2016 Vol. 31, No. 10
Display Method:
2016, 31(10): 1011-1014.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.10.001
Abstract:
The diseases caused by reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) are generally characterized by immunosuppression occurred to avian species. They can result in the increased susceptibility to secondary bacterial or viral infections and poor immune responses to vaccines on the infected birds. An epidemic of the viral diseases can lead to disastrous impacts for the poultry industry. This study employed the specific primers-pair targeting the long terminal repeat of the virus genomic sequence for an investigation on 21 samples from the infected Muscovy ducks (12 from Fujian and 9 from Zhejiang) collected in 2013. Among the samples, one from Fujian (designated as strain REV-FJ-MD01) and another from Zhejiang (designated as strain REV-ZJ-MD01) were identified for further study. The positive fragments were harvested, cloned, and sequenced. The obtained sequence shared a perfect nucleotide identity with other GenBank REV isolates, except the pigeon-origin REV and the duck-origin REV strain 173, which differed on only one nucleotide. The genetic evolutionary relationship between the two strains and REV appeared close. Therefore, it was concluded that REV infection existed in the Muscovy ducks in Fujian.
The diseases caused by reticuloendotheliosis virus (REV) are generally characterized by immunosuppression occurred to avian species. They can result in the increased susceptibility to secondary bacterial or viral infections and poor immune responses to vaccines on the infected birds. An epidemic of the viral diseases can lead to disastrous impacts for the poultry industry. This study employed the specific primers-pair targeting the long terminal repeat of the virus genomic sequence for an investigation on 21 samples from the infected Muscovy ducks (12 from Fujian and 9 from Zhejiang) collected in 2013. Among the samples, one from Fujian (designated as strain REV-FJ-MD01) and another from Zhejiang (designated as strain REV-ZJ-MD01) were identified for further study. The positive fragments were harvested, cloned, and sequenced. The obtained sequence shared a perfect nucleotide identity with other GenBank REV isolates, except the pigeon-origin REV and the duck-origin REV strain 173, which differed on only one nucleotide. The genetic evolutionary relationship between the two strains and REV appeared close. Therefore, it was concluded that REV infection existed in the Muscovy ducks in Fujian.
Construction and Certification of Recombinant Adenovirus Vector for σC Gene in Muscovy Duck Reovirus
2016, 31(10): 1015-1019.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.10.002
Abstract:
The σC gene of muscovy duck reovirus (MDRV) was amplified by RT-PCR and cloned into pShuttle-CMV plasmid after the amplicon was digested by XhoI+Hind III enzyme. Sequencing analysis confirmed the gene to be σC. Subsequently, the recombinant plasmid pShuttle-CMV-σC and the adenovirus backbone vector, pAdEasy-1, were co-transfected into 293 cells to construct a recombinant adenovirus. The obtained recombinant adenovirus pAd-σC was positively identified by PCR and RT-PCR. The information obtained could be used for genetic engineering a vaccine against MDRV.
The σC gene of muscovy duck reovirus (MDRV) was amplified by RT-PCR and cloned into pShuttle-CMV plasmid after the amplicon was digested by XhoI+Hind III enzyme. Sequencing analysis confirmed the gene to be σC. Subsequently, the recombinant plasmid pShuttle-CMV-σC and the adenovirus backbone vector, pAdEasy-1, were co-transfected into 293 cells to construct a recombinant adenovirus. The obtained recombinant adenovirus pAd-σC was positively identified by PCR and RT-PCR. The information obtained could be used for genetic engineering a vaccine against MDRV.
2016, 31(10): 1020-1023.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.10.003
Abstract:
A viral strain, designated as FJ1674, was isolated from dead chickens that showed hydropericardium syndrome. The gene fragment of the strain, which lacked the hemagglutination activity, could be amplified by the specific primers of avian adenovirus serotype 4 against those of the viruses of avian influenza, newcastle disease, avian infectious bronchitis, avian encephalomyelitis, avian leukemia, infectious bursa, avian metapneumo, and inclusion body hepatitis. Thus, FJ1674 was believed to belong to avian adenovirus serotype 4.The sequencing analysis revealed its high homology (99.4%-100%) between FJ1674 and its counterpart in GenBank. The phylogenetic analysis also showed that FJ1674 was close to viruses of the same serotype, and could be subdivided into the same isolate cluster.
A viral strain, designated as FJ1674, was isolated from dead chickens that showed hydropericardium syndrome. The gene fragment of the strain, which lacked the hemagglutination activity, could be amplified by the specific primers of avian adenovirus serotype 4 against those of the viruses of avian influenza, newcastle disease, avian infectious bronchitis, avian encephalomyelitis, avian leukemia, infectious bursa, avian metapneumo, and inclusion body hepatitis. Thus, FJ1674 was believed to belong to avian adenovirus serotype 4.The sequencing analysis revealed its high homology (99.4%-100%) between FJ1674 and its counterpart in GenBank. The phylogenetic analysis also showed that FJ1674 was close to viruses of the same serotype, and could be subdivided into the same isolate cluster.
