2019 Vol. 34, No. 9
Display Method:
2019, 34(9): 1003-1008.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2019.09.002
Abstract:
Objective Effects of phosphate (P) fertilizer on the soil fertility and the plant morphology, available nutrients, and grain yield and quality of common buckwheat, Fagopyrum esculentum, were investigated. Method A high yield buckwheat, Fengtian 1 (FT1), was cultivated under P fertilization at 0 kg·hm−2 P (CK), 35 kg·hm−2 P (LP), 70 kg·hm−2 P (MP) or 105 kg·hm−2 P (HP). Effects of the fertilizations on the soil nutrient contents as well as the root morphology, aboveground botanical characteristics, and yield of the buckwheat plants were determined. Result The increased P fertilizer applications enhanced the contents of available nutrients and organic matters in soil with a peak under MP. But the soil pH was on a continuous downward trend upon increasing P. For the plants, the root length, volume, and surface area reached their highest levels with MP as well. However, the root diameter was not significantly affected by the changes on the application. Morphologically, the plant height, node and branch numbers on main stems, 1- to 2-internode length, 1- to 2-internode diameter, and grain yield increased significantly under MP, much more than the other treatments. Again, the higher P in HP did not render further increases as MP did. Among all treatments, MP also delivered the greatest grain yield, which was 1.43 times that of CK. Similarly, the contents of protein, dietary fiber, rutin, quercetin, and kaempferol of the FT1 grains rose along with the increasing P application up to the level in MP. On the other hand, the flavonoid in the grains reached the highest level under CK and the lowest under HP. Conclusion It appeared that P fertilization in the amount of MP would be appropriate for the growth, grain yield and quality of FT1 plants.
2019, 34(9): 1009-1018.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2019.09.003
Abstract:
Objective The changes of rice production efficiency taken place in Taiwan from 2002 to 2016 were analyzed. Method The production data were compared according to the data envelopment analysis, Malmquist productivity index, and grey relational analysis. Result The mean rice production efficiency in Taiwan during the period was 0.970, and that for the 1st season was 0.974, slightly higher than that of 0.966 for the 2nd season. There were variations among the localities with the highest of 1.000 achieved in Yilan County, Hsinchu County/City, Changhua County, Chiayi County/City, and Taitung County. The efficiency also fluctuated substantially, as the productivity index for the 1st season to be 0.987 with an annual decline of 1.3% and that for the 2nd season to be 0.955 with an annual decline of 4.5%. The correlation between the efficiency and technological advancement had a coefficient of 0.746 9 for the 1st season and 0.893 2 for the 2nd season. Whereas, that between the efficiency and operational effectiveness had a coefficient of 0.583 2 for the 1st season and 0.605 6 for the 2nd season. Thus, it appeared that the technological progress affected the rice production efficiency to a greater degree. Conclusion The rice production in Taiwan was highly efficient but differed regionally and showed a generally downward trend. Its efficiency changed over the years due largely to the technical innovation, which, along with policy augments, partially compensated the scope of the otherwise decline.
2019, 34(9): 1019-1025.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2019.09.004
Abstract:
Objective Pathway and genes related to the flavonoid synthesis in Dendrobium officinale were analyzed for studying on the metabolic regulation and medicinal applications of flavonoids. Method Transcriptomes of the stems and leaves of D. officinale plants at two growth stages were determined by means of Illumina HiSeq 4000 high-throughput sequencing. The assembled unigenes were used for the functional annotation and genetic analysis of the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. Result There were 48 unigenes involving 14 enzymes found to be associated with the flavonoid metabolism. Among them, the 5 CHS-related unigenes showed a CHS-like conserved domain, highly conserved amino acid residues (Cys-His-Asn) at the active site, and mutated amino acid residues at the malonyl-CoA and product binding sites; and, the CHI (Unigene0013781) was identified as a Type I chalcone isomerase, isomerizing 6'-hydroxychalone to 5-hydroxyflavanone. The expressions of CHS (Unigene0008250), CHI (Unigene0013781) and F3H were higher than those of CHS (Unigene 0012884) and C3′H in the stems and leaves of the plants at both growth stages. Conclusion Forty-eight unigenes involving 14 enzymes associated with the flavonoid metabolism in D. officinale plants were identified by the transcriptome analysis. Of the 5 CHS-related unigenes, two encoded chalcone synthase, and 3 bibenzyl synthase, while the CHI (Unigene0013781) a Type I chalcone isomerase.
