5 pesticides, with correlation coefficients greater than 0.99. The limits of detection were 0.1-8.1 μg·L-1 (S/N ≥ 3); and, those of quantification, 0.4-23.4 μg·L-1 (S/N ≥ 10). The average recovery rates were 70.4%-109.1%; and RSD (n=6) 3.4%-10.3%. The newly developed highly sensitive methodology that required simple pre-treatment and effective purification procedures appeared to be appropriate for the detection of fungicide residues in teas.
A gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) method was developed for detecting 32 fungicide residues in teas.The samples were extracted by acetonitrile under high-speed homogenization, purified with PSA, GCB, C18, and determined by GC-MS/MS in multi-reaction ion monitoring mode. Pesticide contents were determined by using the standard curves constructed with solutions of respective external standards. Linearity of the curves for 27 pesticides ranged from 10 μg·L-1 to 1 000 μg·L-1, and from 20 μg·L-1 to 1 000 μg·L-1 for the remaining 5 pesticides, with correlation coefficients greater than 0.99. The limits of detection were 0.1-8.1 μg·L-1 (S/N ≥ 3); and, those of quantification, 0.4-23.4 μg·L-1 (S/N ≥ 10). The average recovery rates were 70.4%-109.1%; and RSD (n=6) 3.4%-10.3%. The newly developed highly sensitive methodology that required simple pre-treatment and effective purification procedures appeared to be appropriate for the detection of fungicide residues in teas.
2017, 32(5): 543-549.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.05.015
Abstract:
The dynamic changes on the soluble nitrogen pool and nitrogen metabolism enzymes in soil as the environmental temperature was altered in a humidity-controlled incubation chamber were studied. The results showed that (a) the NO3--N in soil increased within 58 d after cultivation, and peaked between 48th and 58th d followed by a continuous decline; while NH4+-N decreased initially and stabilized after 73 d, and SON fluctuated with a maximum on the 48th d; (b) NO3--N increased upon increasing temperature with a significant correlation, but NH4+-N had an opposite trend with a significant inverse correlation with the temperature; whereas, SON significantly correlated with the increasing temperature only in the mid-and late-stages; and, (c) the urease activity fluctuated during the entire incubation; the protease activity was higher in the initial and mid-than the late stage; the activity of asparagine enzyme increased initially but declined afterward, while that of the glutaminase enzyme increased continuously in the course of the test; and, within the testing range, the temperature induced little effect on the urease activity, but significantly affected the protease, asparaginase and glutaminase in a certain sampling times.
The dynamic changes on the soluble nitrogen pool and nitrogen metabolism enzymes in soil as the environmental temperature was altered in a humidity-controlled incubation chamber were studied. The results showed that (a) the NO3--N in soil increased within 58 d after cultivation, and peaked between 48th and 58th d followed by a continuous decline; while NH4+-N decreased initially and stabilized after 73 d, and SON fluctuated with a maximum on the 48th d; (b) NO3--N increased upon increasing temperature with a significant correlation, but NH4+-N had an opposite trend with a significant inverse correlation with the temperature; whereas, SON significantly correlated with the increasing temperature only in the mid-and late-stages; and, (c) the urease activity fluctuated during the entire incubation; the protease activity was higher in the initial and mid-than the late stage; the activity of asparagine enzyme increased initially but declined afterward, while that of the glutaminase enzyme increased continuously in the course of the test; and, within the testing range, the temperature induced little effect on the urease activity, but significantly affected the protease, asparaginase and glutaminase in a certain sampling times.
2017, 32(5): 550-554.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.05.016
Abstract:
Cardiogenol C is an important medicine for treating cardiovascular diseases. To search for a biological source for the substance, a high throughput method base on LC-MS was carried out to screen the potential Bacillus-like strains. The molecular information on the target metabolites was collected using the MassHunter software. Accordingly, substances with their retention times and molecular weights that matched those on the Metlin database were identified. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FJAT-17934 was, thus, isolated to show a high production level of cardiogenol C in its culture medium with a relative content of 1.02%. The matching score with the database for the cardiogenol C collected was 92.08%, and the retention time, 3.6517 min.
Cardiogenol C is an important medicine for treating cardiovascular diseases. To search for a biological source for the substance, a high throughput method base on LC-MS was carried out to screen the potential Bacillus-like strains. The molecular information on the target metabolites was collected using the MassHunter software. Accordingly, substances with their retention times and molecular weights that matched those on the Metlin database were identified. Bacillus amyloliquefaciens FJAT-17934 was, thus, isolated to show a high production level of cardiogenol C in its culture medium with a relative content of 1.02%. The matching score with the database for the cardiogenol C collected was 92.08%, and the retention time, 3.6517 min.