2016, 31(10): 1024-1027.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.10.004
Abstract:
To study the ORF3 gene of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) in Fujian, samples were collected from regions in the province during 2014-2015. Eight strains were amplified for sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis. Genetic evolution analysis showed that the strains were of wild variety and close to those found domestically and in the neighboring countries in recent years with up to 100% homology on the nucleotide and deduced amino acids. But, they were distantly related to the classical strain of CV777, with a nucleotide homology of 96.0%-96.9% and amino acid homology of 92.5%-94.7%. It appeared that genetic alternations had occurred to the PEDV strain currently isolated from the samples collected in the province.
To study the ORF3 gene of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) in Fujian, samples were collected from regions in the province during 2014-2015. Eight strains were amplified for sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis. Genetic evolution analysis showed that the strains were of wild variety and close to those found domestically and in the neighboring countries in recent years with up to 100% homology on the nucleotide and deduced amino acids. But, they were distantly related to the classical strain of CV777, with a nucleotide homology of 96.0%-96.9% and amino acid homology of 92.5%-94.7%. It appeared that genetic alternations had occurred to the PEDV strain currently isolated from the samples collected in the province.
2016, 31(10): 1028-1033.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.10.005
Abstract:
In the tank with a constant water temperature of 25±1℃, American eels were administered with mequindox (MEQ) for the study. The eels were either orally fed with a feed at a single MEQ dosage rate of 120 mg/kg, or placed in a water bath containing 5 mg MEQ/L for 18 h. Samples were collected periodically to obtain MEQ concentrations in the blood plasma, muscle, liver, and kidney of the eels by HPLC, while MEQ pharmacokinetics analyzed. The pharmacokinetic characteristics of MEQ were found to be fast absorbed, evenly distributed, rapidly eliminated, and left with low residues in the fish. Under the oral administration, the pharmacokinetics of the blood plasma showed a Tmax at 0.75 h, Cmax at 4 115 μg·L-1, T1/2 at 7.40 h, and CL/F at 41.89 L·kg-1·h-1. The concentrations of MEQ in the organs were below the detectable level after 72 h. For the medicated bath treatment, the pharmacokinetics of the eel blood plasma indicated Tmax to be 0.25 h, Cmax 435.6 μg·L-1, T1/2 0.26 h, and CL/F 1.241 L·kg-1·h-1. The MEQ in the organs became not detectable after 2.5 h. The distribution of plasma MEQ in the eels under either treatment fitted the one-compartment open model.
In the tank with a constant water temperature of 25±1℃, American eels were administered with mequindox (MEQ) for the study. The eels were either orally fed with a feed at a single MEQ dosage rate of 120 mg/kg, or placed in a water bath containing 5 mg MEQ/L for 18 h. Samples were collected periodically to obtain MEQ concentrations in the blood plasma, muscle, liver, and kidney of the eels by HPLC, while MEQ pharmacokinetics analyzed. The pharmacokinetic characteristics of MEQ were found to be fast absorbed, evenly distributed, rapidly eliminated, and left with low residues in the fish. Under the oral administration, the pharmacokinetics of the blood plasma showed a Tmax at 0.75 h, Cmax at 4 115 μg·L-1, T1/2 at 7.40 h, and CL/F at 41.89 L·kg-1·h-1. The concentrations of MEQ in the organs were below the detectable level after 72 h. For the medicated bath treatment, the pharmacokinetics of the eel blood plasma indicated Tmax to be 0.25 h, Cmax 435.6 μg·L-1, T1/2 0.26 h, and CL/F 1.241 L·kg-1·h-1. The MEQ in the organs became not detectable after 2.5 h. The distribution of plasma MEQ in the eels under either treatment fitted the one-compartment open model.
2016, 31(10): 1034-1038.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.10.006
Abstract:
The effects of different nitrogen rates on culm traits and lodging resistance were studied for a two-line super high-yielding hybrid rice combination Guangliangyou 676. The results indicated that the length of internodes, especially the fourth and fifth internode from the top, increased with the increase of nitrogen application rates, and had an extremely significant positive correlation with nitrogen application rates, showing that nitrogen application could increase internode length of rice. The diameter of each internode increased with the increase of nitrogen application levels. Nitrogen application had no effect on culm wall thickness. The height and weight of each internode to the top of the spike all had a very closely significant correlation with nitrogen application levels. The breaking-resistant strength of each internode decreased with the increase of nitrogen application rates, but had no significant difference. The bending moment and lodging index both significantly increased with the increase of nitrogen fertilizer rates, and both had very closely significant relation to nitrogen application rates. Guangliangyou676 has better resistant lodging ability below 20 g·m-2 of nitrogen application rate, but is subjected to lodging easily under excessive nitrogen fertilizers.
The effects of different nitrogen rates on culm traits and lodging resistance were studied for a two-line super high-yielding hybrid rice combination Guangliangyou 676. The results indicated that the length of internodes, especially the fourth and fifth internode from the top, increased with the increase of nitrogen application rates, and had an extremely significant positive correlation with nitrogen application rates, showing that nitrogen application could increase internode length of rice. The diameter of each internode increased with the increase of nitrogen application levels. Nitrogen application had no effect on culm wall thickness. The height and weight of each internode to the top of the spike all had a very closely significant correlation with nitrogen application levels. The breaking-resistant strength of each internode decreased with the increase of nitrogen application rates, but had no significant difference. The bending moment and lodging index both significantly increased with the increase of nitrogen fertilizer rates, and both had very closely significant relation to nitrogen application rates. Guangliangyou676 has better resistant lodging ability below 20 g·m-2 of nitrogen application rate, but is subjected to lodging easily under excessive nitrogen fertilizers.