2019, 34(9): 1026-1031.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2019.09.005
Abstract:
Objective Effects of exposure to red and/or blue LEDs in a cultivation facility on growth and photosynthesis of cherry tomato plants were studied. Method Starting at 3-leaves-1-shoot stage, the Millennium Tomato seedlings were exposed to white light (CK), LEDred:blue=1 ∶ 1, LEDred:blue=7 ∶ 3, LEDred:blue=3 ∶ 7, red LED and blue LED for 30 days. During the treatment, changes on the dry and fresh weight gains, growth, and root/shoot ratio of the seedlings as well as the photosynthetic pigment contents, chlorophyll fluorescence parameters, peroxidase (POD) activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, and malondialdehyde (MDA) in the leaves were monitored. Result The fresh weight of the tomato plants exposed to the LED treatments was higher than that of CK with the greatest effect found under 7red ∶ 3blue, which was 50.5% higher than that of CK, and the second highest of 31.3% increase over CK under 1red:1blue. On a dry weight basis, however, the greatest increase of 61.0% over CK was observed under 1red ∶ 1blue, which also rendered a significantly higher plant growth index than CK and the other treatments. Almost all the LED treatments increased the contents of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b, except for red LED, which inhibited chlorophyll generation. POD became more active under increasing red exposure but less with increasing blue proportion when red and blue LEDs were combined for the treatment. No significant differences in the SOD activity of the plants exposed to different LED treatments was observed. The exposure to 1red ∶ 1blue produced the most MDA in leaves while red LED the least. Conclusion The 1red ∶ 1blue LED combination yielded strong growth, high dry matter accumulation, and improved photosynthetic efficiency on the cherry tomato plants cultivated under a controlled environment as shown in the experimentation.
2019, 34(9): 1032-1039.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2019.09.006
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Objective Optimum conditions for an efficient, rapid propagation from rhizomes of a Cymbidium goeringii hybrid were investigated. Method Rhizomes of the aseptically seeded F1 hybrid between two C. goeringii cultivars, Huang-mei and Huang-he, were cultivated on various media (i.e., 1/2MS、modified 1/2MS, and HyponexⅡ) with added plant growth regulators (i.e., 6-BA, NAA, TDZ, and/or IBA) to monitor the plant growth throughout propagation, differentiation, and rooting of the regeneration process. The seedlings were subsequently transplanted outdoor to determine their survival rate. Result In the propagation stage, the optimal medium was 3.0 g HyponexⅡ·L−1 + 0.5 mg 6-BA·L−1 + 3.0 mg NAA·L−1 + 1.0 g activated carbon (AC)·L−1 + 30.0 g sugar (Su)·L−1 + 7.0 g agar (Ag)·L−1 to achieve a growing rate of 7.31 and a multiplication coefficient of 6.02. The optimal medium for differentiation was 2.0 mg 6-BA·L−1 + 0.3 mg NAA·L−1 + 30.0 g Su·L−1 + 7.0 g Ag·L−1 to deliver an averaged 90.00% differentiation, 5.44 buds per rhizome segment, and 2.53 cm height of seedling. For optimum rooting, the medium was 1.5 mg IBA·L−1 + 2.0 g peptone·L−1 + 1.0 g AC·L−1 + 25.0 g Su·L−1 + 7.0 g Ag·L−1 to result in 100.00% root-generation with an averaged 8.03 roots at 3.00 cm long per plant. The survival rate of plantlets 60 d after transplantation was up to 96.53%. Conclusion HyponexⅡ applied at 3.0 g·L−1 was found highly efficient for the C. goeringii rhizome regeneration; and, the addition of 1.5 mg·L−1 of IBA in the medium significantly enhanced the rooting for the seedlings.