2017, 32(5): 555-559.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.05.017
Abstract:
Fermentation conditions for generating alcohol from cellulose hydrolytes of Saccharum arundinaceum were studied. The single factors applied for the experimentation included reaction time, temperature, pH, nitrogen source, yeast extract, and amount of yeast for inoculation. It indicated that a reacting time ranging from 72 to 96 h, temperature at 35℃, pH at 4.8-5.2, ammonium sulfate addition of 0.8%-1.0%, and yeast inoculation for 10%-15% could bring about a high efficiency for the alcohol generation. Subsequently, an orthogonal experiment optimized the fermentation conditions to be 35℃ for 84 h with an addition of 1.2% ammonium sulfate and 20% yeast that resulted in an alcohol yield of 32.62% at the concentration of 4.6% (V/V).
Fermentation conditions for generating alcohol from cellulose hydrolytes of Saccharum arundinaceum were studied. The single factors applied for the experimentation included reaction time, temperature, pH, nitrogen source, yeast extract, and amount of yeast for inoculation. It indicated that a reacting time ranging from 72 to 96 h, temperature at 35℃, pH at 4.8-5.2, ammonium sulfate addition of 0.8%-1.0%, and yeast inoculation for 10%-15% could bring about a high efficiency for the alcohol generation. Subsequently, an orthogonal experiment optimized the fermentation conditions to be 35℃ for 84 h with an addition of 1.2% ammonium sulfate and 20% yeast that resulted in an alcohol yield of 32.62% at the concentration of 4.6% (V/V).
2017, 32(5): 560-567.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.05.018
Abstract:
Supported by the object-oriented technology, information on sugarcane and rice fields were acquired from the high temporal-and-spatial resolution ZY-3 remote sensing images. Using the crop plots as the objects, the multi-temporal spectral signatures from HJ-1 and GF-1 sensors were integrated, and the time series spectrum signatures at critical growth points were captured. Based on them, the cropping models showing phenology differences on selected features of sugarcane and rice fields were constructed. The overall classification accuracy of the models was 86.80%, the Kappa coefficient approximately 0.84, and the overall classification effect desirable. The mapping accuracy and user accuracy for sugarcane reached 92.11% and 90.91%, respectively; and those for rice, 88.89% and 90.91%, respectively. It appeared that the national high temporal-and-spatial resolution satellite imaging system could provide adequate information for proper management on the planting area and structure for the crops.
Supported by the object-oriented technology, information on sugarcane and rice fields were acquired from the high temporal-and-spatial resolution ZY-3 remote sensing images. Using the crop plots as the objects, the multi-temporal spectral signatures from HJ-1 and GF-1 sensors were integrated, and the time series spectrum signatures at critical growth points were captured. Based on them, the cropping models showing phenology differences on selected features of sugarcane and rice fields were constructed. The overall classification accuracy of the models was 86.80%, the Kappa coefficient approximately 0.84, and the overall classification effect desirable. The mapping accuracy and user accuracy for sugarcane reached 92.11% and 90.91%, respectively; and those for rice, 88.89% and 90.91%, respectively. It appeared that the national high temporal-and-spatial resolution satellite imaging system could provide adequate information for proper management on the planting area and structure for the crops.
2017, 32(5): 568-571.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2017.05.019
Abstract:
Contents of amino acids (AA) in the flowers, stems and fruits of pitayagrown on saline habitats were analyzed. The results indicated that the fruit flesh, pericarps, biennial stems, annual branches, petals and filaments all contained the 17 AAs detected. The total AA content (fresh weight) in fruit flesh was 973.85 mg·hg-1, 500.46 mg·hg-1 in pericarp, 552.32 mg·hg-1 in biennial stem, 389.57 mg·hg-1 in annual branch, 736.47 mg·hg-1 in petal, and 604.64 mg·hg-1 in filament. The flavoring AAs and medicinal AAs were abundant. The flavoring AAs in the fruit flesh, pericarps, biennial stems, annual branches, petals, and filaments were 58.02%, 62.45%, 58.46%, 58.18%, 61.79%, and 60.66%, respectively; and, the medicinal AAs were 65.58%, 64.05%, 62.63%, 61.39%, 62.08%, and 61.73%, respectively. According to the analytical results, development and utilization of pitaya flowers and stems were suggested. The effect of saline habitat on the AA contents in parts of the plants grown on it was discussed.
Contents of amino acids (AA) in the flowers, stems and fruits of pitayagrown on saline habitats were analyzed. The results indicated that the fruit flesh, pericarps, biennial stems, annual branches, petals and filaments all contained the 17 AAs detected. The total AA content (fresh weight) in fruit flesh was 973.85 mg·hg-1, 500.46 mg·hg-1 in pericarp, 552.32 mg·hg-1 in biennial stem, 389.57 mg·hg-1 in annual branch, 736.47 mg·hg-1 in petal, and 604.64 mg·hg-1 in filament. The flavoring AAs and medicinal AAs were abundant. The flavoring AAs in the fruit flesh, pericarps, biennial stems, annual branches, petals, and filaments were 58.02%, 62.45%, 58.46%, 58.18%, 61.79%, and 60.66%, respectively; and, the medicinal AAs were 65.58%, 64.05%, 62.63%, 61.39%, 62.08%, and 61.73%, respectively. According to the analytical results, development and utilization of pitaya flowers and stems were suggested. The effect of saline habitat on the AA contents in parts of the plants grown on it was discussed.