2016, 31(10): 1039-1043.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.10.007
Abstract:
Xiang A (aka Quan 7A), an indica rice CMS line, was bred by crossing V41B, Minquan 2, Jin 23B, and Zhenshan 97A through successive backcrossing for several years. It was registered and released for commercial applications in Fujian in 2014. It exhibited the desirable characteristics of stable complete sterility, high out-crossing rate, long and slender grain, and fine combining capacity.
Xiang A (aka Quan 7A), an indica rice CMS line, was bred by crossing V41B, Minquan 2, Jin 23B, and Zhenshan 97A through successive backcrossing for several years. It was registered and released for commercial applications in Fujian in 2014. It exhibited the desirable characteristics of stable complete sterility, high out-crossing rate, long and slender grain, and fine combining capacity.
2016, 31(10): 1044-1050.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.10.008
Abstract:
NaHS was used as an exogenous H2S for this study to induce changes on the protein expression and morphological/physiological properties of wheat seedlings. Varied concentrations of NaHS (i.e., 0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.20, 0.40, 0.80, 1.60, and 3.20 mmol·L-1) were incorporated in the medium solution for the experimentation. According to the effect on the seedling growth and based on their concentrations, 3 groups of the solutions were classified as (a) LC at 0.05 and 0.10 mmol·L-1 that promoted the growth, (b) IC at 0.20, 1.60, and 0.40 mmol·L-1 that inhibited the growth, and (c) HC at 0.80 and 3.20 mmol·L-1 that harmed the growth. When LC was applied, the height, root length, and fresh or dry weight of the plants increased significantly, while the application of HC produced the opposite effects. Furthermore, moisture and leaf chlorophyll contents of the plants were significantly affected by the NaHS concentration. There were also significant correlations observed between the biomass and physiological characteristics, according to a principal component analysis.
NaHS was used as an exogenous H2S for this study to induce changes on the protein expression and morphological/physiological properties of wheat seedlings. Varied concentrations of NaHS (i.e., 0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.20, 0.40, 0.80, 1.60, and 3.20 mmol·L-1) were incorporated in the medium solution for the experimentation. According to the effect on the seedling growth and based on their concentrations, 3 groups of the solutions were classified as (a) LC at 0.05 and 0.10 mmol·L-1 that promoted the growth, (b) IC at 0.20, 1.60, and 0.40 mmol·L-1 that inhibited the growth, and (c) HC at 0.80 and 3.20 mmol·L-1 that harmed the growth. When LC was applied, the height, root length, and fresh or dry weight of the plants increased significantly, while the application of HC produced the opposite effects. Furthermore, moisture and leaf chlorophyll contents of the plants were significantly affected by the NaHS concentration. There were also significant correlations observed between the biomass and physiological characteristics, according to a principal component analysis.
2016, 31(10): 1051-1055.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.10.009
Abstract:
Aimed to generate a high-yield, strong disease-resistance, wide-adaptability purple sweet potato cultivar, Fushu 24 was bred at the Crop Institute through massive crossing between the female parent, Yanzishu 2, and other resources. The new variety had a fresh-tuber yield of 25 387.26 to 45 314.39 kg·hm-2, on average a 17.26% increase over that of control, Ningzishu 1. The plant was also highly resistant to the sweet potato fusarium wilt. It was certified by Fujian Provincial Crop Varieties Appraisal Committee and the National Sweet Potato New Varieties Appraisal Committee in 2014.
Aimed to generate a high-yield, strong disease-resistance, wide-adaptability purple sweet potato cultivar, Fushu 24 was bred at the Crop Institute through massive crossing between the female parent, Yanzishu 2, and other resources. The new variety had a fresh-tuber yield of 25 387.26 to 45 314.39 kg·hm-2, on average a 17.26% increase over that of control, Ningzishu 1. The plant was also highly resistant to the sweet potato fusarium wilt. It was certified by Fujian Provincial Crop Varieties Appraisal Committee and the National Sweet Potato New Varieties Appraisal Committee in 2014.
2016, 31(10): 1056-1058.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.10.010
Abstract:
This article describes the breeding process of a new potato variety, Quanyun No. 4. It was a hybrid bred by crossing VT-1, as the female, and NS79-12-1, as the male parent. The growing period of the hybrid was approximately 91 days. The plant had dark green leaves, purplish green stems, and oval tubers thathad smooth skin, ivory-colored flesh, shallow eyes surrounded by red rings, 18.88% dry matter, and desirable edible quality. The crop yield was approximately 30 300 kg·hm-2. This new variety of potatoes has been certificated by the authority of Fujian province in June 2014.