2019, 34(9): 1040-1046.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2019.09.007
Abstract:
Objective To seek means for improvement on crossbreeding the appealing, long flowering, widely adaptable bell clematis by overcoming the long dormancy and high embryo abortion in seed germination. Method Seeds of Dream King clematis (Clematis texensis) collected 45 d after pollination were cultured in vitro on various media to optimize the conditions for embryo rescue and dormancy breaking. An orthogonal experiment of 12 treatments consisting of additions of 6-BA and/or NAA in various concentrations as well as exposures to temperatures and daylight was conducted to observe the resulting seed germination and seedling survival. Result The addition of 0.5 mg·L−1 6-BA and 0.05 mg·L−1 NAA to the MS basic medium improved the seed germination rate to 54%, with 47% of the seedlings reached maturation. When 10% of coconut milk was added to the medium, both seed germination and seedling survival rate were significantly raised to reach 62%. Exposure of the seeds to low temperature and day 25℃/night 15℃ promoted the germination. And, the presence of either 50 mg·L−1 GA or 30 mg·L−1 6-BA in the medium facilitated breaking the seed dormancy. Conclusion Embryos of clematis could be rescued in vitro to mitigate premature abortion caused by high temperature. The growth hormone addition could significantly shorten dormancy and promote germination of the bell clematis seeds.
2019, 34(9): 1047-1052.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2019.09.008
Abstract:
Objective Effects of supplemental light on the growth, photosynthesis, and quality of chili peppers cultivated in a solar greenhouse were studied. Method In the greenhouse, Chili Pepper 37-94 plants were exposed to supplemental light emitted from LEDs at red ∶ blue=5 ∶ 1,LEDs at red ∶ blue ∶ white=3 ∶ 1 ∶ 1), or a plant supplementary lamp for observations and measurements on the responses of the plants. Result The plant height, stem girth, leaf length, leaf width, and chlorophyll content of the treated plants were significantly greater than those of control, Under the LEDs at red ∶ blue ∶ white=3 ∶ 1 ∶ 1 treatment, the net leaf photosynthetic rate increased by 63.72%, and the contents of soluble sugar, soluble protein, and Vc of the chilis rose 70%, 77%, and 8.2%, respectively, over those of control. Among the 3 treatments, LEDs at red ∶ blue=5 ∶ 1 produced the highest Gs, Ci, and Tr in the leaves with increases of 73.33%, 12.94%, and 35.83, respectively, over those of control. Conclusion Exposure of LEDs at red ∶ blue ∶ white=3 ∶ 1 ∶ 1 promoted the photosynthesis increasing the chlorophyll formation and accumulation in the chili pepper plants that enhanced the plant growth and improved chili quality.
2019, 34(9): 1053-1058.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2019.09.009
Abstract:
Objective The prokaryotic expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor δ (PPARδ) in Nile tilapia was determined for the preparation of a polyclonal antibody against the receptor protein. Method The bioinformatics analysis on PPARδ was conducted to arrive at a primer designed for amplification. The amplified products were subcloned into expression vector pET-B2m to construct recombinant plasmid for transformation into E. coli B21 with IPTG induction. The expressed protein was identified by SDS-PAGE and purified with a Ni-NTA prior to immunization on Japanese white rabbits. A polyclonal antibody with its titer determined by ELISA and specificity analyzed by the western blotting was obtained. Result The prokaryotic expression vector pET-B2m-PPARδ was successfully constructed. The recombinant protein with molecular weight of 90 KD was expressed in both inclusion body and soluble proteins. The titer of the rabbit anti-PPARδ polyclonal antibody was 1 ∶ 2 048 000. The western blot confirmed that the antibody reacted specifically with PPARδ protein. Conclusion This study successfully expressed and purified the PPARδ recombinant protein of Nile tilapia, and subsequently, obtained the polyclonal antibodies with high specificity and efficacy that could be used for further research on PPARδ in Nile tilapia.