This article describes the breeding process of a new potato variety, Quanyun No. 4. It was a hybrid bred by crossing VT-1, as the female, and NS79-12-1, as the male parent. The growing period of the hybrid was approximately 91 days. The plant had dark green leaves, purplish green stems, and oval tubers thathad smooth skin, ivory-colored flesh, shallow eyes surrounded by red rings, 18.88% dry matter, and desirable edible quality. The crop yield was approximately 30 300 kg·hm-2. This new variety of potatoes has been certificated by the authority of Fujian province in June 2014.
Genetic Diversity of Tieguanyin and Huangdan Half-sib Tea Cultivars Determined by Using ISSR Markers
2016, 31(10): 1059-1064.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.10.011
Abstract:
Two tea cultivars, Tieguanyin and huangdan, are the core parents used in oolong tea breeding. Many premium oolong tea cultivars have been bred from them. Using ISSR molecular markers, 9 primers with high polymorphism and clearly distinguishable ISSR amplified bands were selected for the amplification of 24 tea varieties (or lines) as well as the determination of the genetic diversity and relationship among the cultivars. A total of 73 bands was generated with 15 ISSR primers. Of which, 47 were polymorphic at a rate of 64.4%, averaging 5.2 bands amplified per primer. An analysis on the genetic similarity of the 24 tea cultivars yielded coefficients ranging from 0.644 to 0.889, with an average of 0.727. It suggested that the genetic bases of the germplasms were limited, and their genetic relationships close. The results would provide valuable information for tea breeding in the future.
Two tea cultivars, Tieguanyin and huangdan, are the core parents used in oolong tea breeding. Many premium oolong tea cultivars have been bred from them. Using ISSR molecular markers, 9 primers with high polymorphism and clearly distinguishable ISSR amplified bands were selected for the amplification of 24 tea varieties (or lines) as well as the determination of the genetic diversity and relationship among the cultivars. A total of 73 bands was generated with 15 ISSR primers. Of which, 47 were polymorphic at a rate of 64.4%, averaging 5.2 bands amplified per primer. An analysis on the genetic similarity of the 24 tea cultivars yielded coefficients ranging from 0.644 to 0.889, with an average of 0.727. It suggested that the genetic bases of the germplasms were limited, and their genetic relationships close. The results would provide valuable information for tea breeding in the future.
2016, 31(10): 1070-1074.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.10.013
Abstract:
Utilization of tea stalks as replacement for other ingredients in the substrate for cultivation of Pleurotus nebrodensis was studied. The mycelial vitality, primordia formation, and anutrient yield of the mushrooms grown under different formulations of medium were monitored. The results showed that the mycelial vitality and fruiting of the mushrooms were inferior to those of control when tea stalks were included in the culture medium. The yield, biological efficiency, crude protein content, and total amino acid content of the fruiting bodies were all lower than those of control. They decreased with increasing amount of tea stalks. On the other hand, the contents of crude fat, crude fiber, ashes, Fe or Zn, and the ratio of essential amino acids to nonessential amino acids of the fruiting bodies were higher than those of control, in the ranges of 0.08%-0.57%, 0.15%-1.3%, 0.32%-2.45%, 0.28%-0.63%, 1.21%-4.29 ug/hg, and 0.02%-4.45%, respectively. They increased with increasing tea stalk addition. Consequently, the potential of tea stalk utilization in cultivating P. nebrodensis depended on the overall balance on the quality of the resulting mushrooms as well as an optimized substrate formulation.
Utilization of tea stalks as replacement for other ingredients in the substrate for cultivation of Pleurotus nebrodensis was studied. The mycelial vitality, primordia formation, and anutrient yield of the mushrooms grown under different formulations of medium were monitored. The results showed that the mycelial vitality and fruiting of the mushrooms were inferior to those of control when tea stalks were included in the culture medium. The yield, biological efficiency, crude protein content, and total amino acid content of the fruiting bodies were all lower than those of control. They decreased with increasing amount of tea stalks. On the other hand, the contents of crude fat, crude fiber, ashes, Fe or Zn, and the ratio of essential amino acids to nonessential amino acids of the fruiting bodies were higher than those of control, in the ranges of 0.08%-0.57%, 0.15%-1.3%, 0.32%-2.45%, 0.28%-0.63%, 1.21%-4.29 ug/hg, and 0.02%-4.45%, respectively. They increased with increasing tea stalk addition. Consequently, the potential of tea stalk utilization in cultivating P. nebrodensis depended on the overall balance on the quality of the resulting mushrooms as well as an optimized substrate formulation.
2016, 31(10): 1075-1079.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.10.014
Abstract:
To establish an effective and rapid propagation method for Dendrobium officinale, sterile stem cuttings from the plant were used as the explants for the study. Effects of cultivation media, growth regulators, sucrose concentrations, and additives on the protocorm induction, proliferation and differentiation, as well as the rooting of the plantlets were investigated in an orthogonal experiment. The results showed that the optimal medium for the protocorm induction consisted of 1/2MS+6-BA4 mg·L-1+NAA0.1 mg·L-1; that for the proliferation, MS+30 g·L-1; that for the differentiation, MS+10 g·L-1sucrose+10% potato slurry; and, that for the rooting, 1/2MS+NAA1 mg·L-1+10% potato slurry+10% banana slurry. The method appeared to enable a successful regeneration of D. officinale plantlets through tissue culture propagation.
To establish an effective and rapid propagation method for Dendrobium officinale, sterile stem cuttings from the plant were used as the explants for the study. Effects of cultivation media, growth regulators, sucrose concentrations, and additives on the protocorm induction, proliferation and differentiation, as well as the rooting of the plantlets were investigated in an orthogonal experiment. The results showed that the optimal medium for the protocorm induction consisted of 1/2MS+6-BA4 mg·L-1+NAA0.1 mg·L-1; that for the proliferation, MS+30 g·L-1; that for the differentiation, MS+10 g·L-1sucrose+10% potato slurry; and, that for the rooting, 1/2MS+NAA1 mg·L-1+10% potato slurry+10% banana slurry. The method appeared to enable a successful regeneration of D. officinale plantlets through tissue culture propagation.
2016, 31(10): 1065-1069.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.10.012
Abstract:
Effect of pretreatment solution and duration on the growth of tomato cuttings for propagating in nutrient solution was studied. The results showed that the cuttings pretreated with a solution containing CaCl2 grew best among all tested materials. The growth of cuttings was significantly higher than those of control, NAA and IBA. At CaCl2 200 mgL-1, the best results on the area increase and color index of the leaves as well as the length, activity, and count of the roots on the tomato cuttings were found. The optimal pretreatment duration for the propagation was 30 min. It appeared that by pretreating the cuttings for half an hour in a solution with appropriate concentration of exogenous Ca2+, root formation and quality of the tomato cuttings in nutrient solution could be improved.
Effect of pretreatment solution and duration on the growth of tomato cuttings for propagating in nutrient solution was studied. The results showed that the cuttings pretreated with a solution containing CaCl2 grew best among all tested materials. The growth of cuttings was significantly higher than those of control, NAA and IBA. At CaCl2 200 mgL-1, the best results on the area increase and color index of the leaves as well as the length, activity, and count of the roots on the tomato cuttings were found. The optimal pretreatment duration for the propagation was 30 min. It appeared that by pretreating the cuttings for half an hour in a solution with appropriate concentration of exogenous Ca2+, root formation and quality of the tomato cuttings in nutrient solution could be improved.
2016, 31(10): 1080-1085.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.10.015
Abstract:
Eight sweet potato varieties (including Fushu 8, Jinshan 57, Quanshu 12, etc.) of varied qualities were used for comparison in this study. For 3 consecutive years, they were planted with a randomized block design and grown at a same location, where a severe Cylas formicarius (F.) infestation existed. The damage index, tuber yield reduction and infection rate on the sweet potato stalks were monitored and confirmed prior to harvesting. Variance and correlation analyses were conducted along with tests on plant qualities. The results showed that the damage index rated the cultivars in the order of Jinshan 57 > Fushu 8 > Guangzhou 87 > Quanshu 12 > Fushu 88 > Fushu 90 > Fushu 9 > Fushu 2. Jinshan 57 suffered the most serious harm among all, and its tuber yield reduction was also among the greatest. Overall, Jinshan 57 and Fushu 8 encountered the heaviest damages by the infestation, while Fushu 2 the least. All 3 selected evaluation criteria showed extremely significant differences in the years of the survey. The damage index had the highest correlation coefficient with the tuber yield reduction, followed by the stalk infection rate, while that between the stalk infection and the tuber yield reduction rates the lowest. The statistical analysis suggested that those observations correlated significantly with the annual precipitation in the area, and that continued drought was the most important factor causing the outbreak of C. formicarius (F.) in a large area. In addition, a significant correlation was found between the nutritional quality and the damage index of the sweet potatoes due to C. formicarius (F.) infestation.
Eight sweet potato varieties (including Fushu 8, Jinshan 57, Quanshu 12, etc.) of varied qualities were used for comparison in this study. For 3 consecutive years, they were planted with a randomized block design and grown at a same location, where a severe Cylas formicarius (F.) infestation existed. The damage index, tuber yield reduction and infection rate on the sweet potato stalks were monitored and confirmed prior to harvesting. Variance and correlation analyses were conducted along with tests on plant qualities. The results showed that the damage index rated the cultivars in the order of Jinshan 57 > Fushu 8 > Guangzhou 87 > Quanshu 12 > Fushu 88 > Fushu 90 > Fushu 9 > Fushu 2. Jinshan 57 suffered the most serious harm among all, and its tuber yield reduction was also among the greatest. Overall, Jinshan 57 and Fushu 8 encountered the heaviest damages by the infestation, while Fushu 2 the least. All 3 selected evaluation criteria showed extremely significant differences in the years of the survey. The damage index had the highest correlation coefficient with the tuber yield reduction, followed by the stalk infection rate, while that between the stalk infection and the tuber yield reduction rates the lowest. The statistical analysis suggested that those observations correlated significantly with the annual precipitation in the area, and that continued drought was the most important factor causing the outbreak of C. formicarius (F.) in a large area. In addition, a significant correlation was found between the nutritional quality and the damage index of the sweet potatoes due to C. formicarius (F.) infestation.