2019, 34(9): 1059-1063.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2019.09.010
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Objective To explore a means for biocontrol of Ectropis grisescens Warren, one of the most common and serious pests in tea plantations, by intercropping with flowering plants. Method Effects of the flowers of Chamaecrista rotundifolia (Pers.) Greene, Chamaecradta nictitans Moench, Cassia bicapsularis L., Wedelia chinensis (Osbeck.) Merr., Ruellia brittoniana Leonard, and Asclepias curassavica L., were compared to those of 5% honey and water on the fecundity and lifespan of adult E. grisescens for the study. Result The flowers of C. rotundifolia, C. nictitans, C. bicapsularis, W. chinensis, and A. curassavica significantly shortened the lifespan and decreased the fecundity of adult female E. grisescens as compared to the exposure of the insects to water or 5% honey. The flowers of R. brittoniana, C. rotundifolia, C. nictitans, and C. bicapsularis significantly reduced the fecundity of adult male E. grisescens in comparison to water, 5% honey or R. brittoniana flower. Among the treatments, the highest oviposition of the adult females was found in contact with water that produced 305.7 eggs per insect on average, and the flowers of A. curassavica allowed the lowest average of 38.3 eggs per female adult. On lifespan, the longest was observed in the insects under the water treatment as well, with an average of 13.68 d for the females and 12.36 d for the males. The flowers of W. chinensis and C. bicapsularis cut the average lifespans of the female and male adults to the shortest of all treatments at 6.56 d for the adult females and 5.60 d for the adult males. Conclusion Utilizing the flowering plants such as C. rotundifolia, C. nictitans, and/or C. bicapsularis to intercrop in tea plantations helped reduce the fitness and reproduction of E. grisescens. It seemed to represent a promising potential for a viable, environmentally friendly biocontrol on the pest in tea plantations.
2019, 34(9): 1064-1072.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2019.09.011
Abstract:
Objective Effect of various pesticides on the growth of Tremella fuciformis Berk and the food safety assessment on the pesticide residues were studied. Method Two major T. fuciformis Berk cultivars, Tr01 and Tr21, of Gutian County in Fujian were cultivated on substrates under 9 treatments that applied 11 pesticides in varied concentrations to monitor the fungal growth and yield. Upon maturation, fruiting bodies were harvested for chemical analysis to determine the health risk of pesticide residues for food consumption. Result Other than imidacloprid, none of the tested pesticides left a detectable residue in the fruiting bodies. Even the highest hazard quotients (HQs) of imidacloprid on the acute and chronic health risks were far below 1 at 0.006 and 0.000 9, respectively. The application of 20% isoprocarb emulsion caused deformation on the fruiting bodies of both varieties. On fungal yield, among the pesticides, 3.5% cypermethrin and 1.5% acetamiprid microemulsion reduced the yields of both cultivars; 5% avermectin emulsion and 30% acephate emulsion lowered the yield of Tr01; and, 3% bifenthrin and 3% acetamiprid microemulsion decreased the yield of Tr21. Conclusion The growth of Tr01 was more sensitivity to pesticide applications than Tr21, and neither T. fuciformis cultivars could develop normally on substrate with the presence of isoprocarb. Within the treatment limits applied in this study, the pesticide residues in the fruiting bodies seemed to post little health risk for consumers.
2019, 34(9): 1073-1080.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2019.09.012
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Objective Diversities of the bacterial community in the rhizosphere soils, where healthy or fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum Schl.) infected chili plants were found, were compared for information to facilitate the disease control. Method Soil samples at sites of healthy (JK) and diseased (KW) chili plants from 3 cultivation extension stations in Zhangzhou, Fujian were collected. The macrogenomic sequences of the specimens were obtained using Illumina Miseq high-throughput platform. Result The high-quality alpha diversity indices on KW was 14376 fewer and the operational taxonomic units 1239 less than those of JK. The microbial phyla found in JK and KW were similar on composition but significantly differed on relative abundance. Among the various genera identified, Sphingomonas in JK was 5.05% higher than in KW on relative abundance, while Metallibacterium 6.09% lower. The analysis on part of the species indicated that the abundance of 4 genera, such as Solirubrobacter, Microbispora, Catelliglobosispora and Pseudolabrys, were lower in KW than JK. Conclusion The differentiations between JK and KW on the composition and abundance of their microbial communities could likely affect the occurrence of the wilt on the chili plants grown on the sites. Hence, measures for remedy, such as addition of dominant probiotics in the soil at early stage of plant growth, might be a plausible new approach to control the wilt disease on chili plants in the field.