2016, 31(10): 1086-1090.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.10.016
Abstract:
A pathogen, HT-1, was isolated from the walnut trees that exhibited the typical symptoms of the blight disease. Tests were performed to confirm the pathogenicity and taxonomy of the isolated bacteria. The bacterium was also morphologically identified along with confirmation by a 16S rDNA sequencing analysis to be Pantoea agglomerans. It was found that the open wounds on the tree leaves was the major gateway for the infection. However, in a short term, wounds on the stems did not seem to affect the occurrence of the disease, nor did the roots appear to be an entry for the pathogenic invasion to the plants.
A pathogen, HT-1, was isolated from the walnut trees that exhibited the typical symptoms of the blight disease. Tests were performed to confirm the pathogenicity and taxonomy of the isolated bacteria. The bacterium was also morphologically identified along with confirmation by a 16S rDNA sequencing analysis to be Pantoea agglomerans. It was found that the open wounds on the tree leaves was the major gateway for the infection. However, in a short term, wounds on the stems did not seem to affect the occurrence of the disease, nor did the roots appear to be an entry for the pathogenic invasion to the plants.
2016, 31(10): 1091-1097.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.10.017
Abstract:
Using the 16S rRNA gene high through-put sequencing technique, the microbial composition of the gut microbiota in post-weaning piglets was characterized. The compositional alterations induced by two strains of Enterococcus faecium were studied. The resulting dominant species in the guts were found to be of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes phyla with contribution rates of 50.5% and 42.2%, respectively. The richness and diversity of the bacterial community increased after the E. faecium administration. The populations of 6 phyla (i.e., Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Tenericutes, Actidobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, and Actinobacteria) were increased, while that of Bacteroidetes significantly declined. A low abundance of Enterococcus spp. was detected in the piglet guts. However, the increase was merely 0.07% over control and 0.12 over the treatment group, SF1, and 0.14% over group SF2 after the feeding. Consequently, the primary effects induced by the probiotics, E. faecium strains, were contributed mainly to the changes on the richness and diversity, or the composition, of the gut microbes. It appeared that the positive results observed on the growth performances of the post-weaning piglets in the field experiment due to the introduction of the probiotics warned further attention.
Using the 16S rRNA gene high through-put sequencing technique, the microbial composition of the gut microbiota in post-weaning piglets was characterized. The compositional alterations induced by two strains of Enterococcus faecium were studied. The resulting dominant species in the guts were found to be of Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes phyla with contribution rates of 50.5% and 42.2%, respectively. The richness and diversity of the bacterial community increased after the E. faecium administration. The populations of 6 phyla (i.e., Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, Tenericutes, Actidobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, and Actinobacteria) were increased, while that of Bacteroidetes significantly declined. A low abundance of Enterococcus spp. was detected in the piglet guts. However, the increase was merely 0.07% over control and 0.12 over the treatment group, SF1, and 0.14% over group SF2 after the feeding. Consequently, the primary effects induced by the probiotics, E. faecium strains, were contributed mainly to the changes on the richness and diversity, or the composition, of the gut microbes. It appeared that the positive results observed on the growth performances of the post-weaning piglets in the field experiment due to the introduction of the probiotics warned further attention.
2016, 31(10): 1098-1103.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.10.018
Abstract:
Raising pigs on a microbial fermentation bed was a newly implemented and environmentally friendly approach. Temperature of the bed was critical for an appropriate operation. Thus, the surface temperature of the bedding materials, particularly in the heat of summer, was monitored. No significant temperature differences were found in the areas covered by the bedding material i.e., (30.13±0.86)℃ or where no such coverage was used in the feeding troughs (30.58±1.09)℃, drinking troughs (30.93±0.86)℃ or aisles (29.90±0.69)℃. On the other hand, the surface temperature of the beds inside the piggery was significantly lower than outside the construction i.e., (35.25±2.70)℃ vs. (41.44±2.12)℃. And, within a certain range, an increased pig breeding density did not, nor did amount of pig excretion, seem to significantly affect the bedding temperature.
Raising pigs on a microbial fermentation bed was a newly implemented and environmentally friendly approach. Temperature of the bed was critical for an appropriate operation. Thus, the surface temperature of the bedding materials, particularly in the heat of summer, was monitored. No significant temperature differences were found in the areas covered by the bedding material i.e., (30.13±0.86)℃ or where no such coverage was used in the feeding troughs (30.58±1.09)℃, drinking troughs (30.93±0.86)℃ or aisles (29.90±0.69)℃. On the other hand, the surface temperature of the beds inside the piggery was significantly lower than outside the construction i.e., (35.25±2.70)℃ vs. (41.44±2.12)℃. And, within a certain range, an increased pig breeding density did not, nor did amount of pig excretion, seem to significantly affect the bedding temperature.
2016, 31(10): 1104-1108.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.10.019
Abstract:
Statistical classification of colony characteristics and 16S rRNA gene sequencing were performed to obtain the information on the quantitative distribution, community composition, and diversity of endophytic bacteria in the roots, stems and leaves of Peperomia dindygulensis Miq. A total of 383 endophytic bacteria were isolated and clustered according to their colony characteristics. After the average linkage clustering, the groups were divided into 19 subgroups at the Euclidean distance of 0 level. The subgroups were phylogenetically classified into 8 genera and 13 species based on their partial 16S rDNA sequences. The quantities of endophytic bacteria in the tissues were in order of leaves > roots > stems; and, the diversity of the bacteria, stems > leaves > roots. The predominant endophytic bacteria in P. dindygulensis Miq were found to belong to the genera of Sphingomonas and Stenotrophomonas.
Statistical classification of colony characteristics and 16S rRNA gene sequencing were performed to obtain the information on the quantitative distribution, community composition, and diversity of endophytic bacteria in the roots, stems and leaves of Peperomia dindygulensis Miq. A total of 383 endophytic bacteria were isolated and clustered according to their colony characteristics. After the average linkage clustering, the groups were divided into 19 subgroups at the Euclidean distance of 0 level. The subgroups were phylogenetically classified into 8 genera and 13 species based on their partial 16S rDNA sequences. The quantities of endophytic bacteria in the tissues were in order of leaves > roots > stems; and, the diversity of the bacteria, stems > leaves > roots. The predominant endophytic bacteria in P. dindygulensis Miq were found to belong to the genera of Sphingomonas and Stenotrophomonas.
2016, 31(10): 1109-1115.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.10.020
Abstract:
Extracts of garlic and/or Platycladus orientalis were applied on Coprinus comatus during cultivation to determine theireffects in inhibitingpathogenic growths,whileat the same time, promoting mushroom development.Size of inhibitory areaon petri disheswas observed to compare the efficacies ofmicrobial inhibitionby the extracts. Whereas, mycelial growth and fruit body yield weremonitored for the direct effect of the extracts on the mushroom development. The results showed that by mixing the twoextracts ofgarlic and P. orientalis, awiderantimicrobial spectrumcould be realizedas compared towhen they were used separately. A7:3 mixing ratio of the garlic:P. orientalis extracts produced a superior resultin providing aconsistent inhibitory effect against 3pathogens. Specifically, the extractsobtained from a 6 h-extraction was highly effective on Penicillium spp. and Rhizopus spp.,with thecontrol rates of 38.46%-62.85% and 57.98%-67.74%, respectively.pH of the mixesdid not seem to be a significant factoronthe pathogenicinhibition. Nor was mycelial growth significantly affected by application of the extracts. On the other hand, the mushroom yield increasedsignificantly as compared to control. Insofar as the length of processing timeis concerned, the 12 h-extraction rendered a product with the greatest increase(i.e., 168.59%); while,the 48-, 6-, and 24 h-extractionsresulted in 72.63%, 65.72%, and 57.17%yield increases, respectively, incomparison to control. In addition,by using the mixed extracts in cultivation, the time required between harvests could be shortened andthecap/stem ratio of thefruiting body increased, thereby, mushroom production efficiency could be improved and costreduced over the conventional operation.
Extracts of garlic and/or Platycladus orientalis were applied on Coprinus comatus during cultivation to determine theireffects in inhibitingpathogenic growths,whileat the same time, promoting mushroom development.Size of inhibitory areaon petri disheswas observed to compare the efficacies ofmicrobial inhibitionby the extracts. Whereas, mycelial growth and fruit body yield weremonitored for the direct effect of the extracts on the mushroom development. The results showed that by mixing the twoextracts ofgarlic and P. orientalis, awiderantimicrobial spectrumcould be realizedas compared towhen they were used separately. A7:3 mixing ratio of the garlic:P. orientalis extracts produced a superior resultin providing aconsistent inhibitory effect against 3pathogens. Specifically, the extractsobtained from a 6 h-extraction was highly effective on Penicillium spp. and Rhizopus spp.,with thecontrol rates of 38.46%-62.85% and 57.98%-67.74%, respectively.pH of the mixesdid not seem to be a significant factoronthe pathogenicinhibition. Nor was mycelial growth significantly affected by application of the extracts. On the other hand, the mushroom yield increasedsignificantly as compared to control. Insofar as the length of processing timeis concerned, the 12 h-extraction rendered a product with the greatest increase(i.e., 168.59%); while,the 48-, 6-, and 24 h-extractionsresulted in 72.63%, 65.72%, and 57.17%yield increases, respectively, incomparison to control. In addition,by using the mixed extracts in cultivation, the time required between harvests could be shortened andthecap/stem ratio of thefruiting body increased, thereby, mushroom production efficiency could be improved and costreduced over the conventional operation.
2016, 31(10): 1116-1121.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.10.021
Abstract:
Percentage, composition and nutritional value of the meat portion of Pomoxis nigromacufatus were determined. The results showed that the fish contained 64.23±0.53% of edible meat with 15.4% crude protein, 0.8% crude fat, 78.69% moisture, and 1.26% ash. On a dry basis, the meat contained 63.94% hydrolytic amino acids (AAs), of which 26.29% were the 7 essential AAs (EAAs) contributing 41.12% of the total AAs (TAAs). The ratio of TAA to non-EAA was 0.7 suggesting its EAA profile met the FAO/WHO standard for high quality proteins. In terms of AA and chemical scores, the first limiting AA in the meat was identified to be valine; and, the second limiting AAs, phenylalanine and tyrosine. The EAA index was 79.14, and 4 flavoring AAs accounted for 25.39% in the dry matters. The ratio of flavoring AA to TAA was 39.71%. Five fatty acids were detected, of which 33.75% were PUFA, and 17.5% DHA. It appeared that the meat from P. nigromacufatus was flavorful, rich and balanced in AA content, abundant in PUFAs and DHA, and considered feasible for further promotion and utilization as food.