2019, 34(9): 1081-1086.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2019.09.013
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Objective Effects of the herbicide, tribenuron-methylon, in varied concentrations on the survival rate, chlorophyll content, and agronomic traits of Brassica napus L. were studied to determine the appropriate dosage for field application. Method In a pot experiment, seedlings of B. napus polima cytoplasmic male sterility (polCMS) restorer lines, including 18Z363, M342, 2350C, and the hybrid (LDX95-58A×18Z363), at 4 to 6 leaves stage were sprayed with tribenuron-methylon solutions in varied concentrations. Chlorophyll contents in leaves of the plants were measured 7d after treatments using a SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter. Survival rates of the seedlings were determined 14d after the spraying. In the field, agronomic traits of the mature plants, which had been treated at 4 to 6 leaves stage, were observed. Result Overall, the leaf SPAD decreased with increasing herbicide dosage applied on the plants. When the application dosage was greater than or equal to 18.0 g·hm−2 , it declined significantly in the herbicide-susceptible line 2350C reaching a low level, but remained high in the resistant lines 18Z363, M342, and the hybrid. Meanwhile, all 2350C seedlings died in 2 weeks, whereas, more than 88.9% of 18Z363, M342 or the hybrid survived the treatments. Once the herbicide application was beyond 18.0 g·hm−2, even the resistant species began to show ill-effects in varying degrees on the agronomic traits. Conclusion The results appeared that the upper limit of tribenuron-methyl usage around the restorer line18Z363 and its hybrids was 18.0 g·hm−2.
2019, 34(9): 1087-1092.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2019.09.014
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Objective Effects of hot-air drying temperature on protein extraction and quality of soybeans were studied for a process design. Method The moisture content, dehulling efficiency, protein extraction rate, lipoxygenase activity, and sensory quality of the Northeast soybeans mechanically dehulled after heating with hot-air at 50, 60, 70, 80, 90℃ for 10 min were compared with those of the non-hot-air-treated counterparts to evaluate the effects of hot-air temperature on the process and product quality. Results With the increasing hot-air temperature, the moisture content and protein extraction rate of the soybeans decreased, the effective dehulling percentage increased significantly then leveled off, and the beany note diminished gradually accompanied by an increased fried soybeans aroma. conclusion The optimum hot-air drying for the soybeans was determined to be 80℃ for 10 min to yield a 99.61% dehulling rate, a 90.64% protein extraction, and a fading beany but a faint fried beans aroma. The lipoxygenase activity in the heated soybeans was partially inhibited but remained substantially high indicating the applied temperature/time was insufficient to fully inactive the enzyme.
2019, 34(9): 1093-1099.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2019.09.015
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Objective Chemical structure and in vitro immunological activity of the water soluble polysaccharides from Sparassis latifolia were studied . Method The lyophilized powder of S. latifolia fruiting bodies was extracted by hot water to obtain polysaccharides SCG-D. From the extract, the SCG-N and SCG-A fractions were isolated by the DEAE-Sepharose Fast Flow ion exchange chromatography. The structure of SCG-A was analyzed using HPSEC, monosaccharide composition analysis, FT-IR, and NMR. The in vitro immunological activities of the extract and the fractions were determined by a test on rat spleen lymphocytes. Result SCG-D was found active in promoting the lymphocyte proliferation. SCG-A exhibited the strongest activity with a proliferation rate of 32.7% at the concentration of 100 μg/mL in 72h, while SCG-N activity was lower at 11.66%. The molecular weight of SCG-A was 4.30×105Da with an α-1,4-D-glucan as its main chain consisting primarily of glucose and galactose with some 1-6-branches. Conclusion The water-soluble polysaccharides and its fractions obtained from the lyophilized S. latifolia powder showed varying in vitro immune activities of promoting the proliferation of rat spleen lymphocytes. The acidic SCG-A had a main chain structure of α-1,4-glucan with 1-6-branches and showed the greatest immunological activity among the 3 polysaccharide materials.