Percentage, composition and nutritional value of the meat portion of Pomoxis nigromacufatus were determined. The results showed that the fish contained 64.23±0.53% of edible meat with 15.4% crude protein, 0.8% crude fat, 78.69% moisture, and 1.26% ash. On a dry basis, the meat contained 63.94% hydrolytic amino acids (AAs), of which 26.29% were the 7 essential AAs (EAAs) contributing 41.12% of the total AAs (TAAs). The ratio of TAA to non-EAA was 0.7 suggesting its EAA profile met the FAO/WHO standard for high quality proteins. In terms of AA and chemical scores, the first limiting AA in the meat was identified to be valine; and, the second limiting AAs, phenylalanine and tyrosine. The EAA index was 79.14, and 4 flavoring AAs accounted for 25.39% in the dry matters. The ratio of flavoring AA to TAA was 39.71%. Five fatty acids were detected, of which 33.75% were PUFA, and 17.5% DHA. It appeared that the meat from P. nigromacufatus was flavorful, rich and balanced in AA content, abundant in PUFAs and DHA, and considered feasible for further promotion and utilization as food.
2016, 31(10): 1122-1125.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.10.022
Abstract:
Purification of the extract from pigeonpea leaves was studied. Multi-stage membrane separation and concentration using microfiltration, ultrafiltration, and nanofiltration membranes were conducted on the extract at room temperature. Concentrations of the major active ingredients in the filtrates were determined. The results indicated that 15.78% of the total flavonoids in the extract could be retained by the microfiltration membrane, 62.52% by the ultrafiltration membrane, and 97.92% by the nanofiltration membrane. By combining the membranes, the multi-stage filtration could remove as much as 50% of the solvent yielding a concentrated extract containing 50.13% flavonoids. The ultrafitration alone retained a vitexin concentration of 0.069 mg·g-1 and isovitexin of 4.31 mg/g, as determined by HPLC. It appeared that the multi-stage membrane filtration could significantly improve the efficiency of pigeon pea extract separation resulting in a highly concentrated filtrate as well as desired energy conservation.
Purification of the extract from pigeonpea leaves was studied. Multi-stage membrane separation and concentration using microfiltration, ultrafiltration, and nanofiltration membranes were conducted on the extract at room temperature. Concentrations of the major active ingredients in the filtrates were determined. The results indicated that 15.78% of the total flavonoids in the extract could be retained by the microfiltration membrane, 62.52% by the ultrafiltration membrane, and 97.92% by the nanofiltration membrane. By combining the membranes, the multi-stage filtration could remove as much as 50% of the solvent yielding a concentrated extract containing 50.13% flavonoids. The ultrafitration alone retained a vitexin concentration of 0.069 mg·g-1 and isovitexin of 4.31 mg/g, as determined by HPLC. It appeared that the multi-stage membrane filtration could significantly improve the efficiency of pigeon pea extract separation resulting in a highly concentrated filtrate as well as desired energy conservation.
2016, 31(10): 1126-1130.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.10.023
Abstract:
A ridge regression model for the rice production in Taiwan from 2000 to 2014 was constructed with the trans-log production function and parameter estimation. Information on the output elasticity, as well as the contribution of various factors toward the improvements, of the rice production in Taiwan was obtained. It was found that the scientific and technological advancements was the major driving force contributing 51.51% on the rice production improvements in Taiwan during those years. As a result, capital investment ushered in the progress and became the main factor, followed by projects executed that upgraded the land use on the island. The generally improved skills of the farmers also appeared to play a crucial role in Taiwan's rice productivity.
A ridge regression model for the rice production in Taiwan from 2000 to 2014 was constructed with the trans-log production function and parameter estimation. Information on the output elasticity, as well as the contribution of various factors toward the improvements, of the rice production in Taiwan was obtained. It was found that the scientific and technological advancements was the major driving force contributing 51.51% on the rice production improvements in Taiwan during those years. As a result, capital investment ushered in the progress and became the main factor, followed by projects executed that upgraded the land use on the island. The generally improved skills of the farmers also appeared to play a crucial role in Taiwan's rice productivity.
2016, 31(10): 1131-1138.
doi: 10.19303/j.issn.1008-0384.2016.10.024
Abstract:
Most phenotypic functions come from the interaction between genes and proteins. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) is an important technology that has developed rapidly in recent years, to study protein function and this technology plays a key role in predicting the function of target proteins and genes. The main research methods of PPI are divided into three categories:in vivo, in vitro and in silico. This review compares the characteristics and limitations of these methods, summarizes the progress and application of protein-protein interaction technology in biology research, and prospects this technology.
Most phenotypic functions come from the interaction between genes and proteins. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) is an important technology that has developed rapidly in recent years, to study protein function and this technology plays a key role in predicting the function of target proteins and genes. The main research methods of PPI are divided into three categories:in vivo, in vitro and in silico. This review compares the characteristics and limitations of these methods, summarizes the progress and application of protein-protein interaction technology in biology research, and prospects this technology.