2019, 34(9): 1100-1107.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2019.09.016
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Objective Conditions of dehydration process to preserve jabuticaba, Myrciaria cauliflora, were studied for optimization. Method Sensory quality and nutritional contents of fat, protein, crude fiber, starch, reducing sugar, ash, fructose, glucose, sucrose, moisture, vitamin C, selenium, and total polyphenols of the dried fruits were used as criteria to evaluate the dehydration by hot air at 50℃, 60℃ or 70℃ and by vacuum freeze-drying. Experimental data were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Results The sensory quality of the freeze-dried jabuticaba was the best among all samples. The dried product remained a color and shape of the peel and pulp close to those of the fresh fruit, and the texture was uniform and palatable. In contrast, the hot air drying darkened and dulled the color, severely shrunk and deformed the appearance, and hardened the fruit. Nutritionally, the contents of protein, fat, sucrose, vitamin C, and total polyphenols in the dehydrated products processed by freeze-drying were significantly higher than those by the hot air-drying. Furthermore, the moisture content of the freeze-dried samples was 5.92%, which was significantly lower than that by the hot air-drying. It appeared that the vacuum freeze-drying was superior among the 4 methods. The fruits dried with hot air at 50℃ had the highest contents of starch, crude fiber, ash, and amino acids, followed by the freeze-dried counterparts. And, the higher the hot air temperature applied for the dehydration, the lower the contents of starch, protein, ash, vitamin C, selenium, moisture, total polyphenols, and amino acids, and the higher the contents of reducing sugars, fructose, and glucose in the dried jabuticaba. Conclusion The vacuum freeze-drying was considered the choice for jabuticaba dehydration as it yielded desirable sensory quality as well as nutritional value for the product.
2019, 34(9): 1108-1116.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2019.09.017
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Objective To analyze the effectiveness of network communication and information dissemination through publication of trade journals for agricultural communities. Methods The statistics relating to network communication of the Fujian Journal of Agricultural Sciences (FJAS) using the Open Access (OA) and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) platforms were compiled. Data with respect to the annual downloads and browses, user geography and affiliation distributions in 2012—2017, as well as the total downloads, downloads per article, and distributions of download frequency on papers published from 2008 to 2017 were used for the analysis. Results (1) During 2012—2017, the number of downloads of articles published in FJAS through the OA platform was 1,640,600 and that of browses 3,252,200. Comparing to CNKI, they were 6.44 times higher on the downloads and 12.03 times on the browses. The visitations on FJAS through both platforms in that period were continually rising in numbers. (2) From 2008 to 2017, the total downloads on FJAS published material through the OA platform reached 1,042,900 averaging 503 per paper, which were significantly higher than those of CNKI (i.e., 30,250 downloads averaging 146 per paper). (3) In those years, the majority of FJAS online users on OA were from China (887,800 downloads) and the United States (64,0700 downloads). All foreign users made 46.83% of the total browse. Meanwhile, on the CNKI platform, most FJAS logons came from China, with 286,000 downloads accounting for 99.13% of the total. (4) In China, the FJAS domestic users who used OA were mainly from Beijing and Shanghai; whereas those applied the CNKI platform were largely from the economically well-developed localities and science-and-technology-oriented higher education and research institutions. Conclusion The OA platform was the main venue for network communication accessed by readers in search for information provided by academic periodicals. It significantly contributed to the international communication and information exchange. The CNKI platform, on the other hand, tended to be the choice by domestic scientific information seekers. The two platforms complemented each other by serving different audiences. Consequently, further improving the OA platform and, at the same time, enhancing the joint efforts with CNKI would highly benefit the agriculture and scientific communities in fostering the communication, extending the reach, and assisting the information dissemination.
